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This study examines the urgency of foreign nationals' (WNA) legal status and visa compliance in the vehicle rental business in Bali, as well as its impact on business disputes involving local entrepreneurs. The increasing number of international tourists visiting Bali has spurred the growth of vehicle rental services, yet it has also given rise to illegal practices by foreign nationals such as misuse of tourist visas for commercial purposes, tax evasion, and unfair business competition. This research adopts a normative juridical method using statute, conceptual, and case approaches, referring to key legal documents including Law No. 6 of 2011 on Immigration, Law No. 6 of 2023 on Manpower, Ministerial Regulation No. 21 of 2016, and Bali Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2016 on Tour Guiding. The findings highlight the vulnerability of rental contracts under Article 1548 of the Indonesian Civil Code, risks of breach of contract, and widespread violations of the Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE) system, the penalties of which are imposed on rental owners. Nationality disparities and weak immigration oversight further undermine the effectiveness of law enforcement. This study concludes that legal protection for local business actors relies heavily on the legal clarity of WNA status, the appropriateness of 1 visa categories, and strong inter-agency coordination. The novelty of this research lies in integrating legal analysis of WNA legitimacy with a dispute resolution framework specific to the vehicle rental sector in Bali’s tourism landscape a perspective that has been largely overlooked in prior studies. The recommendations include strengthening rental contracts, enhancing coordinated supervisory mechanisms, and harmonizing civil and criminal law to establish a stronger deterrent effect.

The Indonesian National Army as a member of the Indonesian National Guard is at the forefront of Indonesia in the eyes of the public as an example and role model in discipline, ethics, and compliance with the law. However, in the reality of daily life, there are still TNI soldiers who commit traffic violations, such as driving a vehicle without having a Driver's License (SIM). This research includes empirical juridical research, or called field research, which examines the applicable legal provisions and compares them with the reality that occurs in society. The research method used was in the form of interviews with five relevant sources, then the data was analyzed descriptive-qualitatively to provide a comprehensive understanding. The results of the study showed that (1) law enforcement against TNI soldiers who committed traffic violations without a driver's license was checked according to the procedure of the rapid inspection event; no long inspection minutes are required, it is enough to use the minutes of traffic violations and road transportation or tickets from the military police; (2) Sanctions applied for minor traffic violations in the form of administrative disciplinary sanctions, including criminal prosecution of fines paid to military authorities and deposited into the state treasury. This reflects the balance between legal compliance and internal discipline of the TNI, as well as efforts to develop soldiers so that they remain an example for the community.

This study examines the effectiveness of law enforcement regarding violations of Article 287 paragraph (2) of Law Number 22 of 2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation, particularly concerning red-light violations (APILL). Although the legal provisions are clearly formulated, practical implementation reveals a gap between the normative expectations (das Sollen) and actual conditions (das Sein). This research employs a normative juridical method supported by secondary empirical data, analyzed through Lawrence M. Friedman’s legal system theory and Satjipto Rahardjo’s theory of law enforcement. The findings show that the effectiveness of enforcing red-light regulations is influenced by structural aspects of law enforcement agencies, the community’s weak legal culture, and supporting facilities such as the uneven distribution of ETLE systems. The study concludes that the enforcement of Article 287 paragraph (2) remains suboptimal, and therefore requires strengthening ETLE infrastructure, improving officer professionalism, reassessing the proportionality of sanctions, and enhancing public legal education to increase traffic compliance.

Illegal wildlife capture and trade is a form of crime that has a serious impact on environmental sustainability. This practice not only disrupts the balance of the ecosystem but also threatens the sustainability of biodiversity, a vital asset for the nation and the world. Lampung Province is a strategic region for wildlife trafficking due to its proximity to inter-island distribution routes. This condition makes Lampung one of the provinces with the highest number of wildlife confiscations in Indonesia, thus requiring increased attention from various parties. This study aims to analyze the factors causing illegal wildlife capture and trade, while also identifying mitigation efforts. The research method used is a combination of normative and empirical juridical. Data were obtained through literature review and interviews with relevant agencies, then analyzed qualitatively using an interactive approach and legal interpretation. The results show that economic factors, socio-cultural factors, education levels, environmental conditions, and hobby-based activities are the main triggers for the rise in wildlife crime. Economic motives often drive people to get involved due to the high selling price of wildlife, while socio-cultural factors and low legal awareness exacerbate the situation. An environment that supports fishing activities, along with demand from certain hobbies such as animal collecting, further increases the opportunity for violations. In response, the Lampung Regional Police, in collaboration with the Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BKSDA) SKW III Bengkulu-Lampung, have implemented penal measures through law enforcement, as well as non-penal measures through education, outreach, and community empowerment. This study concludes that synergy between law enforcement, active community participation, and sustainable prevention strategies is key to reducing the rate of wildlife crime. With integrated collaboration, it is hoped that biodiversity can be maintained for the sustainability of the ecosystem in the future.

This research aims to analyze the role of the Department of Transportation in supervising violations of the operational hours of container trucks and bottled drinking water (AMDK) based on the Regional Regulation of Sukabumi Regency Number 17 of 2013. This regulation is implemented as an effort to control the negative impacts of heavy vehicles operating outside the designated hours, including traffic congestion, road damage, and disruptions to the safety of other road users. The research method used is normative-empirical with a field study approach and conducting in-depth interviews with various stakeholders, such as the Department of Transportation, law enforcement officers, and transportation business operators. Research findings indicate that the Transportation Department of Sukabumi Regency has carried out its supervisory role through regular patrol activities, the placement of operational prohibition signs, and conducting socialization to drivers and transportation companies. However, there are still challenges in the implementation of supervision, such as limited human resources, lack of supporting facilities, and minimal coordination between different sectors.

Program strategis nasional (PSN) in Indonesia public welfare through social, economic,environmental, and governance dimensions. Findings indicate that limiting truck operations during peak hours generally contributes to reduced traffic congestion, improved road safety, and lower levels of pollution and noise in residential areas. However, the effectiveness is constrained by weak enforcement, frequent rule violations by operators, and limited crosssector coordination. To enhance the policy's positive impact, this study recommends strengthening law enforcement, utilizing monitoring technologies, and developing a more integrated and participatory logistics system. When consistently and collaboratively implemented, the policy has significant potential to support the success of NSPs and improve community welfare.

The increasingly complex traffic problems in Pekanbaru, marked by an increase in the number of vehicles, have prompted the government to implement Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE) as an effort to improve public order and provide effective, efficient, transparent, and accountable public services. ETLE, which falls under the category of Smart Environment, uses camera and sensor technology to automatically detect various traffic violations. The implementation of ETLE in Pekanbaru began in March 2021 at four strategic locations. This study aims to examine the perceptions of Pekanbaru residents regarding the implementation of ETLE, including positive and negative aspects, as well as concerns related to system accuracy and flexibility in the field. Using a quantitative approach with a survey method, data was collected through questionnaires from 100 road users in Pekanbaru. The results of the study indicate that the public generally has a positive view of ETLE in creating traffic order and fairness, but there are also significant concerns regarding insufficient socialization, potential system errors, and procedural complexity. Implications: This study is expected to provide constructive input for authorities to improve the ETLE system and socialization strategies in the future

This study aims to examine one of the efforts in creating order and safety on the highway by implementing the Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE) system as an alternative to electronic traffic violation enforcement, without direct interaction between officers and violators and to find out how the ETLE system is implemented in Serang City and to what extent its effectiveness in reducing the number of traffic violations. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of ETLE in Serang City has been running quite well, supported by surveillance camera technology and an integrated reporting system. However, there are still obstacles such as the lack of public understanding of this system and the limited coverage of the ETLE monitoring area. The implementation of ETLE is a progressive step in traffic law enforcement, but it needs to be accompanied by more massive socialization and development of supporting infrastructure so that the results achieved are more optimal.

This research is empirical in nature, involving direct field observations through interviews with authorized police officers of Bone Bolango who are responsible for handling traffic violations. The findings indicate that the role of the police is crucial in fostering traffic order through comprehensive and adaptive approaches. The strategies required by law enforcement to combat traffic violations emphasize the importance of holistic and contextual methods. Effective strategies must integrate strict law enforcement with public legal education and awareness-building, along with the use of modern technologies such as electronic traffic law enforcement (e-TLE) to enhance monitoring and transparency. The proposed recommendations highlight the need to improve the capacity of police personnel in both quantity and quality through continuous training focused on enforcement techniques and humanistic approaches. A more comprehensive approach is necessary, integrating enforcement, education, and community guidance simultaneously. These strategies must be supported by enhanced infrastructure and technology, such as the development of the e-TLE system and the installation of CCTV at high-risk violation points to improve monitoring effectiveness.

Traffic congestion in Bandar Lampung City has led to the emergence of volunteer traffic controllers, commonly known as Pak Ogah. Their presence has sparked mixed reactions from the public. Some view them as helpful in maintaining traffic flow in the absence of traffic police, while others consider their actions to cause disturbances, traffic jams, and illegal levies. One of the most controversial actions is the forced opening of road barriers without proper authorization and outside the scheduled times, which violates Law Number 22 of 2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation. This study addresses two main issues: the functionalization of criminal law against Supeltas (volunteer traffic controllers) who unlawfully open road barriers, and the policies of the traffic police (Polantas) regarding their presence. This research uses normative and empirical juridical methods, with data collected through literature studies and field interviews with four key informants. The findings reveal that such actions constitute legal violations that can jeopardize road safety and public order. Firm legal enforcement is essential, yet specific regulations concerning Supeltas are still lacking. This study recommends guidance and supervision by law enforcement, particularly traffic police, and the application of criminal sanctions in accordance with existing legal provisions.

This research examines the implementation of Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE) as a technological innovation in traffic law enforcement in Tanjungpinang City. The main objectives of ETLE are to reduce traffic violations, eliminate extortion practices, and improve road safety. The method used in this research is normative juridical, with an approach to secondary data in the form of laws and regulations related to traffic and road transportation. The results showed that ETLE played an effective role in suppressing traffic violations, although there were still obstacles, such as lack of facilities and infrastructure, low public understanding, and technical obstacles in implementation. Factors driving the success of ETLE include legal substance, law enforcement, supporting facilities, community legal culture, and infrastructure readiness. To increase effectiveness, it is recommended that the socialization of ETLE procedures be improved, legal supervision be strengthened, and the scope of ETLE devices be expanded. This is expected to optimize traffic law enforcement and create a safer traffic environment in Tanjungpinang.

This study aims to determine the law enforcement of motorcycle driver traffic violations from 2020-2022 in the Maros police station and to find out efforts to overcome traffic violations against motorcycle drivers in the Maros police traffic unit. This research uses empirical juridical research methods, namely research procedures that produce descriptive data in the form of written words examining the theories of the concepts of legal principles as well as laws and regulations and oral from people. The types and sources of data used are primary data obtained directly in the field or research location at the Maros police station through interview techniques, secondary data traced through literature review either sourced form books, magazines, journals, or media. As for the results of this study, namely law enforcement of motorcycle driver traffic violations in Maros district, from research data violations committed by the Maros community every year continue to increase. The most common cases are not wearing an Indonesian national standard helmet (SNI) and not carrying documents in the form of a driver’s license (SIM) and vehicle registration number (STNK) when driving. One of the factors causing less than optimal law enforcement is due to the covid-19 pandemic. The countermeasures taken by the Maros police are, pre-emtif efforts in the form of socialization, preventive efforts in the form of obedient operations and repressive efforts in the form of giving ticket sanctions to violators.

Driving discipline is an important attitude that must be possessed by all drivers or drivers in order to arrive safely at their destination. Traffic violations still occur frequently, one of which is smoking and calling while driving. The Transportation Service is an implementing element of the Regional Government in the field of Transportation which has the main task, namely Organizing Government affairs in the field of land, sea and air transportation, in accordance with the Laws and Regulations. This type of research shows empirical juridical research, with data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and literature/document studies. The data collected is analyzed descriptively, the data that has been processed will be analyzed using the descriptive analysis method. The results of this study show: (1) The implementation of the duties and functions of the Kupang City Transportation Office for motorcyclists who smoke and call while driving is not / or has not been effective in accordance with the provisions of applicable laws and regulations. (2) There are several factors that hinder the implementation of the duties and functions of the Kupang City Transportation Office for motorcyclists who smoke and call while driving, including the legal factors themselves and the factors of facilities and infrastructure, namely the main obstacle is the unavailability of the budget. These two factors certainly have an interest that always hinders or affects the implementation of the rules regarding the prohibition of smoking and calling while driving, making the rules ineffective. Based on the results of the research, the author has several suggestions, namely improving the implementation of duties and functions for motorcyclists who smoke and call while driving, in accordance with the provisions of applicable laws and regulations and add educational programs and campaigns in the community related to the dangers of smoking and calling while driving, in addition to law enforcement must be carried out consistently by providing clear sanctions so that it has a deterrent effect,  and local governments need to allocate budgets to improve facilities and infrastructure that support control.      

This research is intended to: (1) find out how effective the implementation of Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE) is for traffic violations based on Law no. 22 of 2009 concerning Traffic in Gorontalo City. The research results show, first, the implementation of the ETLE system for traffic violations based on the LLAJ Law in Gorontalo City is to modernize the system for handling traffic violations, enforce traffic laws, and in order to instill a culture of compliance in traffic. Apart from that, the implementation of the ETLE system in Gorontalo City is quite effective and better than conventional systems because the ETLE system can produce more violation data, is efficient in terms of time, and does not require deploying officers in the field directly. Second, the factors that hinder the implementation of the ETLE system in Gorontalo City are the lack of a culture of traffic compliance by the community, a mismatch between the data held by officers and the data recorded by the ETLE system, and the ETLE system not being able to detect certain types of violations.

Jihad and Terrorism in the Perspective of Islamic Law (Hidayatussalam and Muhammad Mufti M. Djafar). Jihad and terrorism are two terms that have recently become the focus of international attention. The international community assumes that these two terms are manifested as movements of several activist groups that In Islam there are two sides that cannot be separated. Islamic history has noted that jihad and terrorism are not new phenomena, but each has a different history. Jihad emerged when Islam came, brought by the Prophet SAW, and became popular when the Prophet SAW moved to Medina. Meanwhile, terrorists emerged since the political constellation among the Shi'a which was spearheaded by Hasan bin Sabah, known as a splinter group of the Assassin sect, a splinter of the Shi'a Islᾱmiyyah group which allowed the murder of political opponents from the Bani Seljuq whom they claimed had gone astray in the 11th century and 13th. Jihad and terrorism are two terms that have recently become the focus of international attention. The international community assumes that these two terms, which have become the movements of several activist groups in Islam, are two sides that cannot be separated.

Trafficking is currently a serious and urgent global problem. Indonesia itself is also a barn of human trafficking victims, especially related to the labor migration of Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) sent abroad. Many migrant workers are victims of exploitation and human rights violations due to human trafficking. Therefore, it is important to strengthen the protection of PMI rights through national and international legal frameworks. This research aims to analyze the legal framework for the protection of migrant workers as victims of human trafficking abroad. The method used is normative legal research by examining relevant national and international laws and regulations. The results show that Indonesia has a strong commitment through the ratification of various international legal instruments to protect migrant workers. However, law enforcement still faces various obstacles and there is a need for stronger cross-border cooperation. Therefore, a more comprehensive policy is needed to improve the protection of migrant workers.

Gender inequality, sexual violence, domestic violence, trafficking in women, and wartime exploitation are some of the many human rights violations that occur. With the advancement of information technology and globalization, the use of violence has changed and evolved. Revenge pornography, also known as "revenge porn", is combined with direct acts of violence.    The purpose of this research is to find out what causes revenge pornography and how legal protection can be given to its victims. This research uses normative research that uses legislation to examine a study by examining theories, concepts. Some of the causes of revenge pornography crimes are as follows: Ineffective laws, the patriarchal culture that still exists in Indonesian society, lack of sexual education, law enforcement that has not run properly, and handling victims who often backfire. The state is responsible for protecting victims of sexual harassment. Several existing laws protect victims of pornographic abuse.

This study aims to analyze the policy implementation of DKI Jakarta Governor Regulation Number 128 of 2019 related to the provision of special bicycle lanes in DKI Jakarta and the factors that influence it. This research is a type of empirical legal research, which examines the implementation of applicable legal regulations and their impact on society. The method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The results of this study were analyzed through data reduction, presentation of analysis results in the form of narratives and conclusion making. The implementation of DKI Jakarta Governor Regulation Number 128 of 2019 on the implementation of special bicycle lanes in DKI Jakarta is carried out by the DKI Jakarta Provincial Transportation Agency through the installation of traffic signs and markings for special bicycle lanes, as well as socialization efforts. However, in its implementation, there are several factors that play a role in difficulties and challenges. These factors include the lack of effective socialization by law enforcement officials, low public awareness and legal compliance with the rules of the special bicycle lane, and the indecisiveness of law enforcement by law enforcement officials against violations of these rules. Seeing that violations still occur due to the lack of strict law enforcement by law enforcement officials, it is recommended to make maximum efforts to increase compliance to the bicycle lane regulations. This aims to create a safe environment for bicycle lane users and improve traffic order in DKI Jakarta. Thus, the implementation of this regulation is expected to run more effectively and provide greater benefits to the community.

Every motorized vehicle driver must comply with traffic rules and regulations. This aims to ensure the safety of motorized vehicle drivers and other road users. But because of the increase in the number of motorized vehicles, the accident rate continues to increase every year and the number of victims continues to increase, which is one of the bad factors in the increase in the number of motorized vehicles in Indonesia. This factor occurs due to the driver's human negligence, starting from lack of sleep, fatigue, carelessness, and low rider discipline. The police enforced it with fines but it was still frequently violated by motorists. Therefore, the existence of electronic tickets (E-TLE) using CCTV surveillance cameras, is expected to help reduce violations and reduce the level of road accidents. This study raises problems by looking at the obstacles experienced in the implementing E-TLE ticket fines and the obstacles experienced in the implementing E-TLE ticket fines in the jurisdiction of the Surabaya City Police. This research uses empirical juridical research. The results of this study are the obstacles that traffic police officers face when applying ETLE fines are: Unclear ETLE cameras, lots of fake license plates, E-tickets that are not on target, Accessibility of the application network, E-ticket services that are just In Time, integration of data that has not been uploaded, lack of socialization and the community does not have the E-Tilang application. And the obstacles faced by traffic police officers when applying ETLE fines are: factors of law enforcers who still accept bribes and lack of understanding of Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation, Community factors, namely the lack of understanding of the community in driving on the highway and the lack of knowledge about traffic violations, and application system factors and electronic devices where there are still errors in their use and CCTV cameras that are not clear in photographing violating motorists.

Juvenile delinquency in Kupang City is very diverse, one of which is illegal racing. Teenagers who indulge in this behaviour do not care about the safety and security of themselves or other road users. The purpose of this research is to analyse the juridical sociology review of illegal racing cases in Kupang City. This type of research is empirical juridical research. The type and source of data used are primary data, namely data obtained directly from the research location through direct interviews with respondents. The data is analysed descriptively qualitative. The results of this study indicate that the factors that cause a lot of illegal racing in Kupang City are sociological factors consisting of environmental factors and betting factors. Psychological factors consisting of adolescent personality factors and hobby factors. Efforts made by investigators against the perpetrators of illegal racing in Kupang City are carried out in two ways, namely, preventive efforts and repressive efforts. It is hoped that teenagers have legal awareness and it is hoped that police officers, especially traffic police, will be more assertive in sanctioning teenagers who often commit traffic violations, especially illegal racing violations, so that there is a deterrent effect for the perpetrators.