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The development of information technology has triggered significant changes in the Indonesian healthcare system, including through the implementation of telemedicine as a key innovation. This digital health innovation requires strengthening the role of health law to ensure service quality, patient safety, and legal guarantees for healthcare workers and service providers. This paper aims to examine the function of health law in the management of national healthcare services, with a particular focus on telemedicine healthcare services, and to evaluate the suitability of its regulations in protecting patient rights. The methodology used is normative legal analysis, which involves examining various laws and regulations such as Law Number 72 of 2023 concerning Health, Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, and Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 20 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of Telemedicine Services. Supporting data was obtained from reviewing national scientific journals, which discuss aspects of health law and telemedicine in Indonesia. The results of the study indicate that health law functions as a mechanism to regulate service standards, protect patient rights, and oversee the accountability of healthcare workers in telemedicine practices. However, the implementation of regulations related to telemedicine still faces several obstacles.

The development of automotive technology continuously seeks solutions to improve human mobility and address environmental concerns. This study focuses on the Hydrogen Reactor (HHO) technology as an alternative solution for fuel efficiency and emission reduction, specifically examining the legal protection of consumers utilizing this technology at Bengkel Karya Gemilang. The research aims to analyze the legal framework of consumer protection in the context of new energy-saving technologies and to identify the legal responsibilities of business actors (workshops) and the rights of consumers. Employing a normative legal research method with a case study approach, the study analyzes the implementation of Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection (UUPK) in the utilization of HHO reactors. The findings indicate that while the HHO reactor technology offers a potential 5-15% increase in fuel efficiency and CO emission reduction, its implementation introduces new legal challenges, particularly regarding product safety, standardization, and the obligation for periodic servicing. Consumer protection is primarily ensured through the workshop’s obligation to provide clear product explanations, guarantee product safety, and fulfill the periodic service commitment. The study concludes that the existing UUPK provides a sufficient legal basis, but its implementation requires clear and transparent agreements, especially concerning the technical specifications and long-term maintenance of the HHO reactor, to ensure consumer rights are fully protected against potential risks associated with new, non-standardized automotive technologies.

The obligation to consume halal food is a fundamental right of Muslim consumers, guaranteed by Islamic principles and Indonesian positive law. However, in practice, many food business operators still distribute products that have not obtained halal certification, resulting in legal uncertainty and potential material and immaterial losses for Muslim consumers. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection available to Muslim consumers regarding food products that are not halal-certified and to examine the responsibility of business actors as well as the role of the government in ensuring halal food compliance in Indonesia, using Sushi Go Restaurant as a case study. This research applies a normative juridical method with a statutory and case approach, supported by library research of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that legal protection for Muslim consumers has been comprehensively regulated through Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection and Law Number 33 of 2014 on Halal Product Assurance. Nevertheless, the implementation of these regulations remains inadequate, particularly in terms of supervision and law enforcement against non-compliant business actors. The absence of halal certification and insufficient disclosure of halal information at Sushi Go Restaurant potentially violates Muslim consumers’ rights to legal certainty and accurate information. Therefore, stronger regulatory enforcement, improved supervision, and increased awareness among business actors and consumers are essential to ensure effective legal protection for Muslim consumers.

Contemporary digital advancements have significantly impacted the manner in which individuals engage in economic activities, as evidenced by the rising volume of online transactions. While offering convenience and efficiency, electronic transactions also provide numerous legal challenges, especially regarding seller defaults, including delayed delivery, goods that do not conform to the agreement, or sellers failing to meet their duties post-payment by consumers. This scenario may result in consumer losses, necessitating sufficient legal certainty and protection. This study seeks to analyze the legal regulations pertaining to contracts and defaults in digital platform transactions and to evaluate the types of legal liabilities that may be placed on sellers. This study employs normative legal research, focusing on legislative and conceptual approaches, and utilizes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials as data references. The study's findings reveal that seller liability regulations in electronic transactions are defined in the Civil Code, the Consumer Protection Law, and the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions. Nonetheless, its execution has several challenges, especially concerning evidence and the efficacy of law enforcement measures. Consequently, it is imperative to enhance the function of marketplaces and establish more adaptive legislative frameworks to guarantee consumer protection and restitution for losses in online commerce.  

Paid online matchmaking services that have developed through Facebook use consumer profiles to promote and find partners. This practice raises legal issues, particularly those related to consumer protection and the risk of digital harassment—also known as cyberbullying—in the form of derogatory, discriminatory, or offensive comments about consumers' personal standards that are displayed publicly. The purpose of this study is to assess the legal liability of business actors for cyberbullying when operating online matchmaking services and to assess the extent to which legal protection tools are available to consumers. This study uses a normative legal approach, utilizing case studies of legislation and conceptual studies on the practice of paid matchmaking services on social media. The results of the study show that businesses are required to guarantee the safety, comfort, and protection of consumer rights in all digital-based commercial activities, including managing content and interacting with people on social media. Non-material losses, such as psychological pressure and abuse of consumer dignity, are caused by a lack of supervision and a lack of moderate comment mechanisms. Therefore, regulations on personal data protection must be strengthened, content moderation responsibilities must be determined, and legal accountability mechanisms for business actors in the digital ta'aruf business must be made clear.

Consumer protection is an important pillar in ensuring fairness and balance in the relationship between business actors and consumers, including for foreign nationals who transact in Indonesia. Economic globalization and digital developments are expanding the range of cross-border economic activities that demand the presence of an inclusive legal protection system that is adaptive to modern trade dynamics. This research aims to analyze consumer protection for foreign nationals in Indonesia through juridical and sociological approaches to understand the implementation of legal norms, the effectiveness of dispute resolution mechanisms, and the social realities faced by foreign consumers in practice. The research method used is normative legal research with a legislative approach and a sociological approach through the analysis of the literature, regulations, and empirical findings from various studies related to cross-border consumer protection. The results of the study show that although normatively Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection guarantees equal rights for all consumers, in practice there are still administrative, cultural, linguistic, and information access obstacles experienced by foreign citizens. These findings affirm the importance of harmonizing consumer protection policies with the principles of global justice, accessibility, and non-discrimination.

The rapid growth of online commerce in Indonesia has significantly transformed the way people fulfill their daily needs by providing easier, faster, and more flexible access to goods and services through digital technology. Despite these advantages, the development of e-commerce also presents serious challenges, including rising cases of online fraud, discrepancies between advertised and delivered products, failed transactions, and personal data breaches that threaten consumer privacy. These issues create imbalances in digital contractual relationships, undermining trust and legal certainty for buyers. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the principle of fairness for consumers in e-commerce practices in Indonesia, while also identifying regulatory weaknesses and existing dispute resolution mechanisms. Using a normative legal research approach supported by case studies, the study examines the effectiveness of relevant legal frameworks, particularly the Consumer Protection Law (UUPK) and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE). The findings reveal that although these regulations provide a legal basis for consumer protection, their implementation remains inadequate. Weak supervision of online business actors, limited accountability of platform providers in ensuring transaction security, and complex, costly compensation procedures continue to hinder consumer rights protection. These conditions highlight the urgent need to strengthen consumer protection systems that are more adaptive, efficient, and oriented toward public interest. The study emphasizes the importance of improving online dispute resolution mechanisms, enhancing transparency and responsibility of digital platforms, and expanding digital literacy among consumers. Such measures are essential to ensure that fairness in e-commerce is not only guaranteed normatively, but also effectively realized in everyday digital transactions.

Consumer criticism on social media is a common form of expression used to convey dissatisfaction with products or services. However, such criticism often generates controversy, especially when it is perceived to harm the reputation of a company. Although the right to freedom of expression is guaranteed by the Consumer Protection Law, in practice, this guarantee frequently conflicts with the defamation provisions outlined in the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law. The case of "Om Polos Banget" serves as a concrete example where consumer criticism led to legal charges due to allegations of defamation. This study aims to analyze the boundaries of consumer freedom of expression on social media within the context of Indonesian legal regulations and to identify the elements of defamation that may ensnare consumers. The research utilizes a normative juridical method, focusing on the analysis of relevant laws and regulations concerning freedom of expression and defamation. The results of the study indicate that while consumers have the right to criticize, there are legal boundaries that must be observed to prevent the criticism from resulting in legal action. Therefore, clearer policies are needed to ensure a fair balance between consumer freedom of expression and corporate reputation protection, as well as the importance of consumers maintaining ethical conduct when expressing criticism on social media.

This research examines compliance with gold pawn guarantee execution procedures from a civil law perspective, using a case study of Medan District Court Decision Number 738/Pdt.G/2023/PN Mdn. The background to this research stems from the growing practice of gold pawning in society as a solution for quick cash needs, but it often raises legal issues related to the execution process of the pawned goods. The issues raised in this paper are the procedures for executing gold pawn guarantees according to applicable law and whether PT. Gadai Mas Sumut's actions in this case comply with legal provisions. This research method uses a normative juridical approach by examining Articles 1150-1160 of the Civil Code, the Consumer Protection Law, and PMK Number 122 of 2023. The analysis shows that, normatively, creditors have the right to execute pawned goods if the debtor defaults. However, execution must be carried out in accordance with legal procedures, the principle of good faith, and transparency, including through a public or voluntary auction. In the case of PT. In the case of the North Sumatra Gold Pawn, the execution was carried out without adequate notification and without evidence of an official auction, thus being deemed to have failed to meet the principle of legal compliance. Therefore, this article concludes that gold pawn execution practices must be based on the principles of legal certainty and debtor protection to prevent similar losses and disputes in the future.

This study examines the legal protection regarding the cancellation of unused trademarks through a case study of the Supreme Court Decision No. 264 K/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2015 between IKEA Systems BV and PT Ratania Khatulistiwa. Trademarks play a vital role in modern trade, functioning not only as product identities but also as guarantees of quality and reputation with significant economic value. Law No. 15 of 2001 stipulates that a trademark may be cancelled if it is not used for three consecutive years, aiming to prevent speculative practices and pseudo-monopolies. However, this provision raises issues when applied to well-known trademarks that require longer periods to penetrate domestic markets. Using a literature review approach, this research analyzes legal norms, doctrines, and court decisions, while comparing them with international practices. The findings reveal that Indonesian law prioritizes the use requirement principle over the global reputation of a trademark. The Supreme Court’s decision to cancel the IKEA trademark demonstrates Indonesia’s legal orientation towards domestic legal certainty, yet it also creates challenges in maintaining a conducive investment climate. Therefore, trademark regulations need to be reformed to become more adaptive to globalization dynamics while balancing the interests of trademark owners, local businesses, consumers, and the state.

Consumer protection is a fundamental aspect in ensuring social justice and legal certainty for all individuals involved in the market, including citizens (WN) and non-citizens (NWN). This study aims to analyze the differences in legal protection for WN and NWN consumers in Indonesia by examining the legal status as well as the practice of its implementation. The research applies a normative juridical approach with descriptive-qualitative analysis based on the Consumer Protection Law, its derivative regulations, and case studies of court decisions related to consumer disputes. The results show that, normatively, Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection does not differentiate between citizens and non-citizens. However, in practice, there are significant challenges such as administrative barriers, limited access to information, and language difficulties faced by non-citizen consumers. These findings indicate a gap between universal legal norms and the implementation that remains biased toward citizenship status.The study concludes that although Indonesian regulations guarantee equality in consumer rights, there is a need to strengthen implementation mechanisms that are more inclusive, particularly for foreign consumers. This research contributes to the discourse on consumer protection by emphasizing the importance of harmonizing non-discrimination principles with the effectiveness of law enforcement.

Citizenship rights are a fundamental foundation for ensuring the fulfillment of basic rights, including the right to consumer protection. In the context of globalization and the development of the digital economy, the potential for violations of consumer rights is increasing, thereby requiring the state to strengthen its responsibilities. This study aims to analyze the relationship between citizenship rights and the state’s obligations in guaranteeing consumer protection from the perspective of positive law and policy practices in Indonesia. The research method employed is a normative approach with juridical analysis of legislation, court decisions, and legal doctrines, complemented by a comparative study of international regulations. The findings reveal that consumer protection cannot be separated from the state’s recognition of universal citizenship rights. The state plays a role as regulator, facilitator, and supervisor to ensure the fulfillment of consumer rights to safety, comfort, and fairness in transactions. However, gaps were identified between legal norms and implementation, particularly in digital market oversight and the protection of vulnerable consumers. The study concludes that consumer protection is a concrete manifestation of the state’s responsibility for citizenship rights, requiring regulatory strengthening, effective supervisory institutions, and synergy among the state, business actors, and society.

This study discusses the implementation of consumer law in the context of gold investment through PT X's digital application and the consumer protection guarantee mechanisms presented in the system. The research method used is normative juridical, namely a method that emphasizes the study of applicable positive legal norms, legal doctrine, and the application of relevant legal principles. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of consumer law in digital-based gold investment has been carried out in accordance with contractual principles as stipulated in civil law and in line with the provisions of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. In practice, gold investment transactions through the X application are carried out with a mixed agreement containing elements of sale and purchase, deposit, and pawn. This is an important basis because the legal relationship between consumers and companies is not only a single transaction, but a combination that requires guaranteed protection of consumer rights. The legal basis for this mechanism is reflected in the X Digital Application Operational Guidelines Number 28 of 2024, which detailed administrative procedures, application usage requirements, and the implementation of consumer protection principles as stipulated in Articles 4, 7, 18, and 45 of the Consumer Protection Law. Thus, the implemented system not only emphasizes commercial aspects but also ensures a balance between the rights and obligations of consumers and businesses. This study highlights how digital transformation in financial services requires a robust legal framework to protect consumers from potential risks. Therefore, internal company regulations and guidelines play a strategic role in ensuring fairness and providing a sense of security for people investing in gold through digital applications.  

Free trade provides significant opportunities for developing countries to increase exports, expand market access, and drive economic growth. Through engagement in global markets, products and services can reach a wider range of consumers, creating the potential for increased national income. However, global economic integration also presents serious challenges, particularly in terms of the protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). As national boundaries in economic activity become increasingly blurred, intellectual property—including patents, trademarks, industrial designs, copyrights, and trade secrets—becomes increasingly vulnerable to infringement. Common forms of infringement include piracy, counterfeiting of branded products, and theft of technology or innovation. These practices not only harm creators or rights owners but can also hinder the development of innovation, reduce industrial competitiveness, and undermine consumer confidence. Adequate IPR protection requires a combination of strong national regulations and an effective international legal framework. Instruments such as the TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement under the WTO provide global standards to which compliance must be adhered, but implementation at the national level is crucial for their success. Weak or inconsistent law enforcement can open the door to violations that harm both domestic and foreign businesses. Beyond legal aspects, effective IPR protection also impacts the investment climate. Investors tend to invest in countries that can guarantee the security of their intellectual assets. Therefore, IPR protection is not only a legal issue but also a long-term economic development strategy. Therefore, in the era of free trade, developing countries need to balance market openness with strengthening IPR protection systems to create a conducive environment for innovation, sustainable economic growth, and public welfare.

In the context of Indonesia’s evolving insurance landscape, this study examines the legal protection afforded to policyholders of the BLife Plan MultiPro unit-linked life insurance product against uncertainties in end-of-contract benefit payments. Employing a doctrinal-normative and historical approach, the research analyzes statutory provisions from Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection through Law No. 40 of 2014 on Insurance and POJK regulations to evaluate the efficacy of preventive (transparency requirements), corrective (mediation and arbitration), repressive (administrative sanctions), and restorative (insurance guarantee scheme) mechanisms. Integrating Fuller’s internal morality of law, Hart’s open-texture theory, and Knight’s risk-uncertainty distinction, the findings reveal that regulatory evolution has progressively enhanced policyholder protection from 65% under the 1999 framework to 95% under the forthcoming 2028 guarantee scheme yet practical gaps persist in consumer education and claims standardization. The study recommends clarifying policy clauses, streamlining administrative procedures, and enhancing judicial discretion to fortify legal certainty and restore consumer confidence

Consumer protection in Indonesia is regulated in Law No. 8/1999 on Consumer Protection (UUPK), which emphasizes consumers' basic rights to safe and quality goods. This research focuses on the violation of consumer rights in the “Daun Suji” brand rice oplosan case, which came to light in February 2025. The results show that the oplosan “Daun Suji” rice does not meet the promised premium rice quality standards. This resulted in a violation of consumer rights, specifically Article 4 letters b and c of the Consumer Protection Law. These violations include the right of consumers to choose goods according to exchange value and guarantees, as well as the right to correct and clear information. This fraudulent practice harms consumers who expect quality products at the price paid.

Hidden defects are defects in goods that cannot be directly known by the buyer at the time of the transaction. In the Civil Code, hidden defects are regulated in Article 1491 of the Civil Code and Article 7, paragraph (2) of Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. This study aims to analyze the seller’s liability for goods containing hidden defects using a normative approach. The findings indicate that the seller's liability for hidden defects is strict (strict liability), obligating the seller to provide compensation to the buyer who suffers a loss. A harmed consumer is entitled to claim compensation in the form of returns, replacements, or reimbursements. Legal protection is essential to create a balance of rights and obligations within the legal relationship between consumers and business actors. Enforcing seller liability also promotes compliance with quality standards and increases consumer awareness of their rights. Therefore, the existing regulations play a significant role in ensuring justice and guaranteeing consumer safety in sales transactions.

This study aims to analyze the legal review of legal protection for consumers related to the circulation of drugs that do not have a distribution permit in Indonesia. The research method used in this study is the normative legal research method. The main data source in this study is a secondary legal source, consisting of laws and regulations governing the circulation of drugs. The results of this study indicate that legal protection for consumers related to the circulation of drugs without a distribution permit in Indonesia has been strictly regulated in various regulations. Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, Law Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health, and Regulation of the Head of BPOM Number 26 of 2017 provide a strong legal basis to ensure that drug products circulating in the market are safe and have obtained a valid distribution permit from BPOM. This aims to protect consumer rights so that they are not exposed to health risks caused by drugs that are not guaranteed to be safe. However, a major challenge faced is the high number of illegal drugs circulating, both on the black market and online platforms that are difficult to monitor. In addition, the lack of awareness from consumers also exacerbates this problem. Suboptimal supervision is also another challenge in this legal protection. The lack of utilization of technology in supervision is also a significant obstacle. Although there are regulations and supervisory authority from BPOM and pharmaceutical personnel, the distribution of drugs without a distribution permit remains a complex problem

This research aims to determine the implementation of Minister of Trade Regulation No. 51/m-dag/per/7/2015 concerning the prohibition on imports of used clothing in Indonesia and the legal implications for consumer protection based on legal certainty in Indonesia. This research was conducted using a type of normative legal research with two types of approaches, namely the Statutory Approach and the Conceptual Approach. Based on research results, the implementation of Minister of Trade Regulation Number 51/M-DAG/7/2015 of 2015 concerning the prohibition on the import of used clothing is only limited to providing guidance and supervision and does not make recommendations to stop the business activities of trading imported used clothing to law enforcement authorities. The facts that occur in Indonesia state that there is still a lot of imported used clothing being bought and sold in markets and thrift shops, meaning that the implementation of the trade minister's regulations has not been implemented optimally. Legal Implications of the Implementation of Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number 51/M-DAG/PER/7/2015 concerning the Prohibition of Importing Used Clothes for consumer protection based on legal certainty gives rise to vague norms and conflict of norms which results in the absence of legal certainty. This is because the trade minister's regulations cause multiple interpretations and conflict with the finance minister's regulation number 6/PMK.010/2022, so that the rights and obligations to protect consumers are not guaranteed through these regulations.

PT Mitra Gadai Kepri is one of the Private Pawnshops in Batam City which is licensed by OJK to provide financing products. However, the business of financing activities carried out often occurs Default, especially with Fiduciary Guarantees. Based on the description in this thesis, the problems to be studied are: 1)How is the Legal Arrangement Related to the Settlement of Default Debtors with Fiduciary Guarantees at PT Mitra Gadai Kepri in Batam City. 2)How is the Implementation Related to the Settlement of Debtor Default with Fiduciary Guarantee at PT Mitra Gadai Kepri Partner in Batam City. 3)What Factors are the Obstacles / Constraints and Solutions Related to the Settlement of Default Debtors with Fiduciary Guarantees at PT Mitra Gadai Kepri in Batam City. The method in this research is Normative Legal research supported by empirical research. Therefore, the Legislation and Conceptual approach will be carried out. Used in data collection in this research with Interviews and Literature Studie. The results of the study concluded that consumers who default with fiduciary guarantees due to low understanding of financial literacy. As well as not knowing the existence of regulations governing the protection of consumers and the public in the Financial Services Sector in resolving defaults with fiduciary guarantees. Suggestions in this study are that the OJK and Financial Services Business Actors must increase Financial Literacy and Inclusion in the wider community and include the government in eradicating illegal financial services. Financial Services Business Actors must analyze the ability to pay prospective customers in order to minimize defaults, especially with fiduciary guarantees and must resolve defaults in accordance with applicable regulations. And an appeal to the public to be wiser and more selective in choosing financial service products and institutions that provide these services.