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This research is motivated by the escalating prevalence of illegal online lending practices in Indonesia, which generate a multitude of legal problems, particularly those concerning the validity of loan agreements and debt collection practices. The simplicity of access through smartphone applications, rapid processing times often approved within minutes and minimal administrative requirements have rendered these services immensely popular among the public. However, this accessibility also paves the way for unlicensed providers to operate unchecked, preying on desperate borrowers. The study aims to analyze the legal validity of illegal online loan agreements pursuant to the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and regulations issued by the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, OJK). Additionally, it examines the legal position of debt collection from a civil law perspective. A normative juridical method is employed, utilizing statutory and conceptual approaches, with qualitative analysis of the data. The results demonstrate that illegal online loan agreements fail to fulfill the requirements for a valid contract, especially regarding the legal capacity of the parties and lawful cause, categorizing them as null and void by operation of law. Nevertheless, in practice, unlicensed providers continue debt collection efforts, frequently employing methods that violate the law, such as harassment and intimidation. This reveals a significant gap between legal norms and field implementation. The implications emphasize the critical need for robust law enforcement, enhanced consumer protection mechanisms, and stricter oversight of fintech lenders to establish legal certainty and justice for society.

This study aims to analyze gender-based political violence in the 2020 Regional Head Elections in South Tangerang City and its impact on women’s representation in politics. The case analyzed involves social media attacks against Rahayu Saraswati Djojohadikusumo during her campaign for Deputy Mayor, in which an old photo of her while pregnant was used as material for sexually charged attacks. This study employs a qualitative method using a case study approach through literature review. The analysis utilizes Kate Manne’s theory of misogyny, which views misogyny as a social mechanism within the patriarchal system to control and discipline women entering the public sphere. The results of the study indicate that gender-based political violence manifests in the form of the moral delegitimization of women, digital intimidation or harassment, policing of women in public spaces, and the objectification of women’s bodies. These phenomena demonstrate that gender bias remains a barrier for women in securing equal space in local political contests.

This article examines the handling of sexual harassment offenses within Indonesia’s criminal justice system, which faces complex challenges, particularly when restorative justice (RJ) is used as an alternative mechanism for case resolution. This study analyzes the implementation of RJ in sexual harassment cases at the Sleman Resort Police (Polres Sleman), referring to the Indonesian National Police Regulation No. 8 of 2021 on the Handling of Criminal Acts Based on Restorative Justice. The analysis focuses on how this policy is applied at the operational level and how its practice interacts with the normative provisions set forth in Law No. 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes (UU TPKS), which explicitly prohibits non-judicial settlement for several categories of sexual violence. Using a qualitative approach through interviews, observations, and document analysis, the study finds that RJ continues to be applied at Polres Sleman despite its potential conflict with the prohibitions stipulated in the UU TPKS. At the operational level, the legal culture of police officers plays a significant role in encouraging the use of RJ, driven by pragmatic considerations such as efficiency in case resolution, social pressure from the community, and officers’ perceptions of the seriousness of sexual harassment cases. As a result, victims’ rights often fail to become the central focus, even though victimology emphasizes the importance of victim recovery and protection. The study concludes that regulatory harmonization, increased sensitivity of law enforcement officers toward sexual violence issues, and strengthened victim protection mechanisms are essential to ensure that the application of RJ does not undermine substantive justice.

Abstract. This study aims to examine the causes, forms, and strategies for combating violence against female Indonesian migrant workers (PMI) from a legal, sociological, and gender perspective. The background of this research is based on the vulnerability of female PMI to various forms of physical, psychological, sexual, and economic violence, which occurs from the pre-placement stage to the post-placement stage, as well as the long-term impact on mental health, human rights, and socio-economic reintegration. The method used is empirical legal with primary data collection through in-depth interviews with female PMI victims of violence and accompanying institutions, as well as secondary data in the form of literature reviews, laws and regulations, and scientific publications. The analysis was conducted using descriptive qualitative methods, integrating human rights theory, Feminist Legal Theory, and international migration policy. The results of the study show that the vulnerability of female migrant workers is caused by economic factors, education, patriarchal culture, non-transparent recruitment processes, the characteristics of work in the informal sector, power imbalances with employers, and weak legal protection in the destination country. The forms of violence experienced include beatings, sexual harassment, threats, social isolation, wage withholding, and structural exploitation practices. Protection efforts implemented include preventive approaches through training, legal education, legal document guarantees, and assistance from law enforcement agencies, as well as repressive approaches through action against perpetrators of violence and bilateral cooperation with destination countries. This study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive and sustainable protection for female Indonesian migrant workers, covering all stages of labor migration as well as strengthening digital-based monitoring systems, officer capacity, and cross-sector collaboration to ensure the safety, dignity, and fulfillment of the human rights of female Indonesian migrant workers.  

Breakups often trigger psychological conflict ranging from stress, anxiety, depression, to risky behavior that have an impact on individual well-being and the social environment. This study explores the role of law in preventing, responding to, and recovering such psychological impacts through an interdisciplinary approach. The methodology used is a normative-juridical study combined with a literature review of clinical psychology and mental health policy. The findings show that the legal framework can function on three levels: (1) preventive, through the guarantee of the right to mental health, digital literacy, and platform governance to prevent post-breakup online harassment; (2) protective, through victim protection mechanisms against psychological violence, stalking, doxing, and the dissemination of non-consensual intimate content; and (3) curative, with a referral scheme for counseling services, the provision of legal aid, data confidentiality guarantees, and restorative justice instruments centered on victim recovery. However, there are implementation gaps, including the lack of standardization of psychological assessments in the legal process, limited access to services at the grassroots level, and coordination between institutions that are not optimal. This article recommends the integration of mental health protocols in the law enforcement process, evidentiary guidelines for psychological violence, as well as cross-sectoral collaboration with psychological service providers and digital platforms. The main contribution of this study is the mapping of a comprehensive legal intervention framework for post-breakup psychological conflicts.

This study is motivated by the emergence of public controversy surrounding the alleged sexual harassment case involving the preacher Gus Elham, which has sparked widespread debate about ethical boundaries in da’wah activities. This phenomenon reflects a moral and social crisis in contemporary da’wah practices, particularly in relation to power relations, child protection, and the moral responsibility of religious figures as public role models. This study aims to analyze violations of da’wah ethics in this case from moral and social perspectives, as well as to identify its impact on public trust in preachers and religious institutions. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach through the analysis of online news, public statements, social media posts, interview recordings, and da’wah-related content associated with the case. The findings indicate that the actions in question not only violated norms of decency but also revealed a failure to understand principles of child protection and ethics of da’wah based on akhlakul karimah. Socially, the case demonstrates a moral crisis affecting religious authority and an increase in public skepticism toward religious figures. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of formulating stricter da’wah codes of ethics, strengthening ethical literacy among preachers, and integrating child protection values into da’wah practice to prevent similar cases from recurring.

The advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has generated significant benefits while simultaneously creating new opportunities for cyber-based sexual offenses, particularly through deepfake technology, which enables the manipulation of a person's face into pornographic content without consent. This study examines criminal liability for perpetrators of AI-based sexual harassment and legal protection for victims in deepfake pornography cases, focusing on a case involving a student at Udayana University, Bali. This research employs a normative legal method by analyzing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that although Indonesian law does not yet explicitly regulate deepfake technology, perpetrators can still be prosecuted under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, Pornography Law, Sexual Violence Law, and the new Criminal Code. Criminal intent is established through the deliberate manipulation, creation, and dissemination of non- consensual sexual content. Furthermore, victims are entitled to legal protection, including psychological recovery, privacy rights, restitution, and content removal. This study highlights the urgency of developing specific regulations addressing AI-related sexual crimes, enhancing forensic digital capabilities, and strengthening victim-centered protection mechanisms. The research contributes to the legal discourse on emerging digital crimes and emphasizes the need for adaptive legal frameworks in the AI era.  

This research is motivated by the increasing number of cases of child sexual abuse that cause serious psychological impacts in the form of trauma and emotional development disorders. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the process of religious guidance through Islamic religious education counseling for child victims of sexual abuse, which includes four main aspects, namely: (1) planning religious guidance, (2) implementing religious guidance activities, (3) strengthening religious guidance, and (4) supervision in the guidance process. This study uses a qualitative method with data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and documentation. The validity of the data is tested using triangulation and member check techniques. The results of the study indicate that religious guidance planning is carried out by compiling programs, scheduling activities, and evaluating the results of guidance. The implementation of activities is carried out through religious counseling, psychological approaches, and integration of spiritual values to help children understand and internalize religious teachings independently. Strengthening guidance is carried out through spiritual counseling services, psychological assistance, and legal assistance for victims. Meanwhile, supervision of guidance is carried out through optimizing the role of the community in community-based child protection groups as an integrated system to create a safe and child-friendly environment.

The rapid growth of financial technology (fintech) Peer-to-Peer Lending (P2PL) in Indonesia has created both opportunities and challenges, particularly regarding debt collection practices by third parties (debt collectors). Such practices often result in violations of consumer rights, including intimidation, harassment, and breaches of privacy. To address these issues, the Financial Services Authority of Indonesia (OJK) issued Regulation No. 22 of 2023 on Consumer and Public Protection in the Financial Services Sector, which establishes legal standards for protecting fintech P2PL consumers. This study aims to analyze the regulation of debt collection by third parties under OJK Regulation No. 22/2023, assess the forms of legal protection for consumers, and identify the obligations of fintech P2PL providers in managing collection practices. The research applies a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that OJK Regulation No. 22/2023 provides consumer protection through preventive mechanisms (mandatory transparency, prohibition of intimidation, and regulation of third-party involvement) and repressive mechanisms (complaint handling and administrative sanctions). However, challenges remain in implementation, such as low consumer literacy, outsourced collection practices, and weak on-site supervision. Therefore, stronger regulation, tighter controls by providers, and collaboration among regulators, law enforcement, and fintech associations are required to ensure optimal consumer protection.

This study examines criminal liability for the crime of exhibitionism in Indonesia and the forms of protection provided to its victims. Exhibitionism is a deviant behavior in the form of exposing genitals to others without consent, which is classified as a form of sexual harassment. Although often considered a minor act or even just "fun", exhibitionism has serious psychological impacts on victims, such as trauma, fear, anxiety, and long-term mental disorders, especially if it occurs repeatedly or is experienced by minors. From a legal aspect, the crime of exhibitionism can be prosecuted through several articles in the Criminal Code (KUHP), including Article 281 which regulates indecent acts in public, and Article 289 if the exhibitionism is carried out with violence or threats of violence. In addition, Law Number 44 of 2008 concerning Pornography can also be used as a legal basis, especially if the exhibitionism is carried out through digital media. If the victim is a child, Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection will increase the perpetrator's punishment. The criminal liability of exhibitionists depends heavily on their mental state. Under Indonesian criminal law, a person can only be held criminally responsible if they are legally capable of being held accountable. If a perpetrator is proven to have a serious mental disorder based on a psychiatric expert's testimony, they may be subject to special measures instead of criminal punishment, such as rehabilitation in a mental hospital. Protection for victims of exhibitionism must be comprehensive. This includes facilitating the reporting process to authorities, prompt handling by law enforcement, providing counseling or psychological support, protecting the victim's identity, and educating the public to prevent exhibitionism. Integrating legal aspects, mental health, and public education is crucial in breaking the chain of this crime.

Catcalling or verbal sexual harassment is a social phenomenon that is rampant in Indonesia. It involves unwanted sexualized remarks that dehumanize the victim and can have a psychological impact. Although Law Number 12 of 2022 on Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence (UU TPKS) has regulated non-physical sexual harassment in Article 5, its application in the field still faces various obstacles. This study aims to determine the legal formulation of the application of sanctions against perpetrators of verbal sexual harassment (catcalling). This research uses an empirical normative approach. The results show that the legal formulation of the application of sanctions against perpetrators of verbal sexual harassment has progressed with explicit regulation in Article 5 of Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence (TPKS Law). To realize substantive and effective justice, it is necessary to improve the formulation of sanctions, integrate non-criminal sanctions, increase the capacity of law enforcers, and strengthen public education.

Sexual harassment cases in university environments have become a serious issue that not only harms victims physically and psychologically but also undermines academic and humanitarian values. This article aims to analyze the implementation of legal aid services in addressing criminal acts of sexual harassment within higher education institutions, particularly in terms of victim protection, legal assistance, and the restoration of victims’ rights. This study employs an empirical or socio-legal approach by examining existing legal regulations and the practical implementation of legal services by campus-based legal aid institutions. The findings reveal that although several universities have established task forces or sexual violence service units, their implementation still faces challenges such as limited resources, low legal awareness, and a prevailing culture of silence among students. Therefore, institutional strengthening, continuous awareness campaigns, and victim-centered campus policies are necessary to ensure comprehensive access to justice. Legal aid services must not only be reactive but also preventive and educational, as part of a broader effort to create a safe and violence-free academic environment.  

Sexual harassment against children in Islamic boarding schools is a serious issue that demands special attention, particularly in the context of legal protection for victims. This study aims to analyze the position and role of child victims in the dynamics of sexual harassment crimes within pesantren, as well as to identify forms of legal protection that can be provided through a victimological approach. One of the cases highlighted in this research occurred at Bani Ma’mun Islamic Boarding School, located in Gembor Udik Village, Cikande Sub-district, Serang Regency, which illustrates the weak protection afforded to children in religious educational environments. By employing an empirical juridical method and referring to secondary data such as legislation, legal documents, and academic literature, this study finds that child victims often do not receive optimal protection, either in the criminal justice process or in terms of psychosocial support. The victimological perspective emphasizes the importance of fulfilling victims' rights, including the right to security, physical and mental rehabilitation, and social reintegration. In this context, protection efforts should not only focus on imposing sanctions on perpetrators but also include the formulation of policies oriented toward the recovery of victims. Therefore, this study recommends strengthening institutional capacity within pesantren to develop and implement comprehensive child protection mechanisms, including regulatory reform and more responsive law enforcement toward victims of sexual crimes. This research is expected to contribute to the development of a legal framework that is more victim-oriented within Indonesia’s criminal justice system.

Along with the development of the era, the virtual world or the internet is also growing rapidly. In its development, there must be positive and negative things. The term cyberbullying is the use of technology to intimidate, intimidate, or victimize a person or group and this is one of the negative things from the development of the virtual world or the internet. This study uses a normative legal research method, which examines related issues from a human rights perspective and uses laws and regulations and doctrines as study materials for cases that will be classified as cybercrime/stalking or commonly referred to as cyber harassment. Cyberbullying has various forms and approaches. When viewed from a human rights perspective, cyberbullying is strictly prohibited from being carried out on fellow cyberspace users, which in human rights is regulated in Article 30 of Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights which reads: "everyone has the right to a sense of comfort and peace and protection against the threat of fear to do or not do something". In this article it is clearly stated that everyone has the right to obtain a sense of comfort in their lives and peaceful conditions and protection from the threat of fear, which refers to cyberbullying which can share the threat of fear against one person and another.

The development of information and communication technology has changed the pattern of human interaction, which was initially done face-to-face, to digital. The positive impact of internet usage is to facilitate connection and access to information, but it can also result in negative impacts such as cybercrime. The purpose of this research is to determine the crime of cyberstalking reviewed from Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE). This research is normative legal research that is prescriptive and uses a statutory approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The collection of legal materials uses literature study techniques or document studies using syllogistic analysis techniques and using deductive thinking patterns. From the research, it was found that cyberstalking can be in the form of stalking followed by sexual harassment, privacy interference and continuous threats. In addition, cyberstalking is regulated in Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. However, this law has not been clearly or specifically regulated regarding stalking in the digital realm. Therefore, we need strict regulations regarding cyberstalking crimes.

The phenomenon of the Facebook group "Fantasi Sedarah" which was revealed in May 2025 has shaken Indonesian society and sparked deep concern, this case involving thousands of members revealed a network of sexual predators and pedophiles who use digital space as a place to share explicit content about incest and sexual violence against children. This study aims to analyze the responsiveness of public service officials in handling the case. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a case study method to analyze the complexity of the problem. The results of the study show that the response of various public service agencies such as the Police, Komdigi, KPAI, and the Ministry of PPPA demonstrate the state's commitment to implementing the welfare state principle in the context of digital security. However, handling is still hampered by various structural and operational obstacles. Limited human resources who have expertise in the field of cybercrime, technical capacity that is not yet optimal in dealing with rapid technological developments, and the complexity of digital regulations that still require harmonization between regulations are the main challenges in law enforcement. The research findings emphasize the urgency of strengthening structural coordination between institutions through the establishment of more solid cooperation protocols, increasing community digital literacy, and developing innovative surveillance technology that can proactively identify and counter dangerous content. Strategic recommendations include implementing periodic evaluations of the digital legal system to ensure responsiveness to technological developments, empowerment, and strengthening institutional capacity in dealing with cybercrime.

The rapid development of information technology has brought various conveniences to human life, but it also brings new challenges in the form of cybercrime threats. One of these threats is cyberstalking, which is the act of stalking, harassment, or threats through digital media. Cyberstalking utilizes the anonymity of technology to violate the privacy, dignity, and psychological safety of the victim. In Indonesia, the regulation of cyberstalking is implicitly regulated through Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) or in its latest amendment, namely in Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 1 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and the Criminal Code (KUHP). However, these regulations have not been able to cover the multidimensional dimensions of the crime, such as non-verbal harassment or emotional threats through digital media. This article analyzes cyberstalking in the perspective of Indonesian criminal law by highlighting the existing legal vacuum and the importance of regulatory reform based on the principles of legality, legal certainty, and protection of individual rights. Recommendations include revising the ITE Law, strengthening the capacity of law enforcers, and increasing public awareness to deal holistically with the threat of cyberstalking. With these steps, it is hoped that legal protection for victims can be improved in line with technological developments.

The Campus Teaching Program is a concrete implementation of the Freedom to Learn policy, which positions students as agents of educational transformation in elementary schools, particularly in disadvantaged, frontier, and outermost (3T) areas. One fundamental problem faced by elementary schools in these areas is students' poor understanding of legal norms and school regulations. This condition contributes to high rates of disciplinary violations and rampant bullying behavior, such as verbal harassment, exclusion, and peer coercion. This study aims to analyze the contribution of the Campus Teaching Program in fostering legal awareness in elementary school students through a character education approach. The study used a qualitative approach with a case study method and was conducted at Budisari Public Elementary School, Cililin District, West Bandung Regency. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with teachers, students, and student participants; participant observation during the learning process; and documentation of activities. Data validity was ensured through methodological triangulation and member checking techniques. The results indicate that the involvement of student teachers in the Campus Teaching Program facilitated the internalization of legal values through learning that integrates character education into both subjects and extracurricular activities. Students successfully developed various educational strategies, such as simulations of school regulations, role-plays about the consequences of violations, and group discussions on the values of honesty, responsibility, and mutual respect. The implementation of these activities resulted in increased student legal awareness, as evidenced by greater compliance with school regulations, fewer disciplinary violations, and a significant decrease in bullying incidents.

Sexual violence in the digital space can occur in various motives, such as Flaming, which is an act of harassment committed personally on social media, where the perpetrator insults, attacks, or humiliates the victim through abusive words, private photos, or messages that lead to sexual activity. In the context of digital sexual violence. This form of harassment aims to cause the victim distress, fear, or embarrassment, and can cause psychological trauma. To protect victims, the law needs to impose sanctions against sexual harassment committed through electronic media. In the Indonesian legal system, several laws have been implemented to follow up and address this kind of crime, including the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (ITE Law), the Criminal Code (KUHP), and the Sexual Violence Crime Law (TPKS Law), so that perpetrators of sexual violence in digital spaces are expected to be subject to strict criminal sanctions. Laws are an important step in law enforcement and victim protection. However, effective implementation and public education are needed to achieve these goals. Therefore, there is a need for training for law enforcement officials to better understand and be able to handle appropriate cases of digital sexual violence and community counselling and public education to increase public awareness of electronic sexual violence.

This study aims to analyze the enforcement of criminal law against cyberbullying that leads to suicide in Indonesia. The research employs a normative and empirical juridical approach by examining existing regulations and analyzing cases through interviews with law enforcement officials and related parties. The findings indicate that despite cyberbullying being regulated under the ITE Law and the Criminal Code, its enforcement still faces challenges, such as difficulties in identifying perpetrators due to digital anonymity, a lack of technical understanding among law enforcement officers, and low public awareness of the serious impact of online harassment. The cases of Yoga Cahyadi in Indonesia and Hana Kimura in Japan demonstrate that cyberbullying can cause severe psychological distress, ultimately driving victims to take their own lives. In conclusion, stricter regulations are needed to classify cyberbullying as a specific criminal offense with clearer sanctions. Additionally, strengthening the capacity of law enforcement in cybercrime investigations and enhancing digital literacy education among the public are crucial preventive measures. Public awareness campaigns and collaboration between the government, social media platforms, and educational institutions are also necessary to create a safer and harassment-free digital environment.