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Soybean is an important food commodity in Indonesia because it is the main raw material for tofu and tempeh, two major protein sources widely consumed by the population. However, domestic soybean production remains far below national demand resulting in heavy dependence on imports. In contrast maize is increasingly preferred by farmers due to its higher productivity and a more stable economic value. Therefore, maize–soybean intercropping has emerged as a promising strategy to improve land-use efficiency while increasing soybean production without reducing maize cultivation. This study systematically mapped and synthesized maize–soybean intercropping research in Indonesia and conducted a meta-analysis of Land Equivalent Ratio LER values reported across studies. Literature searches using Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar identified 179 eligible publications published between 1978 and 2023. Most studies focused on agronomic factors such as variety selection spacing arrangement and fertilizer management. Meta-analysis showed average LER values of 1.47 ± 0.046 for maize–soybean intercropping and 1.36 ± 0.081 for maize–mung bean intercropping indicating advantages over monoculture systems. However, inconsistencies in methodology and reporting standards limited study comparability and sustainability assessments. Future research should integrate ecological, social, and long-term economic indicators alongside standardized reporting frameworks to strengthen evidence-based intercropping recommendations nationally for sustainable agriculture.

This study describes the fluctuating exports and imports over the past five years, from 2020 to 2024, which also influenced fluctuations in Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of exports and imports on Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves from 2020 to 2024. The research method is quantitative using secondary data obtained from the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics. The population in this study was 5 years from 2020 to 2024. Data analysis used classical assumption tests consisting of normality tests, multicollinearity tests, and heteroscedasticity tests. In addition, hypothesis tests were also used, consisting of partial tests, simultaneous tests, and coefficient of determination tests. The results of this study indicate that the export variable has a negative effect on Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves from 2020 to 2024. The import variable has a positive effect on Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves from 2020 to 2024. Export and import variables do not simultaneously affect Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves from 2020 to 2024. The implication of this research is that the government needs to manage export and import policies more effectively, as they do not always have the theoretical impact on foreign exchange reserves. Improvements in export quality and import controls are needed, as well as consideration of other factors such as foreign investment and economic policies to maintain the stability of foreign exchange reserves.

This study examines risk management and communication strategies implemented by Shell Indonesia in addressing the issue of layoffs (PHK) triggered by the policy of restricting fuel imports (BBM) in 2024–2025. The main objective of this research is to explain how the company manages risks related to layoffs and analyze the communication strategies used in responding to public perceptions regarding the policy. This study uses a literature review method with a descriptive qualitative approach, where the author utilizes secondary data obtained from academic articles, media reports, and official company documents. By focusing on risk management and communication during a crisis, this research is expected to provide insights into how large companies like Shell Indonesia face challenges arising from government policy changes and their impact on industrial relations and company reputation. The findings of this study can contribute to corporate communication practices in managing crises and efforts to maintain operational sustainability.

This study used a qualitative approach with a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) as the data collection technique. This study examined the institutional factors causing long dwelling times at Tanjung Emas Port and mitigation efforts. The analysis revealed that the main root of the problem lies in the lengthy administrative and goods inspection (customs) processes, particularly in the red, yellow, and green inspection lanes. Obstacles include the lack of data integration (such as PIB and SPPB dates) between the Semarang Container Terminal (TPKS) and Customs, as well as incomplete documents by service users. A significant impact was felt on imports, where dwelling times were longer due to complicated quarantine and customs inspections, while exports were relatively unaffected.

Abstract. This study aims to analyze the effect of four-wheeled vehicle production and imports on the unemployment rate in West Java Province during the 2016–2023 period. The background of the study stems from the fluctuating conditions of vehicle production and imports, as well as West Java's unemployment rate, which tends to be higher than the national average. The study employed a quantitative approach with secondary data obtained from Statistics Indonesia (BPS) and the Indonesian Association of Indonesian Automotive Manufacturers (GAIKINDO). The analytical method used was multiple linear regression to determine the simultaneous and partial effects between variables. The results show that four-wheeled vehicle production and imports simultaneously have a significant effect on the unemployment rate. Partially, four-wheeled vehicle production has a significant negative effect, meaning that increased production can reduce the unemployment rate in West Java. Conversely, four-wheeled vehicle imports have no significant effect on the unemployment rate, so increased imports do not directly affect labor absorption. The coefficient of determination of 83.4% indicates that production and imports contribute significantly to explaining variations in the unemployment rate. These research findings emphasize the importance of strengthening the automotive industry sector as a strategy to reduce unemployment in West Java.

Purpose –The objective of this research is to analyze the role of advanced materials as a foundation for technological innovation and as a strategic element in strengthening the national defense system. The study focuses on the interrelationships between policy aspects, industry dynamics, and theoretical frameworks to explain the urgency of adopting advanced materials in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach –This study uses a conceptual approach based on a systematic literature review (SLR) by examining reputable international publications published by Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, Taylor & Francis, IEEE, ACM, ScienceDirect, SAGE, JSTOR and DOAJ as well as national literature indexed by SINTA. The analysis was conducted using a thematic synthesis method that combines regulatory and policy dimensions, empirical data related to budget trends and industrial implementation, and theoretical models including diffusion of innovation, technology acceptance models, and behavioral reasoning theory. Findings –Studies have shown that advanced materials such as lightweight composites, high-entropy materials, smart materials, and functional coatings have a significant role in strengthening military resilience, reducing dependence on imports, and improving the efficiency of defense logistics. However, the adoption of these materials still faces obstacles such as high production costs, limited human resources, and the vulnerability of critical mineral supply chains, which are heavily influenced by global geopolitical dynamics. Practical implications –This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening national research, integrating the defense industry into the DEFEND ID ecosystem, and international collaboration to accelerate technology transfer. Mapping the critical mineral supply chain also needs to be a strategic priority to ensure the sustainability of defense materials development. Originality/value –This article offers a novel contribution through the simultaneous integration of policy perspectives, empirical data, and theoretical frameworks in the context of advanced materials development in Indonesia, an aspect that has rarely been comprehensively explored in previous studies.

The Korean skincare market in Indonesia experienced rapid growth during the 2020–2023 period, driven by the global K-beauty trend, increasing consumer demand, and the expansion of e-commerce distribution channels. However, the influence of import value and import duty rates on market growth still requires empirical examination. This study aims to quantitatively analyze the impact of imports and import duties on the growth of the Korean skincare market in Indonesia. Secondary data were obtained from Statistics Indonesia, the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, and UN Comtrade, and analyzed using multiple linear regression to test both partial and simultaneous effects of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The results reveal that import value has a positive and significant effect on market growth, while import duties show no significant influence. These findings confirm that imports are the dominant factor driving market expansion. In conclusion, import management strategies are essential for developing the Korean skincare market in Indonesia and provide a basis for businesses and policymakers to design sustainable trade strategies.

Indonesia, as an archipelagic nation, faces considerable challenges in meeting its food requirements in accordance with Law No. 18 of 2012 on Food Security. The country’s heavy reliance on wheat imports, ranking as the largest wheat importer globally, highlights the urgency of diversifying local food sources. This study aims to explore the utilization of jali flour (Coix lacryma-jobi L.), mocaf flour (Modified Cassava Flour), and soybean flour as raw materials for producing fettucini pasta, with the addition of green spinach extract for natural coloring and nutritional enhancement. A quantitative experimental method was employed, testing three formulations of jali and mocaf flour combined with soybean flour. Sensory evaluations were conducted with 35 panelists—comprising trained, semi-trained, and untrained participants—to assess color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptability. The findings revealed that flour composition significantly influenced pasta’s sensory attributes. The F2 formulation (50% jali flour, 50% mocaf flour, 20% soybean flour) achieved the highest acceptance, with average scores across all parameters rated as “liked” to “highly liked.” The incorporation of spinach extract not only imparted an appealing natural green hue but also enhanced the product’s nutritional profile, particularly in iron and dietary fiber content. These results underscore the potential of combining jali and mocaf flours as a nutritious, gluten-free pasta alternative that supports local food diversification and reduces reliance on imported wheat.

This study uses a quantitative associative approach to analyze the influence of exports, imports, inflation, and exchange rates on economic growth in five ASEAN member countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The data used are secondary data obtained from the World Bank for the period 2013–2023. The analysis technique used is the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (Panel ARDL) Model, which begins with stationarity and cointegration tests. Results The ARDL Panel Model estimation in this study is declared valid because it meets the main requirements, namely having a cointegrated lag with a negative coefficient value of -0.831550 and significant at the 5% significance level (probability 0.0000 < 0.05). The long-term estimation results indicate that only the inflation variable has a significant influence on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the 5 ASEAN countries studied. Meanwhile, in the short term, no variables were found to have a significant influence on GDP in the 5 countries. Furthermore, country-level estimations show varying results. Indonesia is the only country that shows a significant influence of exports, imports, inflation, and exchange rates on GDP. Thailand shows a significant influence of exports and exchange rates, while Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam do not show any significant influence of exports, imports, inflation, and exchange rates on GDP. These findings reflect that the relationship between macroeconomic variables and economic growth in ASEAN countries is heterogeneous and is strongly influenced by the structural characteristics of each country.

This article examines the economic defense reforms implemented by China under Xi Jinping's leadership through a literature review. This research aims to examine the key strategies employed by the Chinese government to strengthen its economic resilience amidst global pressures, such as the trade war with the United States, the COVID-19 pandemic, and escalating geopolitical rivalries. The findings indicate that Xi Jinping prioritizes a dual-circulation strategy, namely strengthening domestic consumption while maintaining connectivity with international markets, as a crucial step in addressing global uncertainty. Furthermore, the Made in China 2025 policy serves as a key pillar for promoting technological independence, reducing dependence on imports, and enhancing the competitiveness of domestic industries in strategic sectors such as information technology, renewable energy, and artificial intelligence. Furthermore, through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China seeks to expand its economic influence globally, open new markets, and transfer excess domestic industrial capacity to partner countries. These reforms are not solely oriented toward economic aspects but are also closely linked to political and national security interests. This strategy demonstrates China's systematic efforts to build economic resilience integrated with geopolitical interests, using the economy as an instrument of both soft and hard power. This study demonstrates that Xi Jinping's economic defense reforms are not merely a short-term response to the global crisis, but rather part of a long-term vision to establish China as a dominant global power. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of understanding China's economic strategy holistically, as these reforms, in addition to significantly influencing domestic dynamics, also have significant implications for the future global economic and political order.

International trade plays a vital role in strengthening Indonesia’s economic growth, particularly through the export of fishery products which are among the country’s leading commodities. Fresh fish exports are highly influenced by external demand factors in destination countries as well as Indonesia’s own production capacity. This study aims to analyze the determinants affecting Indonesia’s fresh fish exports to its main trading partners, namely China, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, over the period 2012–2023. The research utilizes secondary data sourced from the World Bank and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Several independent variables are considered, including the fish production levels in the importing country, the real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of the importing country, and the total population of the importing country. Panel data analysis was employed to capture the variations across time and countries, with the Random Effect Model (REM) chosen based on the results of the model specification tests. The findings of the analysis indicate that fish production in the importing country exerts a negative and statistically significant effect on Indonesia’s fresh fish exports, suggesting that higher domestic fish production in these countries reduces the need for imports. Conversely, the real GDP per capita of the importing country and its population size were found to have positive and significant impacts on Indonesia’s export volumes. These results highlight that wealthier and more populous nations demonstrate stronger demand for imported fresh fish, including from Indonesia. The implications of this study underscore the importance for Indonesia to continuously improve the quality, safety, and competitiveness of its fresh fish products while also adopting effective marketing and trade strategies targeting countries with high purchasing power and large consumer bases.

This study discusses the impact of plastic waste imports from the Netherlands on environmental security in Indonesia. The practice of cross-border waste trade has become a sensitive issue in international relations, especially when developing countries such as Indonesia receive an abundance of waste from developed countries. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through documentation and literature studies. The analysis focuses on regulations, dynamics of the recycling industry, and the ecological impact of incoming waste. The results show that most of the imported plastic waste cannot be processed safely and contains hazardous contaminants such as microplastics and heavy metals. This waste pollutes the soil, rivers, and seas, and enters the food chain through marine fish consumed by the community, thus threatening food security and public health. The state's response, although it has included re-export steps and policy revisions, is still weak in terms of supervision and law enforcement. In conclusion, plastic waste imports are a form of non-traditional threat to Indonesia's environmental security that requires stronger structural, diplomatic, and institutional responses.

This research aims to examine the impact of thrifting on the economic condition of clothing traders in Pasar Lasoani, to identify the factors that make thrifting a threat to these traders, to find solutions that traders can implement in facing competition with thrifted products, and to understand the Islamic economic perspective on thrifting practices in Pasar Lasoani. This study uses a qualitative research method, which is intended to describe and explain events or phenomena occurring in the field and to present data systematically, factually, and accurately regarding the facts or phenomena observed. The data for this study were obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation. The thrifting phenomenon has had a significant impact on the economy of clothing traders in Pasar Lasoani. On the positive side, this trend has increased income for traders who sell thrifted items due to their affordable prices and attractive variety. However, on the negative side, thrifting reduces the competitiveness of new and local clothing traders, thereby creating economic imbalances in the market. The increase in secondhand clothing imports is also perceived as a threat to the demand for new products, especially due to the strong interest of young consumers in branded clothes at low prices. To improve competitiveness, new clothing traders need to implement strategies such as price adjustments, product quality improvement, utilization of digital marketing, and consumer education on the advantages of new clothing. From an Islamic economic perspective, the practice of thrifting is permissible as long as it fulfills the pillars and legal conditions of buying and selling, namely clarity of the product, mutual agreement on price, and absence of excessive gharar (uncertainty). According to the school of Imam Malik, this practice is valid if the existing gharar is minor, unavoidable, and conducted with honesty, fairness, and transparency. Therefore, thrifting transactions in Pasar Lasoani can be considered in line with the principles of sharia.

Carbon emission disclosure is increasingly important for companies in establishing legitimacy, enhancing stakeholder trust, and drawing public attention to sustainability issues. This study aims to examine how profitability, leverage, and company size affect carbon emission disclosure. The research is grounded in legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory, which provide the theoretical foundation for understanding corporate carbon disclosure behavior. The population of this study comprises energy companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2020–2023 period. The sample was selected using non-probability purposive sampling, resulting in 113 observations. Data were analyzed using SPSS with multiple linear regression techniques. The results indicate that profitability and company size have a positive influence on carbon emission disclosure, while leverage does not have a significant effect. Theoretically, the findings support the notion that profitability and company size drive carbon disclosure, in line with legitimacy and stakeholder theories.

Reciprocal tariff changes imposed by the United States on its trading partner countries including Indonesia, create changes in export and import tariffs in Indonesia which result in a significant impact on the Indonesian economy, which has an impact on export and import sectors such as oil and gas, then non-oil and gas which includes processing industries, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining as well as consumer goods, raw / auxiliary materials, and capital goods. This research aims to analyze the impact of exports and imports in the country of Indonesia due to the reciprocal tax rate policy implemented by the United States. This research uses a qualitative approach with the type of content analysis, which involves collecting data from news articles, research reports, and relevant academic publications. The results showed that the imposition of reciprocal tariffs imposed by the United States against Indonesia caused an increase in imports from 2017 to 2020 by 1.38% in the consumer goods sector. On the other hand, the export side decreased in the oil and gas sector from 2017 to 2020 by 2.37% which resulted in disruption of economic stability in the global supply chain that created inflation, and increased imports in Indonesia resulted in competing local product prices with imported products so that many Indonesian manufacturing companies reduced production and terminated employment. From this research, it is expected that Indonesia will be able to maximize the opportunities that exist from the changes and challenges of global trade.

In Indonesia, dry noodles are one of the most widely consumed foods because they are easy to cook. The use of banana flour as a substitute for making noodles is an effort to diversify food in reducing imports of wheat flour. This study dried noodles were made from katuk leaf extract and from the substitution of banana kepok flour with wheat flour. The chemical and organoleptic properties of noodles added with banana kepok flour and katuk leaf extract as natural dyes are the focus of this study. A two-factor factorial Complete Randomized Design (RAL) was used in this study, specifically the ratio of wheat flour to cocoon banana flour (5:95, 10:90, 15:85 g) and the concentration of katuk leaf extract (10/100, 20/100, 30/100 ml). The results showed that katuk leaf dried noodles the ratio of cocoon banana flour and wheat flour 5:95 with katuk leaf extract 30g/100ml contain an ash content of 3.43%; protein content of 14.72%; crude fiber of 11.11%; antioxidant activity of 17.32%; reduced sugar content of 0.24%. The organoleptic test results of dry noodles of katuk leaves compared to banana kepok flour and wheat flour 5:95 with katuk leaf extract 30g/100ml resulted in a stable green color with a score of 2.95 (quite like), aroma 2.52 (strong enough), taste 2.10 (quite like), and overall liking 2.99 (quite like). The highest antioxidant activity parameter was obtained with a ratio of banana kepok flour and wheat flour 15:85 with katuk leaf extract 30g/100ml with a yield of 23.07%. The noodles that the panelists liked the most were the ratio of banana kepok flour and wheat flour 5:95 with katuk leaf extract 30g / 100ml with a result of 2.99 (quite like). Dried noodles made from katuk leaves and banana kepok have high enough antioxidant activity so that they can become nutritious foods that also have beneficial values for body health.

Indonesia as one of the countries that adheres to an open economic system has conducted many international trade activities both exports and imports with other countries from various parts of the world. Coffee is one of the most important commodity crops in the world and has been the main export of several countries for generations. Indonesia's coffee sector is still characterized by low productivity and tends to stagnate, hampering export supply. This will affect the competitiveness of Indonesian coffee in the international market. The study aims to analyze the level of comparative, competitive, and specialization advantages of Indonesia's coffee export trade in the United States market in 2008-2022. The type of data used in this study is secondary data in the form of quantitative annual time series. Analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Competitiveness Index (ECI), and Specialization Index (ISP). The results showed that Indonesia has strong comparative, competitive and competitiveness in the United States market in the period 2008-2022, or tends to be a coffee exporting country.

Global economic issues have significantly impacted national economic progress in recent decades, especially for developing countries such as Indonesia.  Currency exchange rates are one of the main variables that influence this economic process.  The performance of a country's external sector is largely determined by the exchange rate, which also affects a number of other macroeconomic factors.  The purpose of this study is to see how much Indonesia's economic growth is affected by the exchange rate between 1980 and 2023. Data from government agencies including the Central Bureau of Statistics and Bank Indonesia are used in this quantitative approach using a literature study approach.  The findings show that changes in the value of the rupiah, especially when depreciation occurs, have a significant influence on a number of economic factors, such as imports, exports, inflation, domestic investment, and consumption.  The competitiveness of Indonesian export goods in the global market increases with the depreciation of the exchange rate. At the same time, however, it also leads to higher prices for imported goods, increases the burden of foreign debt, and depresses people's purchasing power and domestic investment activity. The last five years of data reflect the fluctuating pattern of Indonesia's international trade, which is closely related to exchange rate conditions and global economic dynamics. Exchange rate instability creates economic uncertainty, which can hamper long-term growth. Therefore, stabilizing the exchange rate and strengthening the export sector are important strategies, supported by monetary and fiscal policies that are adaptive to global changes.

The implementation of the Rice Field Expansion Program as an effort to develop new agricultural land and achieve food sovereignty in Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan, aims to optimize the use of agricultural land to support food security. This program was carried out as a response to the need for increased food production, particularly rice, to reduce dependency on imports and strengthen the national food system. This study analyzes various factors influencing the success of the rice field expansion program in Tanah Laut Regency, including planning, implementation, and challenges faced in developing new agricultural land. A case study method with a qualitative approach was used through in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders, such as local government, farmers, and other related agencies. The results show that the program has a positive impact on increasing the area of productive agricultural land, but still faces challenges related to water availability, market access, and farmers' awareness in adopting new agricultural technologies. Therefore, improvements in coordination among stakeholders and the enhancement of supporting facilities are needed for the program to achieve its main goal, which is food sovereignty at the regional level.

MotoGP is an international motorcycle racing event that attracts global attention and impacts various sectors, including the logistics sector. One important aspect of the MotoGP event is temporary imports, such as motorcycles, spare parts, and supporting equipment. This study aims to explore how to handle temporary imports using ATA Carnet in MotoGP cargo imports and identify challenges and solutions during the MotoGP cargo handling process. The method used is qualitative, with primary data obtained through observations and interviews, and secondary data from written sources, films, images, and monumental works. The data analysis techniques applied include data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions, with data validity tested using triangulation techniques and sources. The study results show that handling MotoGP cargo with temporary import status differs from general cargo, as it involves customs procedures and requires special documents such as ATA Carnet, Customs Notification of Special Economic Zones (PPKEK), and Temporary Import Permits for exemption from entry fees. The handling process must be performed quickly to save time, given the limited period for temporary imports before re-export. However, Customs personnel still face challenges related to the attachment of customs seals, so the company needs to evaluate the recruitment and training processes of workers. The solution is coordination between PT. Angkasa Pura Logistics and Customs for the addition of officers.