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The legal arrangement of cannabis in Indonesia is based on Article 28H paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which guarantees the right to health services, elaborated through Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics and Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health. Cannabis is classified as a Group I narcotic prohibited for health services under Article 8 paragraph (1) of Law Number 35 of 2009, while Article 139 of Law Number 17 of 2023 requires that the use of medicines containing narcotics may only be carried out based on a prescription from medical personnel. At the same time, Canada through the Cannabis Act (S.C. 2018, c. 16) and Uruguay through Ley No. 19.172 (2013) apply fundamentally different legal arrangements for cannabis. This research uses normative legal research methods with a comparative law approach, applying the criminal policy framework of Marc Ancel and the law enforcement theory of Joseph Goldstein. The results show: (1) cannabis arrangement in Indonesia is prohibitive through Article 8 paragraph (1) of Law Number 35 of 2009, while Article 6 paragraph (3) opens a mechanism for reclassification through Ministerial Regulation; (2) Canada through the Cannabis Act applies a regulated market model with a CAD 11.4 billion legal industry and a 70% reduction in arrests, while Uruguay through Ley No. 19.172 applies a state monopoly with an 85% reduction in arrests without an increase in problematic use; (3) fundamental differences in legal systems, political systems, socio-cultural backgrounds, religion, and narcotics policy philosophy mean that the Canadian and Uruguayan models are not relevant to be directly applied in the Indonesian criminal law system.

Tourism in Bali, as the backbone of the regional economy, absorbs more than 50% of the workforce and gives rise to complex labor dynamics. Although Law No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower and Law No. 21 of 2000 on Trade Unions guarantee worker protection and freedom of association, the reality on the ground is still marked by the misuse of fixed-term employment contracts (PKWT), violations of outsourcing regulations, and both structural and cultural barriers to union formation. This article employs a normative juridical approach, using statute, conceptual, and case-based methods to analyze the regulatory framework and the responses of workers, employers, and government actors in addressing industrial relations disputes within Bali’s tourism sector. The findings reveal a significant gap between written legal norms and actual practice: repeated extensions of PKWT, outsourcing of core tasks such animal caretaking, union-busting through dismissal of union members, and weak law enforcement at regional level. Trade unions play a role in mediation and advocacy, but their performance is hindered by employer intimidation, low legal literacy among workers, and limited institutional support. Bridging this gap requires strict oversight, legal education for workers, as well as the strengthening of union capacity and the authority of local governments.

Copyright is a key pillar of the Intellectual Property Rights system, providing legal protection for creative works in the arts sector, particularly musical works. Within the copyright framework, the most crucial aspect is economic rights, namely the exclusive right of creators to derive financial benefit from any use of their works. However, the reality on the ground demonstrates the rampant use of songs for commercial purposes without proper authorization, which directly harms creators. This article analyzes economic rights violations in the context of commercial use, using the case study of the song "Akad" by Payung Teduh as a case study. This research uses normative legal methods through a statutory and legal conceptual approach. The research findings indicate that the exploitation of songs for material gain without the explicit consent of the rights holder constitutes a clear violation of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. Such violations carry serious legal consequences, including civil liability in the form of compensation payments and criminal sanctions. Therefore, synergy between firm law enforcement and increased collective public awareness is necessary. These efforts are vital to guaranteeing the protection of creators' economic rights while creating a healthy, fair, and sustainable creative industry ecosystem in Indonesia for all arts stakeholders.

Criminal acts of assault against children constitute a serious violation of human rights that requires optimal legal protection by the state. As legal subjects, children are entitled to security, protection from violence, and guarantees for proper growth and development, as mandated by Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and relevant child protection legislation. This study aims to conduct a juridical analysis of the legal considerations applied by judges in Decision Number 83/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Kot concerning the criminal offense of assault committed against a child, as well as to assess their conformity with criminal law principles, child protection law, and the objectives of sentencing. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, supported by primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings reveal that although the legal basis applied refers to Law Number 35 of 2014 on Child Protection, the judicial considerations have not been comprehensively formulated, as they insufficiently incorporate sociological, criminological, and child-centered protection perspectives. Consequently, the sentence imposed is relatively lenient and fails to fully reflect the objectives of punishment, particularly deterrence and sustainable protection for child victims. Therefore, strengthening the quality of judicial reasoning and ensuring the optimal application of relevant legal provisions are essential to achieve legal certainty, justice, and effective protection for children as victims of violent crimes.

This research analyzes the application of the equality before the law principle in handling narcotics cases by the Legal Aid Institute (LBH) Legundi Surabaya. The principle of equality before the law is a fundamental principle guaranteed in Article 27 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, yet its implementation in narcotics law enforcement still faces various challenges. This study employs a normative juridical method with a qualitative approach to examine LBH Legundi's strategies in ensuring clients fully obtain their constitutional rights. The findings reveal that although LBH Legundi has implemented various strategies such as detailed examination of arrest procedures, optimization of legal instruments, and efforts for detention suspension, the application of the equality before the law principle remains hindered by several factors. The main challenges include strong social stigma against narcotics offenders, limited resources of legal aid institutions, disparities in judicial decisions, structural barriers in accessing justice, weak supervision systems, minimal systemic support from the state, and a law enforcement mindset that remains punitive rather than rehabilitative. This condition creates a significant gap between suspects from economically disadvantaged backgrounds and those from affluent backgrounds, which contradicts the spirit of substantive justice. The study concludes that realizing the principle of equality before the law requires comprehensive reform touching structural, cultural, and systemic aspects of Indonesia's criminal justice system.  

In this study, advocates are guaranteed legal protection to implement the right to defence in criminal cases.   to learn how criminal advocates are protected if they enforce the law.   The privilege of immunity shields advocates from civil or criminal litigation for good faith work inside and outside the court.   This study uses normative juridical research, which examines current laws and regulations.   Analysis of relevant legislation is needed for this research.   According to the study, Article 16 of Law Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates does not adequately describe advocates' immunity rights.   Lack of clear explanations of protection types, rights constraints, and good faith between advocates and other parties may lead to power abuses.   More extensive norms that are in keeping with other articles of the law are needed to apply advocates' immunity rights proportionately, guaranteeing freedom in performing their profession while maintaining society's and justice's legal interests.

Abstract. The right to health is an integral part of human rights guaranteed by the Constitution and further reinforced by Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, which places the state as the party responsible for ensuring the provision of safe, high-quality, and non-discriminatory health services for all citizens. However, in practice, the fulfillment of the right to health continues to face various challenges, particularly in the delivery of health services for participants of BPJS Kesehatan. This study aims to analyze the legal protection of the right to health in Indonesia and to examine the refusal of medical services to BPJS patients that resulted in death in Papua from a human rights perspective. The research employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings indicate that although the national legal framework has clearly regulated the obligations of the state and health care facilities in providing emergency services, its implementation remains weak due to administrative barriers, unequal access to health services, and inconsistent law enforcement. The refusal of medical services to BPJS patients in Papua reflects a tension between hospitals’ administrative compliance and the professional obligation of medical personnel to save human lives. The implications of this study emphasize the need to strengthen supervision, ensure consistent law enforcement, and improve health service governance so that the right to health is truly protected as part of human dignity within the Indonesian rule of law. 

This study aims to analyze the legal protection of women's inheritance rights from the perspective of Indonesian civil law. The problems studied focused on the position of women as heirs and the extent to which the legal system provides guarantees of justice and equality. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative and conceptual approach. Data was obtained through a literature study of legal regulations, doctrines, and court decisions relevant to inheritance issues. The results of the study show that normatively, civil law provides equal recognition of women's inheritance rights, especially in the Civil Code. However, in practice, there are still obstacles influenced by patriarchal culture and customary law that tend to place women in subordinate positions. This condition causes women to often experience difficulties in claiming or obtaining the proper share of inheritance. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen regulations, harmonize national laws with the value of gender equality, and increase public legal awareness to ensure effective and fair protection for women in obtaining their inheritance rights.

This study examines the legal accountability of the Board of Directors of PT. Humpuss Intermoda Transportasi in relation to ultra vires conduct, with particular reference to Court Ruling No. 439/Pdt.G/2011/PN.JKT.SEL. Employing a normative-doctrinal legal methodology supported by statutory and comparative analyses, this research investigates the standard of director liability within Indonesian company law and contrasts it with the English ultra vires framework. Indonesia's Limited Liability Company Act (Law No. 40 of 2007) establishes that directors bear full accountability for corporate actions performed within the boundaries set by the Articles of Association and prevailing regulations; any action exceeding such boundaries constitutes an ultra vires act that is void ab initio and non-binding upon the company. Research findings reveal that the directors of PT. Humpuss Intermoda Transportasi overstepped their authority when they issued the Linsen Corporate Guarantee and the Nelson Corporate Guarantee without the mandatory written consent of the Board of Commissioners, thereby contravening Article 13(1) of the Company's Articles of Association and Articles 92(1) and 97(2) of Law No. 40 of 2007. The South Jakarta District Court consequently imposed joint and several personal liability on the said directors. A comparative review discloses that Indonesia maintains a more rigid application of the ultra vires doctrine relative to England, whose Companies Act 2006 introduced a good-faith-based flexibility that effectively confines ultra vires liability to situations where directors act dishonestly and cause demonstrable corporate harm. Notwithstanding this divergence, the directors' actions in the present case would equally qualify as ultra vires under English law given the verified prejudice inflicted on the company.

Article 210 of the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) limits gifts to a maximum of one-third of the donor’s assets as a form of protection for the rights of heirs and to uphold social justice. However, in practice, land gift deeds drawn up by PPATs/PPATSs are still found to exceed this limit, thereby giving rise to controversy and legal disputes in the form of lawsuits seeking the annulment of such deeds in court. This phenomenon indicates a disconnect between legal principles and practical implementation, leading to legal uncertainty. This study aims to analyze the legal status of land gift deeds that exceed the maximum limit, legal protection for bona fide donees, and the responsibility of PPATs in their drafting. The research method employed is a normative legal approach using legislative, conceptual, and case-based analyses, along with primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources analyzed qualitatively. The results indicate that a land grant deed exceeding the maximum limit retains limited legal validity, specifically only for the portions compliant with the provisions of the KHI. Legal protection for the grantee can be guaranteed if there is consent from all heirs. Furthermore, the PPAT bears civil, criminal, administrative, and ethical responsibilities regarding the deed drafted. Therefore, strengthening regulations, enhancing public legal literacy, and ensuring the PPAT’s due diligence are necessary to guarantee legal certainty and reduce disputes.

This research is entitled Oko Mama as a Tool of Political Consolidation in Society (Atoin Pah Meto) (Case Study of the 2023 Village Head Election in Saenam Village, West Miomaffo District, TTU). The main problem of this research is how oko mama as a tool of political consolidation in the village head election in Saenam Village, in establishing relations between candidates and the community in the village head election in Saenam Village, West Miomaffo District, TTU. The theory used in this study is the theory of political consolidation which refers to oko mama as a tool of political consolidation in Society (Atoin Pah Meto). The results of this study indicate that Oko Mama has several functions, namely as a cultural, as a form of appreciation to guests to convey a purpose, where oko mama is a tool for political consolidation ahead of the village head elections. However, in this study, oko mama does not provide a certainty for the community to choose the candidate due to several factors including educational factors and the community's perception of the candidate. The conclusion of this study is that Oko Mama is a tool for political consolidation in Sgenam Village, but it cannot guarantee that the candidate will obtain the most votes and win the village head election due to educational level and various public perceptions about the candidate. Traditional leaders have power in Saenam Village, but they cannot unite the community if the consolidation tool used is Oko Mama.

Public service performance serves as a crucial measure of how effectively government agencies provide services to the public. Rising expectations from the public compel governments to ensure that services are delivered in an efficient, open, responsible, and responsive manner. Within the realm of public administration reform, the standard of public services has emerged as a key issue for governments looking to enhance public confidence and governance. The Indonesian government has created the Public Service Index (Indeks Pelayanan Publik/IPP) as a tool to assess the performance of public services. The IPP functions as an all-encompassing measurement system to evaluate the quality, efficiency, and responsibility associated with public service provision across government entities. This research intends to explore the definition of public service performance, the legal framework that regulates public services in Indonesia, and the metrics employed for calculating the Public Service Index. The study uses a qualitative descriptive method and a literature review approach, evaluating various pertinent books, regulations, and scholarly articles concentrating on public service management and performance evaluation. The results indicate that the Public Service Index plays a vital role in assessing service quality, institutional effectiveness, and the degree of public satisfaction. Additionally, the application of the IPP measurements fosters transparency, bolsters accountability, and encourages ongoing enhancements in public service delivery. Therefore, enhancing public service performance necessitates robust regulatory backing, institutional dedication, and the utilization of clear and quantifiable performance metrics to guarantee enduring improvements in service quality.

The practice of independent nursing by nurses is a form of professional health services that require assurance of certainty and legal protection, especially after the enactment of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health (Health Law) which integrates various health regulations. This study aims to analyze the form of legal protection for nurses in independent practice and identify the supporting and inhibiting factors for this legal protection. Problem formulation, 1) What is the form of legal protection for nurses who provide independent nursing practice services, 2) What are the supporting and inhibiting factors for legal protection for nurses who provide independent nursing practice. The research method used is normative legal research with a qualitative approach, sourced from secondary data in the form of laws and regulations and related legal literature. The results of the study show that the form of legal protection for nurses includes legality guarantees through STR and SIPP, compliance with professional standards and SPO, and the function of medical records as authentic evidence. The main supporting factors include the existence of a clear legal umbrella and nurses' compliance with regulations, while the inhibiting factors involve illegal practices (without permission), negligence in documentation, and ambiguity of authority. Conclusion: Legal protection for Nurse Practitioners in independent nursing practice is conditional and highly dependent on nurses' compliance with applicable legal norms and professional standards. Compliance with licensing, practice standards, and accurate documentation is the main key in optimizing the guarantee of legal protection.

The policy plan to integrate parking fees into the Vehicle Registration Certificate (STNK), scheduled for nationwide implementation in 2027, has generated debate regarding contractual validity and fiscal justice. From the perspective of Islamic Economic Law, the transformation from a conventional pay-per-use retribution system to an annual prepaid system raises issues related to mutual consent (an-taradin) and the certainty of service benefits. This study aims to analyze the 2027 subscription parking policy using the framework of Maslahah Mursalah and the principle of distributive economic justice to assess its legitimacy as an instrument of public welfare. This research uses a normative legal method with conceptual and statutory approaches. Literature data are analyzed qualitatively through deductive reasoning to derive legal conclusions from general principles of Islamic economics in relation to contemporary fiscal policy. The findings indicate that the policy contains elements of Maslahah Mursalah, particularly in improving bureaucratic efficiency and preventing state revenue leakage (sadd adz-dzari'ah). However, from the perspective of distributive justice, the policy may contain elements of dzulm (injustice) if it is not supported by fair tariff segmentation. Without guaranteed service availability for all payers, mandatory annual parking fees risk being categorized as akl al-amwal bi al-bathil (unlawful appropriation of wealth). Therefore, a zoning-based tariff system is recommended to ensure fairness between obligations and benefits.

The rapid adoption of digital contracts in Indonesia demands a reliable document authentication system, one of which is through electronic stamps (e-meterai). However, the current e-meterai verification system remains centralized and exclusively managed by Perum Peruri, making it vulnerable to single point of failure risks and data manipulation. Blokchain technology, with its characteristics of decentralization, transparency, and data immutability, offers a technical solution that could potentially strengthen the integrity of this verification system. This article aims to examine the legal position of blokchain technology within Indonesia's existing e-meterai regulatory framework and to analyze the urgency of establishing specific regulations governing its use. The research employs a normative juridical method through statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings reveal that blokchain currently occupies a legal grey area: technically compatible with the validity requirements of agreements under Article 1320 of the Civil Code and meeting the criteria for Electronic Information under Article 5 of the ITE Law, yet formally lacking explicit recognition due to its conflict with Perum Peruri's monopolistic authority established under Law Number 10 of 2020 on Stamp Duty. Four normative gaps are identified, encompassing the absence of evidentiary guarantees for blokchain-verified documents, the lack of mandatory standards for Electronic Certification Providers, the ambiguity in civil liability allocation for automated system failures, and the conflict between blokchain's immutability and the right to erasure under the Personal Data Protection Law. Comprehensive specific regulations constitute an urgent normative necessity to ensure legal certainty for Indonesia's digital contract ecosystem.

For criminal justice systems, the growing number of young people involved in drug-related crimes is a serious problem, especially when it comes to striking a balance between law enforcement and child protection and rehabilitation. By contrasting viewpoints from Islamic law and Indonesian positive law, this study investigates the use of restorative justice in the processing of adolescent drug cases in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi. The study used a qualitative socio-legal methodology that integrates normative legal analysis with empirical field data gathered via observations, interviews, and document analysis involving law enforcement personnel, rehabilitation facilities, families, and community people. The results show that diversionary measures required by Law No. 11 of 2012 regulating the Juvenile Criminal Justice System are the main means by which restorative justice is applied in juvenile drug cases. In order to guarantee that children are not subjected to punitive detention but rather have options for recovery and social reintegration, these systems prioritize mediation, rehabilitation, and community involvement. From the standpoint of Islamic law, restorative justice is consistent with fundamental tenets like tawbah (repentance), islah (reconciliation), and the protection of human welfare, all of which place an emphasis on moral reform and the preservation of children's dignity. These ideas support the adoption of restorative measures in the resolution of adolescent drug offenses in Tanjung Jabung Barat, a sociocultural setting where Malay-Islamic beliefs have a significant impact on community life. The report does, however, also point out a number of difficulties, such as the lack of rehabilitation facilities, the societal stigma associated with juvenile offenders, and the inconsistent use of diversion by law enforcement. The study comes to the conclusion that a framework for handling juvenile drug cases that prioritizes the rehabilitation and future well-being of children is both culturally sensitive and legally sound when restorative justice ideas are integrated with Islamic legal values and Indonesian statutory law.

This study aims to analyze the regulation and implementation of the authority to test laws and regulations (judicial review) in the Indonesian state system based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study applies a normative juridical method using three main approaches, namely the statute approach, the conceptual approach, and the historical approach. The legal data collected includes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which are then reviewed through qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that normatively the division of judicial review authority between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court has been expressly regulated in Article 24A paragraph (1) and Article 24C paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The Supreme Court is given the authority to test regulations under the law against the law, and the Constitutional Court is given the authority to test laws against the 1945 Constitution. This division of authority is a manifestation of the principle of separation of powers and the mechanism of checks and balances after the third amendment to the 1945 Constitution. However, in practice, this two-roof judicial review system tends to give rise to conceptual and practical problems, such as overlapping authority and differences in decisions between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court which have the potential to create legal uncertainty and reduce public trust in the judicial institution. Therefore, it is necessary to reorganize the authority of judicial review by strengthening coordination between institutions or unifying the authority of judicial review which is centered on one institution only in order to guarantee legal certainty, harmonization of norms, and supremacy of the constitution in the Indonesian state system.  

This research focuses on the strategic role of the people's market as a driver of the regional economy and a source of Regional Original Income (PAD), by taking a case study of the arrangement of the people's market by the Ciamis Regency MSME Office. Using a qualitative approach, data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The results of the study show that the Regional Government of Ciamis Regency implements five main strategies in structuring the people's market, including optimizing development and revitalization with ease of access, market development based on potential and local characteristics, cooperation with investors, facilitation and guaranteeing the ease of capital lending through banking, and market promotion using digital technology. This strategy has a significant impact on the achievement of PAD. The achievement of PAD from the people's market sector of Ciamis Regency was recorded to exceed the target in the period of 2015 to 2017, reaching 113.4%, 128.0%, and 121.9%, respectively, although it decreased in 2018 to 87.2%. To optimize regional levy revenue, these findings conclude the need to improve and improve the regional levy management system to support the performance of the apparatus, the implementation of routine activities such as coordination between agencies and socialization to business actors, as well as increasing the discipline, dedication, and honesty of fiscal officials in carrying out their main duties and functions proportionately.

From the perspective of criminal liability theory, criminal policy, and Islamic law, sexual gratification is a form of corruption. According to positive criminal law, a person can only be held liable when three essential elements are fulfilled: an unlawful act, culpability (dolus or culpa), and the capacity for responsibility. However, in the context of public office, sexual gratification constitutes an unlawful act because it involves the acceptance of non-fina. Since the acceptance of sexual services within a power relationship usually indicates awareness of reciprocal policy gains, purpose (dolus) is frequently dominating. From the perspective of criminal policy, the restriction of sexual gratification reflects the growth of corruption as a white collar crime—a term coined by Edwin H. Sutherland—where abuse of power encompasses intangible rewards in addition to monetary transfers. According to Islamic law, sexual enjoyment constitutes two violations: it may be considered risywah (bribery) because of its transactional motive, and it may also be considered jarimah zina if it takes place outside of a legally recognized marriage. Such behaviors compromise the protection of property, ancestry, and religion through the framework of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah developed by Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi in Al-Muwafaqat. The study comes to the conclusion that in order to guarantee accountability, protect public integrity, and promote social welfare, it is imperative to develop legal interpretation and evidential procedures.

This research aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the complex dynamics termed the "Digital Bureaucracy Paradox," a phenomenon that emerged significantly following the implementation of the Work From Anywhere (WFA) policy within the Regional Secretariat of Sorong City. The primary focus this study lies in the strategic dilemma faced by visionary leadership in balancing modern flexible work patterns with the obligation to enforce Civil Servant (ASN) discipline, which has historically been conventional and rigid. Amidst massive digital transformation, local-level bureaucracy is forced to adapt to work models requiring high agility, while simultaneously remaining bound by formalistic disciplinary regulatory standards. Quantitative findings indicate that although digital platforms have been effective as instruments for work instructions, the effectiveness visual supervision remains irreplaceable in maintaining the integrity of working hours, particularly regarding low scores in separating personal and professional matters during WFA. Conversely, submissions the E-Kinerja (E-Performance) system show very high level of administrative compliance, yet do not fully guarantee the quality of substantive outputs. Statistical analysis confirms that adaptive digital leadership has decisive influence on the successful implementation of the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE). These findings offer  theoretical contribution to the study of bureaucratic behaviour within digital ecosystems and provide practical recommendations for redefining the ASN discipline from formalistic patterns toward a result-based substantive discipline. The synergy between visionary leadership and the strengthening of bottom-up accountability mechanisms through public participation is expected to realise a governance framework that is not only technologically modern but also functionally accountable in the post-pandemic era.