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Citizen Lawsuit (CLS) is a legal instrument through which citizens file lawsuits against the government for its negligence in fulfilling and protecting public rights. This study aims to analyze juridically the ruling in the CLS case concerning Jokowi’s diploma based on Decision Number 211/Pdt.G/2025/PN Skt. The method employed is normative legal research using both the statute approach and the case approach. Primary legal materials consist of court decisions, while secondary legal materials include relevant literature, journals, and legal doctrines. The findings indicate that the judges’ considerations in this case focused on the plaintiff’s legal standing and the government’s responsibility to fulfill citizens’ rights. The judges appear to have adopted a more progressive perspective in assessing state responsibility, although the implementation of the ruling still faces obstacles due to difficulties in effective enforcement. This study emphasizes the strategic role of CLS as a mechanism for monitoring public policy while also highlighting the urgency of strengthening regulations and ensuring consistency in judicial decisions to provide optimal protection of citizens’ rights.

The absence of specific regulations governing the mechanism and legal consequences of revoking special power of attorney during ongoing civil court proceedings creates a legal vacuum that generates uncertainty for all parties involved. This study aims to analyze the legal consequences of unilateral revocation of special power of attorney on the continuity of civil proceedings and the legal standing of attorneys thereafter. Using a normative juridical approach through statutory and conceptual methods, data were collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively using a prescriptive method. The results show that unilateral revocation during ongoing proceedings creates a formal defect that risks rendering the lawsuit inadmissible before the merits are examined, obstructing the principles of simple, fast, and low-cost justice as mandated by Law Number 48 of 2009. Furthermore, the attorney loses formal legitimacy to represent the principal from the moment revocation is notified, though all prior legal actions remain binding upon the principal as the material party, and such revocation without valid legal basis constitutes a breach of contract obligating the principal to pay compensation under Article 1809 of the Civil Code. This study concludes that regulatory reform is urgently needed to fill the existing legal vacuum and ensure legal certainty in civil court proceedings in Indonesia.

Land acquisition for public purposes is intended to ensure land availability for development while safeguarding the rights of affected parties through fair and equitable compensation as regulated under Law Number 2 of 2012 and its implementing regulations. However, disputes over land ownership often prevent direct payment of compensation, thereby necessitating the use of a consignment mechanism through the court. This study examines the implementation of consignment for disputed land and analyzes the legal standing and fulfillment of rights of both the prevailing and losing parties in the land acquisition process for the development and revitalization of Balohan Port, Sabang. The research addresses the problem of how compensation is secured and distributed when ownership remains contested, and whether the mechanism ensures legal certainty and justice for all parties involved. Employing an empirical legal method with a qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews and document analysis. The findings reveal that consignment functions as a legal instrument to safeguard and temporarily suspend compensation payment until a final judicial determination is reached. Supreme Court Decision Number 1675 K/Pdt/2021 affirms that the prevailing party is entitled to full land compensation as recognition of proprietary rights, while building compensation may be relinquished through a peace agreement and social compensation partially allocated. Conversely, the losing party forfeits land rights but retains full building compensation and partial social compensation based on the settlement deed. The study concludes that dispute resolution in land acquisition extends beyond final court judgments and requires non-litigation mechanisms to ensure proportional distribution of rights, thereby reinforcing legal certainty, preventing further disputes, and ensuring equitable protection in public interest development.

Marriage in Islam is not only a civil bond, but also a very strong bond (mitsaqan ghalidzan) to obey Allah's commands and carry it out as worship. The purpose of marriage in Islam is to fulfill religious guidance in order to establish a harmonious, prosperous and happy family, where the relationship between husband and wife is in a strong bond in accordance with the commands of Allah SWT. The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal provisions regarding marriage dispensation, analyze the judge's legal considerations in Decree Number 46 / Pdt.P / 2024 / PA.Lpk., and analyze the implementation of the principle of the best interests of children in determining marriage dispensation at the Lubuk Pakam Religious Court. The research method used is normative juridical legal research with a document study approach to laws and court decisions. Data sources consist of primary data obtained through interviews with judges, clerks, and religious figures, as well as secondary data in the form of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The data analysis technique uses qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that: Legal provisions regarding marriage dispensation are regulated in Article 7 of Law Number 16 of 2019 which sets the minimum age limit for marriage at 19 years for men and women, with exceptions where dispensation can be requested from the Court for urgent reasons. Supreme Court Regulation Number 5 of 2019 regulates the procedure for examining marriage dispensation cases which requires the judge to listen to the child's statement, verify the absence of coercion, and consider the best interests of the child. The judge's legal considerations in Decision Number 46/Pdt.P/2024/PA.Lpk. have fulfilled formal requirements by considering the authority to adjudicate, the applicant's legal standing, the reasons for the request in the form of a very close relationship, the absence of coercion, the absence of obstacles to marriage, and the economic readiness of the prospective husband. The implementation of the principle of the best interests of the child has been carried out through providing advice on the risks of child marriage, listening to the child's opinions, and suggesting marriage postponement, although there are still limitations such as the lack of referrals to psychologists and minimal consideration of continuing education. The conclusion of this study is that the Lubuk Pakam Religious Court has implemented the provisions of marriage dispensation in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. The judge's legal considerations in Decree Number 46/Pdt.P/2024/PA.Lpk have fulfilled the formal and material aspects, however, the implementation of the principle of the best interests of the child still faces challenges from the normative, institutional, and socio-cultural aspects.

Divorce gives rise to various legal consequences relating to the status of the parties, marital property, and the rights and obligations toward children, thereby requiring a legal mechanism that ensures legal certainty, justice, and legal protection. In practice, the parties often express their intention to divorce in the form of a Pre-Divorce Agreement Deed drawn up before a notary. This study aims to analyze the legal standing and evidentiary strength of a Pre-Divorce Agreement Deed as evidence in divorce cases decided by default judgment (verstek). The research employs a normative juridical method with a statutory approach and a case approach, focusing on the Decision of the Ngawi Religious Court Number 425/Pdt.G/2023, through a literature review of primary and secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that a Pre-Divorce Agreement Deed executed in the form of a notarial deed constitutes an authentic deed with perfect evidentiary value as written evidence in divorce proceedings. Although it cannot directly result in the dissolution of marriage, the deed is relevant to prove the existence of an agreement between the parties and the condition of a marital relationship that has irretrievably broken down. In cases decided by default judgment, the deed becomes an important basis for judicial consideration in granting the divorce petition. The implications of this study emphasize that a Pre-Divorce Agreement Deed may be lawfully and proportionately used as evidence to support the proof of grounds for divorce and to realize legal certainty in judicial proceedings.

Oral loan agreements remain a prevalent form of contract in Indonesian society, particularly within familial relationships, friendships, and informal financial transactions. This study aims to examine the legal standing of oral loan agreements under the Indonesian Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata/KUHPerdata) and to analyse the evidentiary mechanisms applicable in cases of default (wanprestasi). This research employs a normative juridical approach, utilising secondary data sources comprising legislation, legal doctrines, and relevant court decisions. The findings indicate that oral loan agreements are legally valid and binding provided they satisfy the requirements stipulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code, namely mutual consent, legal capacity, a specific object, and a lawful cause. However, the fundamental weakness of such agreements lies in the evidentiary challenges that arise during dispute resolution. In the absence of written documentation, proof of the agreement's existence and content must rely on alternative forms of evidence, including witness testimony, acknowledgement by the parties, bank transfer records, receipts, electronic communications, and circumstantial evidence as recognised under Article 1866 of the Civil Code and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. The success of claims in default cases largely depends on the strength, consistency, and relevance of the evidence presented. This study concludes that while oral agreements possess full legal force, parties are strongly advised to document loan transactions in writing or secure supporting evidence to ensure greater legal certainty and facilitate effective dispute resolution.

State-based conservation in Indonesia often faces institutional failure and social resistance, resulting in continued deforestation. Conversely, Indigenous conservation models in West Java, specifically the Leuweung Larangan (forbidden forest), demonstrate significant ecological resilience. However, the legal standing of these customary practices within Islamic jurisprudence remains under-theorized, creating a dichotomy between Adat (custom) and Sharia. This study proposes a juridical reconstruction of the Sundanese taboo mechanism (Pamali) as Jarimah Ta’zir (discretionary sanction) to strengthen environmental law enforcement. Utilizing a socio-legal approach and ecological hermeneutics, this research analyzes Yusuf al-Qardhawi’s concept of Fiqh al-Bi’ah and Seyyed Hossein Nasr’s sacred science, alongside relevant empirical data on Indigenous forest governance. The findings demonstrate that Leuweung Larangan structurally manifests as Hima Syar’i (sacred protected zone). Operationally, Pamali functions not merely as a cultural myth, but as a preventive legal instrument (Sadd al-Dzari’ah) where environmental violations constitute religious criminal acts. This creates a "Sundanese Eco-theology" model that establishes a double-layered compliance system—social sanctions and theological liability—proving more effective for carbon preservation than state regulations alone. The study recommends integrating this model into the Green Constitution framework to resolve tenurial conflicts and enhance climate resilience.

Advocates are law enforcers whose professionalism depends on a structured organization. Following Constitutional Court Decision No. 112/PUU-XI/2013, advocate organizations in Indonesia have experienced fragmentation (multi-bar). This situation has created disorganization, differing recruitment standards, education, and enforcement of codes of ethics, weakening national oversight of the profession. This study aims to analyze the legal standing and organizational form of the National Advocates Council (DAN) to address this disorganization, specifically in light of Law No. 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates. The method used is normative juridical with a statutory and conceptual approach. The study concludes that to maintain freedom of association and achieve professional unity, DAN should be established as a federation, not a single body (single bar). DAN's primary function is to establish uniform national professional standards, enforce codes of ethics, oversee legal aid, and strengthen the integrity of advocates as law enforcers. The establishment of DAN requires a revision of the Advocates Law to ensure strong legal standing.

The Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Indonesia (Kejaksaan RI) is currently undergoing a significant paradigmatic shift following the enactment of Law No. 11 of 2021. While historically viewed primarily as a prosecution agency (Dominus Litis) in criminal matters, the current legal landscape demands a stronger role in Civil and State Administrative Law (Datun). However, the institutionalization of the Attorney General as the "Supreme Legal Advisor" to the government remains suboptimal, often overshadowed by its repressive functions. This normative ambiguity hinders the state's ability to receive unified and binding legal opinions. This study aims to analyze the normative basis for this transformation and proposes an institutional framework to establish the Attorney General as the sole authority for state legal counsel. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and comparative approaches, analyzing the new Prosecutor's Law and comparing it with the Solliciteur-Generaal concept in other jurisdictions. The study finds that the 2021 amendment provides the necessary legal standing for this transformation, but it requires a competency upgrade for prosecutors to handle complex non-litigation issues. Strengthening the Attorney General's role as the Supreme Legal Advisor is essential to ensure legal certainty in government policies and prevent state financial losses.

 Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) play a strategic role in shaping the character, morality, and spirituality of the Indonesian nation as traditional Islamic educational institutions that have long contributed to social and religious life. Although their existence has been legally recognized through Law Number 18 of 2019 on Pesantren, the integration of Pancasila values into pesantren curricula continues to face several challenges, particularly in aligning these values with the provisions of the National Education System Law (UU Sisdiknas). This study aims to analyze the legal standing of pesantren within the national education system, identify opportunities and obstacles in implementing Pancasila Education in pesantren environments, and formulate policy recommendations that strengthen the internalization of national values. Using a normative juridical approach, this research examines national education regulations and religious education frameworks to understand the role of pesantren in supporting national development based on Pancasila. The findings of this study are expected to serve as a reference for the government, education stakeholders, and pesantren administrators in optimizing the role of pesantren as centers of character and civic development, as well as enhancing public understanding of the importance of harmonizing religious education with national civic education.

This study discusses the shift in the meaning of delinquency in Articles 2 and 3 of the Corruption Crime Law (Corruption Law) which has an impact on law enforcement for corrupt perpetrators. In practice, the element of state losses must be clearly proven so that the perpetrator can be held criminally responsible. However, there is a phenomenon of corrupt perpetrators who return state losses to obscure the elements of loss as stipulated in Article 2 of the Corruption Law, so that they have the potential to escape criminal snare. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis approach, through literature studies and studies of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 25/PUU-XIV/2016. The results of the study show that the basis of the applicants' application in the decision is divided into four aspects, namely the authority of the Constitutional Court, the legal standing of the applicant, the object of the application, and the reason for the application. The Constitutional Court judge in the decision considered three main aspects, namely the authority of the Constitutional Court, the legal standing of the applicant, and the subject matter of the application. The judge's legal considerations emphasized that the phrase "may" in Article 2 paragraph (1) and Article 3 of the Corruption Law caused legal uncertainty, so that the nature of the offense in the two articles changed to a formal offense. This has an impact on uncertain and fair legal protection for applicants and has serious implications for law enforcement of corruption crimes in Indonesia.

A fiduciary guarantee agreement is a formal agreement that must be stated in a notarial deed as regulated in Article 4 of the Fiduciary Guarantee Law. This provision states that a fiduciary guarantee is a subsidiary agreement of the main agreement that creates an obligation for the parties to fulfill a performance. Execution, in this context, is a legal action carried out based on a legally binding decision. Article 15 paragraph (2) of the Fiduciary Law explains that the executorial power of a fiduciary guarantee certificate allows for direct implementation without going through a court, is final, and binds the parties. This research uses an empirical normative method, namely combining library studies with field research. Primary data was obtained through interviews with Judges of the Yogyakarta District Court, Judges of the Sleman District Court, the Yogyakarta State Assets and Auction Service Office (KPKNL), and the Yogyakarta Regional Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. Secondary data comes from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The analysis was conducted qualitatively. The research results indicate that following Constitutional Court Decision No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019, the execution of fiduciary collateral objects can no longer be carried out unilaterally by creditors, but must instead be filed through the District Court. This provision balances the legal standing between debtors and creditors and prevents potential arbitrariness. Nevertheless, execution through the courts is an alternative if there is no agreement between the parties regarding a default. The court's role following the Constitutional Court decision includes resolving disputes between creditors and debtors and ensuring that execution procedures are carried out in accordance with the HIR (Regional Regulations for the Protection of Creditors), RBG (Regional Regulations for the Protection of Creditors), and the Supreme Court's technical instructions. In general, the execution mechanism through the courts is considered quite effective in ensuring legal protection for both parties.

Advances in digital technology have brought significant changes to various aspects of life, including socio-economic activities such as arisan (social gathering). Arisan, which was previously conducted conventionally, has now begun to transform into online arisan. This change offers several advantages, including ease of access, reduced time constraints, and a wider range of participation. However, behind this convenience, an equally important challenge lies the lack of regulation and oversight of online arisan practices, which are prone to legal threats. This study aims to examine the urgency of creating written agreements in the implementation of online arisan and examine their legal force as a form of legal protection for the actors, both organizers and members. Using a normative juridical method through a regulatory-statutory approach and case studies, this study emphasizes the importance of legal validity in civil relations formed through online arisan. Data were obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation, which were then analyzed through a process of data reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that written agreements in online arisan have legally binding force as long as they meet the requirements for a valid agreement according to Article 1320 of the Civil Code. The existence of a written agreement can increase legal certainty, strengthen the legal standing of the parties, and serve as valid evidence in the event of a breach of contract. Therefore, creating a written agreement is crucial to avoid losses and strengthen legal protection in online arisan (social savings and credit) practices. Furthermore, a written agreement also reflects the good faith of the parties in carrying out their commitments professionally and responsibly. This serves as an important foundation for building trust and creating a transparent and accountable online arisan system. Therefore, it is recommended that every online arisan participant create a clear written agreement and have it notarized to strengthen its legality.

The development of information technology has driven significant changes in the practice of contract making, from manual-based to increasingly using electronic systems. This research discusses the validity of the legal certainty of electronic contracts compared to manual contracts. Electronic contracts offer efficiency and flexibility, but raise concerns regarding the validity of electronic signatures, data security, and legal proof in the event of a dispute. Meanwhile, manual contracts are considered more concrete and easily accepted as evidence due to their physical form. Through a normative approach with the analysis of laws and regulations and legal literature, this study found that both types of contracts have equal legal standing as long as they fulfill the legal requirements of an agreement according to the Civil Code. However, electronic contracts face challenges in legal protection, identity authentication, and document integrity. It is necessary to strengthen technical regulations, digital legal education, and technological infrastructure to ensure the validity and legal certainty of electronic contracts to be equivalent to manual contracts, so that the rights and obligations of the parties can be fairly protected in today's digital era.    

The inconsistency in case rulings and its impact on the principles of separation of powers and the quality of democracy in Indonesia. The case challenges the age limit for presidential and vice-presidential candidates, with the Constitutional Court acknowledging the legal standing of the petitioner despite discrepancies in the outcomes of similar cases. The implications of adding norms in such rulings also raise questions about the legitimacy of Constitutional Court decisions in the political context. This study employs qualitative methods, leading to the conclusion that the decision results in controversy among the public, causing them to lose trust in the constitutional court due to autocratic rulings benefiting political elite. Keywords: Constitutional Court, Democracy.

Deepfake technology, a product of artificial intelligence, is widely discussed by the public because of its sophistication in replacing the face of the original subject with the face of another subject in the form of a video or photo. This has been misused to create non-consensual pornographic content that has claimed many victims. Over time, this abuse has been facilitated by the spread of the Telegram conversation application. The abused content is then disseminated by the perpetrators on social media and traded. The research method used in this research is normative juridical research which aims to analyse existing regulations, as well as regulations needed to fill the legal vacuum. Moreover, in the case of crimes using AI, there is no specific regulation, so the vacuum has an impact on the lack of security and comfort for victims of deepfake porn. However, the ITE Law describes AI as electronic agents and electronic systems. Criminal law considers that AI is not a legal subject, so the responsibility for AI crimes is imposed on the users of AI technology itself, especially in the crime of deepfake porn.

This research aims to assess the legal considerations of the panel of judges in Decision Number 245/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2021/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst., particularly in recognizing the foreign court decision in the form of a moratorium ruling from the Singapore High Court and in determining the legal standing of the PKPU applicant in this case. This research employs a normative juridical method through a case study of Decision Number 245/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2021/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst based on Indonesian positive law. The data used consists of primary, secondary, and tertiary. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively by interpreting positive legal provisions, principles, and doctrines applicable in Indonesia to evaluate the panel of judges' considerations in this case. The research findings indicate that, first, the panel's recognition of the moratorium decision as grounds for rejecting the PKPU application contradicts Article 436 of the Reglement op de Rechtsvordering, which adheres to the territoriality principle. This recognition also conflicts with the principles of private international law adopted by Indonesia. Furthermore, the consideration regarding the absence of legal standing of the PKPU applicant due to the existence of the moratorium decision linked to choice of forum is inconsistent with Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations (KPKPU Law) as lex specialis that supersedes debt settlement provisions in other legislation. Second, the research demonstrates that in practice, legal standing is determined based on fulfillment of formal and material requirements as stipulated in Articles 222, 224, and 8(4) of the KPKPU Law, which were satisfied in this case.

The digital transformation in Indonesia's land sector is marked by the implementation of electronic land certificates as regulated under Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency Regulation No. 1 of 2021. This policy aims to enhance efficiency and legal certainty in land administration. However, its implementation raises questions regarding the legal strength of electronic certificates and the protection of third parties, particularly good faith purchasers. This study uses a normative juridical approach to analyze the legal standing of electronic land certificates and the legal protection mechanisms for third parties in land transactions. The findings show that although electronic certificates hold the same legal force as physical certificates, there are still challenges related to data integration and legal safeguards for third parties. Strengthening regulations and the role of notaries/land deed officials (PPAT) is necessary to ensure the validity and legitimacy of electronic certificates and to achieve optimal legal certainty.

According to the state, all constructs of crime, especially domestic crime, are included with human rights violations, crimes against human dignity and discriminatory practices. Domestic crime, usually abbreviated as domestic violence, is a phenomenon that often occurs in or around the family. The majority of domestic violence is experienced by women or children because there are many aspects of life that are less or even unfair to them, thus providing opportunities for crimes against them. Physical abuse or violence, exploitation, neglect, and sexual abuse by spouses, children, or household staff are just some of the many forms of domestic crimes that can occur. In real life, there are many documented and unusual instances of domestic abuse. The purpose of this research is to determine and assess the impact of withdrawing a domestic violence report on the legal standing of the perpetrator. To examine the ambiguous standards surrounding the revocation of domestic crime reports, this research was written using normative legal research techniques with a statutory approach. The research findings show that, in accordance with Article 44 of Law Number 23 Year 2004 on the Elimination of Domestic Violence, husbands who commit violence against their spouses can be subject to sanctions. Domestic crimes are included in the relative complaint offense but are only covered in Articles 51 and 52, which basically do not make it painful or difficult for someone to carry out daily activities or hold a job or other position. Shortly after the perpetrator was named as a suspect in this domestic violence case, the victim withdrew the domestic violence report. As a result, the revocation of this report has legal consequences with the issuance of a Letter of Termination of Investigation in accordance with Article 75 of the Criminal Code.  

Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the transformation of the health sector in Indonesia has taken place with the beginning of the era of digitization of health services, one of which is the digitization of the implementation of electronic medical records through the Regulation of the Indonesian Minister of Health (PMK) No. 24 of 2022 on Medical Records. Through this regulation, the Government provides freedom for health care facilities to choose the system to be used, which can be a system developed independently, a system developed by the Ministry of Health, or can also collaborate with vendors providing information systems or partner systems for short. However, there is no detailed description of the liability for leakage of electronic medical record data whose system comes from a partner system, so that clear boundaries are needed regarding this matter. This research aims to explore the legal standing of electronic medical record system providers or system partners and the legal liability provided in the event of an electronic medical record data leak. The result of this research is the position of the partner system as a form of PSE in accordance with the provisions of Government Regulation Number 71 of 2019 on the Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions and the legal liability of the partner system for leakage of electronic medical record data is as a Controller of Personal Data based on Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection.