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Breastfeeding should ideally begin immediately after birth and be provided exclusively for the first six months of life. However, in 2022, the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding among infants aged 0–6 months in Jayapura was only 21%, which remains far below the national target of 45%. Various factors contribute to this low coverage, including limited knowledge, lack of experience, insufficient support systems, and concerns among adolescent mothers that breastfeeding may interfere with their education or employment. This study aimed to explore the breastfeeding experiences of adolescent mothers in Wahno Village, Abepura Subdistrict. A qualitative research design was used, with structured interviews conducted using a questionnaire. The results indicated that the initiation of exclusive breastfeeding among adolescent mothers was generally positive. Participants reported mixed emotional experiences, including feelings of happiness, pride, stress, and discomfort. Family support, particularly from husbands, played an important role in sustaining breastfeeding practices. Most respondents also demonstrated adequate knowledge regarding how to manage breastfeeding-related challenges. Overall, adolescent mothers in Wahno Village showed a reasonable level of understanding and commitment toward exclusive breastfeeding. Continued education and support are recommended to further strengthen breastfeeding practices among adolescent mothers and their families.

Background: Low immunization coverage and exclusive breastfeeding coverage are problems in various regions. This program is caused by a lack of maternal knowledge and family support. This problem increases the risk of infection, growth disorders, and impacts the health status of infants. Therefore, the IMASI MOVEMENT (Immunization and Exclusive Breastfeeding Movement) is needed to increase community knowledge and participation regarding infant and toddler health. Method: The methods used include interactive counseling, demonstrations of breastfeeding techniques according to the pink book (KIA), distribution of leaflets, and evaluation through pre-tests and post-tests. Evaluation was carried out on aspects of structure, process, results, and impact of the activity. Results: The results of the activity showed an increase in participants' knowledge scores by ?50–60% after education. Participant attendance reached ?85% of the target, and there was an increase in participation in integrated health post activities compared to the previous month. Discussion: The increase in knowledge scores in the post-test results compared to the pre-test indicates that the educational intervention is effective in increasing mothers' understanding of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding and the importance of immunization. These findings indicate that community-based health education is an effective strategy to improve maternal health literacy and has the potential to increase the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding and complete basic immunization. Conclusion: This program has proven effective in increasing awareness and health behavior of mothers and toddlers as an effort to prevent stunting and infectious diseases.

Background: Cesarean section (CS) is a mode of delivery frequently used in women with high-risk pregnancies. Over the past two decades, the rate of CS has increased significantly worldwide. Although CS can be a life-saving intervention when performed based on appropriate medical indications, it may also result in adverse outcomes for both mothers and infants and increase the clinical and economic burden on healthcare systems. Limiting CS rates can be achieved through the control of modifiable risk factors. Purpose: This study aimed to describe the factors contributing to the occurrence of cesarean section. Method: This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design and was conducted at Singasana Regional General Hospital, Tabanan Regency, from February to May 2025. The study sample consisted of 259 women who underwent cesarean delivery during the period 2020–2024. Data were collected through a review of medical records using a checklist instrument. Univariate analysis was performed to describe maternal characteristics and indications for cesarean section. Result: Most cesarean deliveries occurred in women aged 20–35 years (77.99%) and in multiparous women (48.65%). The most dominant maternal factor was a previous cesarean section (37.6%), while the most common fetal factor was fetal distress (42.7%). Conclusion: Maternal age of 20–35 years, multiparity, a history of previous cesarean section, and fetal distress were the dominant factors associated with cesarean delivery. These findings highlight the importance of early antenatal risk screening and optimal labor management to reduce unnecessary cesarean sections and improve maternal and neonatal safety.

Complementary feeding plays a vital role in meeting the nutritional needs of infants and toddlers. However, food safety remains a concern, particularly for homemade commercial complementary foods. This study aimed to assess the microbiological quality and hygiene sanitation practices of homemade commercial complementary foods vendors in the service area of Karangandong Public Health Center, Gresik. A quantitative descriptive approach with a cross-sectional design was employed. Four homemade commercial complementary foods samples were collected from different vendors and tested for Total Plate Count (TPC) and Escherichia coli contamination. Observations and interviews were also conducted to evaluate the vendors' hygiene and sanitation practices. The results showed that three out of four homemade commercial complementary foods samples exceeded the maximum limit for microbial contamination (1 × 10² CFU/g). Two of the four samples tested positive for Escherichia coli contamination. The hygiene and sanitation practices of the vendors showed several non-conformities, categorized as minor, major, and critical. In conclusion, most homemade commercial MP-ASI products in this study did not meet established microbiological safety standards and reflected hygiene and sanitation practices that require improvement.

World Health Organization (WHO) reports that immunization is able to prevent approximately 3–5 million deaths each year; however, a number of children still do not receive optimal immunization coverage due to insufficient parental knowledge. This study aimed to analyze the effect of health education on improving mothers’ knowledge regarding early childhood immunization in RW 04, Kertamaya Subdistrict, Bogor City, in 2026. This study employed a pre- experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach involving 30 respondents. Knowledge levels were measured using a questionnaire before and after the health education intervention and analyzed using the Paired Sample T-Test. The results indicated a statistically significant difference in mothers’knowledge levels before and after the health education intervention (p = 0.029). In addition, the proportion of respondents with good knowledge increased from 76.7% in the pre-test to 93.3% in the post-test. These findings demonstrate that health education has a significant effect on improving mothers’ knowledge and can serve as an effective promotive intervention to support the success of community-level immunization programs.

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is crucial for improving maternal and infant health, yet its success remains inconsistent, influenced by psychological factors such as breastfeeding self-efficacy. Mothers with high confidence are more likely to maintain exclusive breastfeeding despite physical and emotional challenges postpartum. Limited evidence exists regarding this relationship at the community level. Objective: This study analyzed the relationship between breastfeeding self-efficacy and successful exclusive breastfeeding among postpartum mothers. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in Sliyeg Village, the working area of Puskesmas Sliyeg, Indramayu, in March 2026. The population included postpartum mothers with infants aged 0–6 months. A total of 68 respondents were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) and an observation sheet for exclusive breastfeeding success. The Chi-Square test was used for analysis with a significance level of α=0.05. Results: Most respondents had high breastfeeding self-efficacy (61.8%) and successfully practiced exclusive breastfeeding (66.2%). Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between breastfeeding self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding success (p=0.001). Conclusion: Breastfeeding self-efficacy is significantly associated with the success of exclusive breastfeeding among postpartum mothers. Enhancing lactation education, family support, and counseling is recommended to strengthen maternal confidence and promote successful exclusive breastfeeding practices.  

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is crucial for improving maternal and infant health, yet its success remains inconsistent, influenced by psychological factors such as breastfeeding self-efficacy. Mothers with high confidence are more likely to maintain exclusive breastfeeding despite physical and emotional challenges postpartum. Limited evidence exists regarding this relationship at the community level. Objective: This study analyzed the relationship between breastfeeding self-efficacy and successful exclusive breastfeeding among postpartum mothers. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in Sliyeg Village, the working area of Puskesmas Sliyeg, Indramayu, in March 2026. The population included postpartum mothers with infants aged 0–6 months. A total of 68 respondents were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) and an observation sheet for exclusive breastfeeding success. The Chi-Square test was used for analysis with a significance level of α=0.05. Results: Most respondents had high breastfeeding self-efficacy (61.8%) and successfully practiced exclusive breastfeeding (66.2%). Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between breastfeeding self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding success (p=0.001). Conclusion: Breastfeeding self-efficacy is significantly associated with the success of exclusive breastfeeding among postpartum mothers. Enhancing lactation education, family support, and counseling is recommended to strengthen maternal confidence and promote successful exclusive breastfeeding practices.  

Low Birth Weight (LBW) refers to infants born with a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams and remains an important issue in neonatal health due to its association with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality. To analyze the determinants of LBW based on primary studies published from 2021 to 2026. A literature review was conducted using the PRISMA approach. Article searches were performed through PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest using the keywords low birth weight, determinant factors, risk factors, BBLR, and faktor risiko with Boolean operators AND/OR. The inclusion criteria were primary studies, full-text availability, publication in Indonesian or English, and publication years from 2021 to 2026. A total of 20 articles were included, consisting of 15 international articles and 5 national sources. The review showed that LBW is influenced by interrelated maternal, nutritional, obstetric, and sociodemographic factors during pregnancy. The most dominant factors included multiple pregnancy with an adjusted OR of 21.74, maternal food insecurity with an AOR of 6.85, maternal hemoglobin level <11 g/dL with an AOR of 5.21, lack of iron-folic acid supplementation with an AOR of 4.17, maternal age ≤20 years with an AOR of 3.42, pregnancy interval <1 year with an adjusted OR of 2.92, missed antenatal care visits with an AOR of 2.74, smoking during pregnancy with an OR of 2.18, and maternal hypertension with an AOR of 1.94. LBW is influenced by multiple interrelated factors; therefore, efforts to reduce its incidence should focus on evidence-based interventions, particularly through optimizing antenatal care services, improving maternal nutritional status, and early detection of pregnancy.

Neonatal sepsis is a major factor contributing to morbidity and mortality in newborns. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and leukocytes are laboratory tests used as indicators of inflammation. This study aims to determine the relationship between C-Reactive Protein levels and leukocyte profiles in neonatal sepsis patients. The research method used was an observational analytic with a cross-sectional approach. Neonatal sepsis at PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta in the period 2021-2026 consisted of 30 samples using a total sampling technique. The distribution of respondents was dominated by male gender compared to female gender, who had a low birth weight <2,500 grams. Based on the study, normal CRP levels were found in 21 respondents, which was caused by a delay in increasing CRP levels. Leukocytes had high levels in 18 respondents. Leukocytes are an initial phase of examination in detecting inflammation that does not require a long time, have several different morphological types in detecting inflammation in the body. This study shows that the most dominant increase in leukocyte levels is found in eosinophils and neutrophils. Based on medical record data at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital Yogyakarta, analysis using the Spearman correlation test yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.261 with a significance value of 0.164 (p > 0.05). The results showed no significant relationship between the studied variables, with a positive direction and weak correlation strength. The conclusion of this study is that there is no significant relationship between C-Reactive Protein levels and leukocyte profiles in neonatal sepsis patients.

Neonatal sepsis is a major factor contributing to morbidity and mortality in newborns. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and leukocytes are laboratory tests used as indicators of inflammation. This study aims to determine the relationship between C-Reactive Protein levels and leukocyte profiles in neonatal sepsis patients. The research method used was an observational analytic with a cross-sectional approach. Neonatal sepsis at PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta in the period 2021-2026 consisted of 30 samples using a total sampling technique. The distribution of respondents was dominated by male gender compared to female gender, who had a low birth weight <2,500 grams. Based on the study, normal CRP levels were found in 21 respondents, which was caused by a delay in increasing CRP levels. Leukocytes had high levels in 18 respondents. Leukocytes are an initial phase of examination in detecting inflammation that does not require a long time, have several different morphological types in detecting inflammation in the body. This study shows that the most dominant increase in leukocyte levels is found in eosinophils and neutrophils. Based on medical record data at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital Yogyakarta, analysis using the Spearman correlation test yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.261 with a significance value of 0.164 (p > 0.05). The results showed no significant relationship between the studied variables, with a positive direction and weak correlation strength. The conclusion of this study is that there is no significant relationship between C-Reactive Protein levels and leukocyte profiles in neonatal sepsis patients.

The postpartum period is a vulnerable phase often accompanied by lactation problems, particularly ineffective breastfeeding and discomfort due to breast engorgement. These conditions may reduce maternal comfort, inhibit the let-down reflex, and increase the risk of failure in exclusive breastfeeding. Therefore, safe, practical, and comprehensive non-pharmacological nursing interventions are needed. This Final Nursing Project aims to describe the implementation of cabbage leaf compresses combined with breastfeeding education to improve maternal comfort and enhance breast milk flow in postpartum mothers. This study employed a case study method using a nursing care approach involving two postpartum mothers who experienced ineffective breastfeeding and discomfort due to breast engorgement. The interventions were provided for three days and included cabbage leaf compresses and education on breastfeeding techniques. Evaluation focused on breastfeeding ability, pain level, breast condition, maternal comfort, and milk production. The results showed improvement in breastfeeding ability, indicated by the mothers’ ability to correctly demonstrate proper positioning and latch-on techniques. Infants appeared calmer during feeding, and the duration of breastfeeding increased to approximately 10 minutes per breast. Pain scores decreased from 5 to 0–3, breast tension was reduced, and maternal comfort improved. It can be concluded that the application of cabbage leaf compresses combined with breastfeeding education is effective in improving breast milk flow and maternal comfort in postpartum mothers and can be recommended as an independent nursing intervention in maternity practice.

Exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of a baby's life is an important effort in improving children's health and growth and development. However, the success of exclusive breastfeeding still faces various challenges, one of which is influenced by socio-cultural factors that develop in society. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between socio-cultural factors and the success of exclusive breastfeeding at Grha Permata Ibu Hospital In 2025. This study used a quantitative method with an analytical observational cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of mothers with infants aged 6–9 months at Grha Permata Ibu Hospital. The sample size was 96 respondents, obtained using the Lemeshow formula with total sampling technique. Data collection was conducted using a sociocultural questionnaire and an exclusive breastfeeding success questionnaire. Data analysis was performed univariately and bivariately using the chi-square test. Based on the chi-square test results, a p-value of <0.001 was obtained, meaning that the p-value was <α (0.05), so it can be concluded that there is a relationship between sociocultural factors and the success of exclusive breastfeeding at Grha Permata Ibu Hospital in 2025.

Immunization is a preventive measure used to protect against Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Polio, Hepatitis B, and Measles. Immunization administration must be continuous, comprehensive, and conducted according to standards to provide effective health protection. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between paternal support and the immunization status of children aged 0 to 1 year in the Tamban Baru Community hEalth Center area, Kapuas Regency. This study used a cross-sectional correlation design. The independent variable was paternal support, and the dependent variable was immunization status. The sample was selected using total sampling technique, consisting of 50 respondents. Data collection was performed using a questionnaire. The results showed a significant correlation between paternal support and the immunization status of children aged 0 to 1 year, indicated by p = 0.000017 < 0.005; thus, the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H1) accepted. This means that there is a correlation between paternal support and the immunization status of children aged 0 to 1 year. It is recommended that that cross-sector collaboration and Community Health Center authorities enhance efforts so that every immunization officer provides health education, such as counseling about immunization, and that family involvement in spreading immunization programs is increased to achieve targeted coverage through cooperation with health professionals.

Data on malnutrition in toddlers at the Amondo Health Center in 2023 were 47 toddlers, then in 2024 from early January to November, malnutrition data increased by 64 toddlers. This study aims to determine the Risk Factors for Malnutrition in Toddlers in the Working Area of ​​the Amondo Health Center, South Palangga District, South Konawe Regency in 2025. The design of this study is quantitative with a cross-sectional approach. The population of this study was all toddlers registered in the working area of ​​the Amondo Health Center, South Palangga District, South Konawe Regency in 2024 with a total of 966 people. The sampling used was Accidental Sampling. To obtain a representative sample, the selection of subjects from each stratum or certain region was determined in a balanced or comparable manner in each matched region. The sample size used was 91 respondents. The data were analyzed using the SPSS application with the Odds Ratio test. The OR test results obtained knowledge values ​​(OR = 1.08), eating habits (OR = 0.70), family income (OR = 1.10), carbohydrate intake (OR = 2.47), protein intake (OR = 0.91) and fat intake (OR = 1.30). The conclusion that maternal knowledge, children's eating habits, family income, and nutrient intake (carbohydrates, proteins and fats) in the past are risk factors for malnutrition. It is recommended that health workers always provide information about malnutrition to the community, carry out vegetable planting movements in the community, do not carelessly give food to toddlers, always consume and provide nutritious food for the family

Diarrhea is a condition characterized by increased frequency of bowel movements (BAB) of ≥3 times/day with a more liquid consistency. Diarrhea can be caused by infectious or non-infectious agents. Diarrhea can occur acutely, lasting less than 2 weeks, or chronically, lasting more than 2 weeks. The prevalence of diarrhea in toddlers is 12.3% and in infants is 10.6%.3 Based on data from the Medan City Health Office, the incidence of diarrhea in 2023 is estimated to be 66,802 cases across all ages and 32,324 cases in toddlers, with almost half of diarrhea sufferers being children. The Medan City Health Office reported the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers was 2,894 cases and adults 14,112 cases, or approximately 20.5%. Parents are one of the closest people and act as caregivers for children, so they have a crucial role in controlling diarrhea in children, including early management and prevention. Good parental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding the management and prevention of diarrhea can reduce diarrhea morbidity and mortality in children.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of infant massage on growth and development among infants attending Puskesmas Bongo II. Infant massage is recognized as a form of sensory stimulation that enhances neural function, improves blood circulation, and strengthens maternal–infant bonding, thereby potentially supporting optimal physical growth and developmental progress. This research employed an analytic cross-sectional design involving infants aged 0–12 months, with a total sample of 50 infants selected using purposive sampling based on predefined inclusion criteria. Information regarding infant massage practices was collected through structured maternal interviews and categorized into routine massage (≥3 times per week) and non-routine massage. Infant growth was assessed using the weight-for-age (W/A) indicator based on WHO growth standards, while development was measured using the Developmental Pre-Screening Questionnaire (KPSP). Data were analyzed using the chi-square test with a 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). The results showed that infants who received routine massage demonstrated significantly better growth status and developmental outcomes compared to those who did not receive massage routinely. These findings suggest that infant massage is a simple, safe, and practical intervention that can be recommended to support growth and development and may be integrated into maternal and child health services at Puskesmas Bongo II.

Immunization is a vital public health strategy to prevent infectious diseases and reduce morbidity and mortality. In Indonesia, the Pentabio vaccine protects against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Despite its effectiveness, post-immunization reactions such as fever and local pain are common, potentially affecting caregiver perceptions and immunization adherence. A descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted among infants receiving Pentabio immunization at Posyandu in the UPT Timpah Community Health Center, Central Kalimantan. Data were collected through structured observation and caregiver interviews for infants aged 2–11 months. Fever (≥37.5°C) and local pain (tenderness, redness, or swelling) were assessed. Of the 30 infants, 40% were aged 2–3 months, 33.33% were 4–6 months, and 26.67% were 7–11 months, with slightly more males (53.33%). Post-immunization fever occurred in 60%, and local pain in 70%, with both reactions being mild, transient, and appearing within 24–48 hours. These findings highlight the commonality of mild adverse events, especially in early infancy, and underscore the need for clear caregiver education to maintain confidence in immunization services and ensure adherence to vaccination schedules.

This study aims to determine the effect of educational activities on the management of ARI through infant massage practices on increasing maternal knowledge and reducing complaints of coughs and colds in infants in Majungan Village. The research method used was descriptive with a mixed methods approach (quantitative and qualitative). The study subjects consisted of 25 mothers with infants aged 0–12 months. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and pre-test and post-test questionnaires. The results showed that the level of maternal knowledge increased from 28% to 88% after being provided with education and demonstrations of infant massage. In addition, 76% of mothers reported a decrease in complaints of coughs and colds in infants after routine infant massage for one week. Qualitative results indicate that this activity is not only physically beneficial, but also increases the role of mothers in the management of mild ARI and awareness of the importance of cleanliness and environmental health. Thus, education on the management of ARI through infant massage practices can be one of the supporting efforts in maintaining infant health, especially in areas with limited access to health services.

Low Birth Weight (LBW) infants are a group of neonates who are highly susceptible to thermoregulation disorders, particularly hypothermia, due to limited subcutaneous fat reserves, a relatively large body surface area, and the immaturity of the temperature regulation system. Untreated hypothermia can lead to serious complications such as hypoxia, sepsis, hypoglycemia, apnea, and failure to gain weight, which ultimately contribute to increased neonatal morbidity and mortality. One of the non-pharmacological nursing interventions that can be used to prevent hypothermia is nesting care, a positioning technique using supportive materials to create a comfortable environment that resembles the intrauterine position.This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of nesting care in LBW infants as an  effort to increase body temperature in infants experiencing hypothermia. The method used was a descriptive case study with a nursing process approach involving three participants. The intervention consisted of nesting care administered for three days, with a duration of 30 minutes once daily using the quarter-prone or semi-prone position. The results showed that after the nesting intervention, two out of three participants experienced an increase in body temperature approaching normal values on the third day. Improvement in the infants' condition was also indicated by reduced crying and longer periods of calm sleep compared to the condition before the intervention. Body temperature measurements and observations of the infants’ condition were conducted periodically to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention, with an average temperature increase of approximately 0.2°C at the end of the intervention. In conclusion, nesting care can be used as an effective non-pharmacological nursing intervention to help increase body temperature in LBW infants experiencing hypothermia.

Breast milk is the optimal source of nutrition for infants, and adequate milk production is essential to support infant growth and development. However, many breastfeeding mothers experience difficulties in milk production, particularly during the early postpartum period. Rolling massage is a non-pharmacological intervention that is believed to stimulate the release of oxytocin and prolactin hormones, thereby enhancing breast milk production. This study aimed to determine the effect of rolling massage on breast milk production in breastfeeding mothers at Tidore City Hospital.This research employed a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. A total of 30 breastfeeding mothers were selected as the sample using purposive sampling techniques. Breast milk production was assessed before and after the implementation of rolling massage. The intervention was performed according to standardized procedures. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to evaluate differences in breast milk production before and after the intervention.The results showed a significant increase in breast milk production after the rolling massage intervention. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant effect of rolling massage on breast milk production in breastfeeding mothers.In conclusion, rolling massage has a significant positive effect on increasing breast milk production among breastfeeding mothers. This intervention can be recommended as a simple, safe, and effective complementary therapy to support successful breastfeeding, particularly in the early postpartum period.