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This research analyzes the legal status of zakat within the state financial system and explores its potential integration as a sharia-based fiscal instrument in Indonesia through a comparative study with Malaysia. In Islamic law, zakat functions both as a religious obligation and as a mechanism for wealth redistribution aimed at achieving social justice. However, under Indonesia’s positive law framework, zakat is still treated as a socio-religious institution outside the formal state fiscal system, as stipulated in Law Number 23 of 2011 on Zakat Management. In contrast, Malaysia has successfully integrated zakat into its Islamic fiscal policy through the authority of the State Islamic Religious Council (MAIN), which holds legal legitimacy as a regional public body. This study adopts a normative and comparative legal approach by examining statutory regulations, Islamic legal doctrines, and zakat institutional practices in both countries. The findings indicate that the integration of zakat into Indonesia’s fiscal system is constitutionally permissible and does not conflict with Article 23A and Article 34 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, as it aligns with welfare state principles and the state’s responsibility toward poverty alleviation. The legal implications of such integration include the establishment of lex specialis regulating zakat as a sharia fiscal instrument, harmonization with state finance laws, and the strengthening of institutional legitimacy and accountability in zakat management. Therefore, zakat holds significant potential to become a core pillar of Islamic economic law that supports economic equity and enhances national fiscal resilience.

The growing demand for transparency, accountability, and measurable performance has transformed higher education institutions into complex public organizations required to deliver reliable and stakeholder-oriented services. Within this governance-driven environment, institutional governance plays a fundamental role in shaping service excellence and institutional legitimacy. Drawing on a public administration perspective, this study examines how governance dimensions influence academic service performance in higher education. This research employs a qualitative descriptive-analytical design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, document analysis, and institutional observations involving university leaders, academic administrators, faculty members, and students. The analysis focuses on governance dimensions—transparency, accountability, participation, effectiveness, and responsibility—and their integration into institutional systems such as performance management, quality assurance, and digital infrastructure. The findings reveal that governance frameworks are formally established through regulations and digital systems; however, their operational integration remains uneven. Transparency improves service reliability when supported by consistent information management, while accountability mechanisms tend to emphasize procedural compliance rather than performance-based evaluation. Stakeholder participation is institutionalized but largely consultative. The study concludes that service excellence in higher education is a governance-driven outcome that requires systemic alignment between governance principles, institutional capacity, and performance management processes. Strengthened governance integration enhances service reliability and institutional legitimacy.

This study explores the integration of customary law and government regulations in environmental protection, emphasizing the role of community perceptions in shaping effective legal frameworks. Marginal ecosystems, such as coastal areas, urban fringes, and sacred natural sites, often face vulnerability due to fragmented governance systems that fail to coordinate customary practices with formal legal structures. The research investigates how integrating local traditions and state regulations can enhance biodiversity conservation, improve community engagement, and ensure the long term sustainability of environmental management efforts. Findings reveal that when customary laws are formally recognized and incorporated into state regulations, they significantly enhance the legitimacy and effectiveness of conservation policies. Communities in regions like Bali, Indonesia, and Pacific Islands have shown that hybrid legal approaches, which respect traditional ecological knowledge, result in greater participation and trust in conservation activities. However, challenges such as administrative complexity, lack of standardized guidelines, and the need for adequate funding and support for community based governance hinder the full potential of this integration. The study highlights the importance of simplifying legal processes and fostering mutual understanding between customary practices and formal regulations to achieve successful ecosystem protection. This research emphasizes the need for policy reforms that ensure the inclusion of customary law in environmental governance frameworks, ultimately promoting a more inclusive, adaptive, and sustainable approach to managing marginal ecosystems.

This research investigates the execution of data-informed and inclusive regional development planning within the Regional Development Planning Agency (Bappeda) of Sidoarjo Regency, concentrating on four analytical aspects: data integration and management abilities, the efficiency of participatory processes, technical and institutional obstacles concerning interoperability, and capacity-building strategies for facilitators tasked with translating public aspirations into planning priorities. The study is positioned within the national framework to establish evidence-based and participatory planning in reaction to the growing complexity regional development. Despite Bappeda Sidoarjo implementing multiple data platforms and participatory channels such Musrenbang forums, online submission systems, and sector-specific information systems the results indicate that issues like data fragmentation, insufficient digital literacy, and ineffective follow-up mechanisms continue to impede planning effectiveness. Employing qualitative methodology that includes in-depth interviews, observation, and document review, the research reveals that data integration has not reached single source of truth because of the lack of a cohesive data architecture and compatible standards among government entities. Participatory methods have increased inclusivity, but the quality of proposals and verification processes is still variable, hindering the incorporation of grassroots feedback into planning priorities. Moreover, the ability of facilitators the subdistrict and village levels is crucial in determining the quality of the compiled proposals. The research ends by highlighting the importance of improved data governance, increased actor capability, revised participatory processes, and clear follow-up mechanisms. Suggestions encompass constructing a unified data framework, offering ongoing technical training, standardizing digital Musrenbang processes, and establishing publicly available proposal-tracking system integrated within the yearly planning cycle.

Modern society faces multidimensional complexities, ranging from spiritual crises and technological disruption to social inequality. Muslims, with their theological and intellectual capital, are often perceived as suboptimal in responding to these challenges contextually and applicatively. This article aims to analyze the fundamental problems faced by Muslims in formulating answers to the problems of modern society and to explore the strategic role of Islamic higher education institutions, specifically the Muhammadiyah University of Malaysia (UMAM), in bridging this gap. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method at UMAM. Data was collected through literature study, observation, and structured interviews with academics and policymakers at UMAM. The findings indicate that the main problems lie in: (1) the dichotomy between naqli and aqli sciences, (2) a static approach to religious texts, and (3) a lack of integrative and innovative solution models. UMAM strives to address these issues through three main strategies: integration of knowledge in the curriculum, problem-based research, and empowering community engagement. This article concludes that UMAM has the potential to become a model social laboratory of Islam that combines the Muhammadiyah renewal ethos with the Malaysian socio-cultural context to produce relevant, humanist, and rahmatan lil 'alamin solutions.

This research explores the development of a participatory governance model for community based waste management systems, aiming to enhance both legal compliance and public social welfare outcomes. Community based waste management (CBWM) plays a critical role in addressing environmental and health challenges, yet its success is often hindered by weak governance structures, limited community involvement, and insufficient regulatory frameworks. The study introduces a governance model that integrates local community participation into decision making processes, encouraging ownership and responsibility among residents. The primary goal is to improve compliance with environmental regulations while promoting social welfare by fostering better public health and community cohesion. A review of literature highlights key theories of participatory governance, focusing on its ability to enhance legal adherence and increase social equity. Previous studies on CBWM demonstrate the potential of community involvement in overcoming barriers to legal compliance, such as weak enforcement and fragmented governance. However, challenges like inadequate infrastructure, socio economic factors, and cultural habits still impede full participation and compliance. The study utilizes a mixed methods approach, including stakeholder analysis, participatory workshops, and regulatory compliance assessments, to evaluate the effectiveness of the model. The results show that communities involved in participatory governance exhibit higher compliance with waste management laws, improved sanitation, and healthier living conditions. Furthermore, the model fosters social capital and community empowerment, contributing to long term sustainability. In comparison to centralized waste management systems, the participatory approach is found to be more adaptable, accountable, and socially accepted. While the model presents several benefits, challenges such as infrastructure limitations and cultural barriers remain. Future research should further investigate how to address these challenges, particularly through technological integration and cross sector collaborations, to ensure the scalability and sustainability of the participatory governance model.

The determination of the beginning of the lunar month is an important issue in religious practice and the establishment of the Hijri calendar in Indonesia. The diversity of imkan rukyat criteria used across countries necessitates an evaluation of international standards, including the 2016 Turkish Criteria, which are considered more progressive with parameters of a minimum crescent altitude of 5° and an elongation of 8°. This article examines the relevance of the 2016 Turkish Criteria within the astronomical and jurisprudential context of Indonesia, as well as its implications for the process of determining the beginning of the lunar month by the government and Islamic organizations. Through literature review, comparative astronomical analysis, and examination of hisab–rukyat practices in recent years, this study finds that the 2016 Turkish Criteria exhibit strong astronomical consistency and can enhance calendar predictability. However, its application in Indonesia may lead to discrepancies with the government’s criteria, which currently require a crescent altitude of 3° and an elongation of 6.4°. These implications include potential differences in month beginnings, the need for harmonizing criteria, and the importance of dialogue between national and international astronomical authorities. This study recommends strengthening astronomical and jurisprudential assessments prior to adopting new criteria and encourages the integration of global data to improve the accuracy of the Hijri calendar in Indonesia.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in forensic investigation has significantly transformed the analysis and authentication of digital evidence. This paper explores the role of AI technologies, specifically machine learning and deep learning algorithms, in examining digital evidence from various sources, including computers, mobile devices, and network systems. We provide an in-depth analysis of current AI-based forensic tools, their efficiency in evidence authentication, and the challenges they face regarding legal admissibility. Our findings indicate that AI-powered forensic systems can detect digital evidence tampering with 94.7% accuracy, drastically reducing analysis time from weeks to hours. However, challenges remain, particularly in areas such as algorithmic transparency, bias prevention, and ensuring the integrity of the chain of custody. This research offers a framework for incorporating AI in forensic laboratories, while also addressing crucial legal and ethical concerns to ensure the admissibility of AI-analyzed evidence in court. These considerations are essential for the widespread acceptance and use of AI in forensic investigations.

The authority of the Religious Courts in Indonesia has undergone substantial transformation since the enactment of the 1974 Marriage Law, which serves as a foundational milestone in harmonizing the national legal system on family matters. Prior to this legislation, the jurisdiction of the Religious Courts was limited and influenced by legal dualism among customary law, Islamic law, and Western civil law inherited from the colonial period. This article examines how the Marriage Law initiated a shift in the structure and legitimacy of the Religious Courts and how their jurisdictional expansion reached a more comprehensive form through Law No. 7 of 1989 on Religious Courts and its subsequent amendments under Law No. 3 of 2006 and Law No. 50 of 2009. Using a normative juridical approach, this study analyzes statutory regulations, academic literature, and Islamic legal doctrines. The findings show that the Marriage Law provided the initial legal foundation for strengthening the Religious Courts' authority in handling family disputes, which was later expanded significantly to include inheritance, wills, grants, endowments (wakaf), alms (zakat), charitable donations (infaq and sadaqah), and Islamic economic matters during the legal reform era. This transformation not only reinforced the institutional structure of the Religious Courts but also improved access to justice for Muslim communities and supported the integration of Islamic law into Indonesia’s national legal framework. Therefore, the development of the Religious Courts’ authority after the Marriage Law reflects the dynamic modernization of the legal system and the harmonization between religious values and the rule of law in Indonesia.

The development of digital technology has driven significant changes in people's transaction patterns, including the increased use of app-based financial services. This study aims to analyze the role of the DANA app in increasing the convenience of cashless transactions in Indonesia. The method used was a literature review, analyzing journals, reports, and official documents related to the use of digital wallets and the development of DANA services over the past three years. The results show that DANA contributes to accelerating transaction processes, increasing accessibility to financial services, and providing secure and efficient payment features. Features such as QRIS, flexible balance top-ups, instant transfers, and integration with various public and commercial services have proven to facilitate users' cashless transactions. However, challenges remain, including unequal digital literacy, data security risks, and network limitations in some regions. Overall, the DANA app plays a crucial role in accelerating the digital payment ecosystem and increasing transaction convenience for the Indonesian people.

Interoperability has become a critical enabler of integrated service delivery in contemporary digital government. However, despite significant technological investments, many governments continue to experience fragmented service systems and limited public value outcomes. This study examines how institutional design shapes interoperability capacity and how interoperability contributes to public value creation within digital government frameworks. Employing a qualitative explanatory case study approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and institutional observations. The findings reveal that interoperability is not solely a technical function but an institutional capability embedded in governance structures, regulatory frameworks, data standards, and coordination mechanisms. While technical data exchange mechanisms exist, institutional fragmentation, regulatory ambiguity, and limited cross-agency collaboration constrain seamless integration. The study demonstrates that institutional design mediates the relationship between interoperability and public value creation by influencing the effectiveness of integrated service delivery. Public value gains are evident in operational efficiency and accessibility; however, improvements in legitimacy, trust, and service coherence remain incremental where institutional alignment is weak. The research contributes to digital governance literature by conceptualizing interoperability as an institutional construct and highlighting the necessity of governance reform for sustainable public value generation. The findings suggest that governments must prioritize institutional coherence, standardized data governance, and collaborative coordination frameworks to fully realize the transformative potential of digital government.

Background: Criminal justice reform has become a crucial global issue in maintaining the balance between the protection of individual rights and state authority, particularly amid the increasing complexity of law enforcement and the risk of abuse of power. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between the principles of due process of law, legal accountability, and the rule of law within criminal justice systems, as well as to compare their implementation in common law and civil law systems. Methods: This research employs a normative and comparative approach through the analysis of legal regulations, criminal justice practices, case studies of procedural violations, and cross-country comparisons, supported by interviews with academics and legal practitioners. Results: The findings indicate that although the principles of due process, legal accountability, and the rule of law are widely recognized, their implementation still faces significant challenges, including weak oversight, procedural inconsistencies, and limited institutional capacity. The comparative analysis also reveals a growing convergence between common law and civil law systems in adopting human rights-based standards, despite differences in procedural approaches. This study concludes that the holistic integration of these three principles is essential to establish a fair, transparent, and accountable criminal justice system.

Background: Transnational crime has become increasingly complex and has wide-ranging impacts on victims, while existing legal systems still demonstrate fragmentation between criminal and civil law and remain inadequate in providing effective victim protection and recovery. Research objective: This study aims to analyze and strengthen victim protection in transnational crime through a restorative justice approach, with a particular emphasis on harmonizing criminal and civil legal mechanisms. Method: This study employs a socio-legal approach that integrates normative legal analysis with empirical methods, including case studies, comparative analysis across jurisdictions, and interviews with legal practitioners and non-governmental organizations. Results: The findings indicate that victim protection is hindered by weak restitution enforcement, complex compensation procedures, limited institutional coordination, and cross-border legal barriers. In addition, the implementation of restorative justice in the context of transnational crime remains limited due to the lack of integration within formal legal systems. Therefore, an integrative approach combining criminal law, civil law, and restorative justice is necessary to establish a more comprehensive, effective, and victim-oriented system of protection.

Indonesia’s civil dispute resolution system remains dominated by an adversarial litigation model that prioritizes legal certainty but often neglects the relational and emotional dimensions underlying conflicts. Yet, in many cases such as family, inheritance, or neighborhood disputes the restoration of social relationships is as crucial as formal legal resolution. This study explores the potential integration of restorative justice principles into Indonesia’s civil procedural law as an alternative approach centered on dialogue, accountability, and reconciliation. Employing a normative-juridical approach and qualitative analysis of primary and secondary legal sources, the research finds that restorative justice values align not only with Indonesia’s living law traditions such as musyawarah (deliberative consensus) and customary dispute resolution but also with existing provisions in civil procedure codes. Accordingly, the study proposes the Structured Restorative Mediation (SRM) Model, a procedural framework that embeds restorative principles into both court-annexed and community-based mediation. This model prioritizes relational healing while upholding legal certainty and procedural fairness. Its successful implementation requires regulatory support, enhanced mediator training, and institutional strengthening of community-based dispute resolution bodies. Thus, integrating restorative justice is not merely an innovation but a structural necessity for a more humane, inclusive, and holistically just legal system.

Injustice against women in contemporary Islamic law practice is still a serious problem, especially in cases of divorce, child custody, and the division of common property, which are often decided textually without considering the social, economic, and psychological aspects of women. This phenomenon shows that the application of Islamic law is still normative and does not fully reflect substantive justice as the purpose of maqāṣid al-syarī'ah. This research aims to analyze the nature of justice for women in the modern era, identify the steps needed to realize this justice, and formulate Islamic legal solutions based on maqāṣid al-syarī'ah that can be applied contextually in the religious justice system. The research method used is qualitative with a normative-empirical approach through literature analysis, case studies, and empirical data from religious court decisions and reports of official institutions such as Komnas Perempuan. The results of the study show that justice for women can only be achieved through a dynamic maqāṣid approach, by placing the interests of women and children above the legal-formalities of classical fiqh. The efforts needed include the integration of empirical data in judges' decisions, reform of religious justice policies, increasing the capacity of judges in understanding maqāṣid, and empowering women through legal literacy.

This research examines the strengthening of inter-agency collaboration through an integrated implementation model in the social rehabilitation program for people with physical disabilities at UPT Bina Daksa Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. The social rehabilitation program for persons with disabilities faces significant challenges in coordination, resource allocation, and service integration among multiple stakeholders, including government agencies, non-governmental organisations, and community groups. This study employs a qualitative case study design, using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis to collect data from program implementers, beneficiaries, and related stakeholders. The findings reveal that effective inter-agency collaboration requires five key elements: shared vision and goals, clear communication channels, adequate mechanisms for resource sharing, strong leadership commitment, and continuous monitoring and evaluation systems. The integrated implementation model developed in this study emphasises horizontal and vertical coordination, participatory planning, capacity building initiatives, and community empowerment strategies. The results demonstrate that strengthening inter-agency collaboration through this integrated model significantly improves program effectiveness, service quality, and beneficiary satisfaction. This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of collaborative governance in disability services and provides practical recommendations for policymakers and practitioners in developing countries

This study aims to examine the implementation of bureaucratic reform at the Immigration Document Section of Ngurah Rai Immigration Office, focusing on digital transformation through the M-Paspor application to realise a dynamic immigration management system. The research employed qualitative analysis to evaluate service efficiency, transparency, accountability, and staff capacity in the context of digital innovation aligned with Dynamic Governance principles. The findings reveal that digitalisation has significantly enhanced service efficiency through automated procedures, reduced physical queues, and improved transparency, whilst facilitating a shift from manual tasks to core verification and problem-solving activities, though challenges persist regarding human resources capacity and organisational culture, as staff exhibit rule-bound mindsets and defensive communication styles when addressing service delays, thereby undermining public trust and satisfaction. The study concludes that technology alone is insufficient to achieve truly responsive and citizen-centric services, as institutional culture and personnel mindset require continuous strengthening through soft skills training, ethical enforcement, and cultivation of service-oriented, empathetic work culture. Holistic reform approaches that combine technological innovation with human resource development and cultural change are essential for building effective, adaptive, and transparent immigration management systems. The integration of digital systems complemented by professional human resources can foster seamless, efficient, and trustworthy immigration services aligned with good governance principles, whilst sustainable improvements depend on balancing technological advances with organisational culture development and staff professionalism.

This study aims to explore the institutional governance and collaboration mechanisms at Indonesia's entry points, emphasising both formal arrangements, such as Memoranda of Understanding, and informal communication channels that facilitate daily operations among Immigration, Customs, Port Authorities, Law Enforcement, and Health Agencies. The research employed qualitative methods, including interviews, observations, and document analysis, grounded in Policy Network theory, to analyse the dynamics of institutional collaboration at entry points. The findings highlight that border oversight effectiveness hinges on inter-agency synergy quality, trust, and the ability to overcome technical and procedural barriers, whilst significant challenges include technological disparity, particularly incompatible data platforms hampering real-time information sharing, and silo mentalities driven by security concerns that impede operational harmonisation, resulting in delays and inefficiencies. Trust mechanisms such as informal communication groups, regular meetings, and leadership support significantly improve coordination and operational performance. The study concludes that sustainable and adaptive governance models characterised by mutual trust, effective communication, and technological integration are essential for enhancing border security and facilitating legal movement. The research underscores the importance of integrating technological systems to ensure interoperability, developing clear cross-agency SOPs, and fostering a collaborative culture that prioritises shared goals over organisational ego. Strengthening institutional collaboration at border crossings will bolster Indonesia's national security, economic growth, and international reputation, and contribute to resilient, efficient border management systems capable of addressing contemporary threats.

This study examines the implementation of digital health services via the Mobile JKN application at the Payung Sekaki Community Health Center in Pekanbaru City and explores factors affecting service effectiveness, especially complaints about long waiting times. Using a descriptive qualitative approach based on the Mobile Health Acceptance Model by Handayani et al. (2021), the study focuses on five constructs: ease of use, system availability, system responsiveness, health workers’ digital skills, and user trust. The results show that Mobile JKN has significantly simplified administrative processes, accelerated registration, and improved service efficiency at the health center. Effectiveness is supported by factors such as the application’s general ease of use, faster queue data processing, and adequate digital skills among staff. Users also show a high level of trust, though queue time estimation still needs improvement. Despite these benefits, complaints about long waits persist due to patients who register online but still queue manually and misunderstandings between Mobile JKN and e-Puskesmas queue numbers. Late patient arrivals also contribute to delays. Overall, Mobile JKN proves effective in enhancing digital health services, but further optimization is needed through better socialization of service procedures, accurate queue information, and improved system integration to maximize the advantages of digitalization.

This research compares legal entity licensing systems in Indonesia and other ASEAN member states in response to the growing need for regulatory harmonization and improved ease of doing business within the region, particularly after ASEAN economic integration accelerated cross border investment activities. Differences in administrative requirements, processing duration, and the level of digitalization among countries often create barriers for business expansion, making a comparative assessment essential to understand Indonesia’s current position and identify potential improvements. The main objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of Indonesia’s legal entity licensing system by comparing it with ASEAN countries that have adopted more advanced administrative reforms, while also evaluating how regional best practices can inform national policy development. The study applies a qualitative method using a descriptive comparative approach, focusing on regulatory frameworks, institutional arrangements, levels of digital integration, and indicators related to ease of doing business. The results show that although Indonesia has introduced electronic licensing systems, several challenges remain, including uneven implementation, overlapping institutional authority, and variations in service quality across regions. In contrast, countries such as Singapore and Malaysia have established licensing systems that are more integrated, transparent, and oriented toward user needs, resulting in greater legal certainty for investors. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening regulatory alignment, improving digital system integration, and enhancing institutional capacity so that Indonesia can reach efficiency levels comparable to its regional counterparts and contribute to a more competitive and sustainable ASEAN business environment.