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This research is based on the importance of studying Malay-Jawi religious manuscripts as a source of transmission of Islamic teachings in the archipelago, particularly in the field of monotheism. The study aims to examine the textual content of Jawi manuscripts containing the treatise of monotheism, especially the concept of the sentence of monotheism and the attributes of twenty, and to explain their position in the intellectual tradition of Malay Islam. The research employs This research is based on the importance of studying Malay-Jawi religious manuscripts as a source of transmission of Islamic teachings in the archipelago, particularly in the field of monotheism. The study aims to examine the textual content of Jawi manuscripts containing the treatise of monotheism, especially the concept of the sentence of monotheism and the attributes of twenty, and to explain their position in the intellectual tradition of Malay Islam. The research employs a qualitative method with a philological approach and content analysis. Primary data consist of Jawi manuscripts, while secondary data are obtained through library research. Data were collected through documentation and literature review and analyzed descriptively. The findings reveal that the manuscripts contain systematically arranged monotheistic teachings, including the meaning of lā ilāha illa Allāh through the principles of negation and affirmation, as well as the concept of faith involving the heart, speech, and actions. The manuscripts also explain the twenty attributes within the classifications of nafsiyah, salbiyah, ma‘ani, and ma‘nawiyah, reflecting the theological framework of Ahlussunnah wal Jama‘ah. These manuscripts function as both religious texts and pedagogical media, highlighting the importance of preserving Nusantara Islamic manuscripts as part of the region’s intellectual heritage.

The study of Islamic manuscripts contributes to understanding the development of thought, values, and social practices in Muslim communities, especially when texts are viewed as cultural artifacts. This research examines the Eid al-Adha sermon manuscript from the private collection of Mgs. Muhammad Jufri using a philological approach combined with value and da'wah analysis. The method is qualitative, applying philological stages such as inventory, description, transliteration, and textual criticism to produce a reliable text edition close to the original form. The analysis is strengthened by hermeneutics and da'wah studies to interpret meanings, values, and messages contextually. The findings show that the manuscript has a structured sermon format consisting of opening, main content, and closing, with strong rhetorical and religious functions. The text contains core values such as tawhid, obedience, sacrifice, social solidarity, and morality, as well as da'wah messages emphasizing piety, qurban practice, ukhuwah, and social awareness. Although limited by the absence of data regarding authorship and transcription time, the manuscript remains relevant as a source of Islamic values. This study shows that combining philology with interpretive approaches can enrich textual meaning and support Islamic studies development in contemporary society and strengthening cultural understanding among modern Muslim communities today worldwide context.

The book Uqūd al-Lujjayn fī Bayān Ḥuqūq az-Zaujayn by Sheikh Nawawi al-Bantani is one of the classical texts that is very popular among Islamic boarding schools and the Muslim community of the archipelago. However, in contemporary discourse, this book is often the target of criticism from Muslim feminists who accuse it of being full of gender bias and patriarchal. This criticism arises because of discussions about the wife's obligation to obey her husband, the prohibition of leaving the house without permission, and the husband's permissibility to reprimand his wife who is considered nusyūz. This paper attempts to conduct a philological and hermeneutic analysis of the text Uqūd al-Lujjayn by reviewing the historical, methodological, and fiqh reference sources of Sheikh Nawawi al-Bantani. This study found that the patriarchal character in the book is pseudo (pseudo), not ideological. Sheikh Nawawi actually wrote this book within the tradition of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh akhlaqiyyah), not as a legitimation of male power over women. Through a philological approach, it was found that the text's structure and selection of hadith in this book aimed to educate household morals, not to reinforce the patriarchal system. Therefore, accusations of gender bias against Sheikh Nawawi require methodological reexamination to avoid falling into ahistorical ideological readings.

The study of the Qur'an in the West has a long history. It began with the tradition of orientalism in the Middle Ages and has evolved into a modern academic approach that relies on philology, historical, and hermeneutical. In the West, the study of the Qur'an was initially dominated by apologetic and polemic reasons. However, since the 19th century, scientific approaches have begun to dominate thanks to the research of figures such as Theodor Nöldeke, Ignaz Goldziher, and John Wansbrough. After that, the focus of modern research turned to the linguistic analysis and structure of the Arabic language of the Qur'an. It includes the study of semantics (Toshihiko Izutsu), stylistic analysis, and comparative studies between pre-Islamic Arabic dialects and the language of the Qur'an. Western scholars have diverse views on the Qur'an in Arabic. Some question the structure, origin, and cohesiveness of the text, while others acknowledge its uniqueness, coherence, and rhetorical power. Despite epistemological differences, this article analyzes the history of Qur'an study in the West, identifies the main methods used to analyze the Qur'an in Arabic, and outlines the various critical perspectives and appreciation of Western scholars on the linguistic character of the Qur'an. The results of the analysis show that, from the polemic paradigm, the study of the Qur'an is increasingly moving towards a more interdisciplinary scientific approach.