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The development of digital technology has had a significant impact on people's lives, including the protection of citizens' privacy rights. One key issue that has emerged is the management and protection of personal data, which is increasingly vulnerable to misuse. This study aims to examine and compare the personal data protection provisions stipulated in the 2024 Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law) and Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection (PDP Law). The research method used is a normative approach with comparative study techniques. The study focuses on the legal substance, scope of data protection, and institutional roles in implementing both regulations. The analysis shows that the ITE Law remains general in nature, lacking specific detailed regulations governing personal data protection mechanisms. Meanwhile, the PDP Law presents a more systematic and comprehensive specific regulation, referencing international principles such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union. However, several implementation challenges exist, including overlapping authority between institutions, inconsistencies in legal norms, and limited adequate legal infrastructure. This situation has the potential to create regulatory dualism and complicate the law enforcement process. Therefore, steps are needed to harmonize the ITE Law and the PDP Law, strengthen the capacity of institutions responsible for data protection, and increase the digital literacy of the public so that citizens' digital rights can be optimally protected in the digital era.

The rapid expansion of Indonesia’s digital economy and the enactment of the Personal Data Protection Law (Law 27/2022) have exposed significant shortcomings in the resolution of data-related disputes under existing judicial and administrative frameworks. Public adjudication of sensitive data conflicts can erode trust, impose reputational damage, and delay reparative outcomes, while courts often lack specialized expertise in technology and privacy. Drawing upon international precedents including the European Data Protection Board’s Article 65 GDPR mechanism, the EU–US Data Privacy Framework arbitration annex, and the European Patent Office’s data-protection arbitration rules this study examines the urgency and feasibility of establishing a dedicated Data Dispute Arbitration Forum in Indonesia. Through comparative analysis, it identifies core design elements such as expert-appointed tribunals, streamlined online procedures, confidentiality safeguards, clear enforcement under the New York Con-vention, and mechanisms for restorative remedies beyond fines. Anchored in Pancasila’s social-justice ethos and Indonesia’s ADR law (Law 30/1999) and ITE Law, the proposed institutional architecture integrates online dispute resolution (ODR) protocols, data-minimization and cybersecurity guidelines, and publicly anonymized award publication to foster legal certainty and raise awareness of data-protection obligations. A stakeholder impact assessment demonstrates that such a forum would benefit individual data subjects through low-cost, expeditious relief; controllers and processors through predictability and trade-secret protection; regulators through expert findings; and foreign investors through alignment with global data-governance standards. By aligning domestic legal values with international best practices, the specialized forum promises to bolster enforcement, restore public trust, and strengthen Indonesia’s competitiveness in the global digital marketplace.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) serve as a key pillar of Indonesia’s national economy, contributing significantly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment absorption. Nevertheless, MSME actors continue to face various challenges, including limited access to capital, low digital literacy, and bureaucratic hurdles in business licensing. Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation (UU Cipta Kerja) was introduced as a regulatory breakthrough to address these obstacles by simplifying bureaucracy, offering business incentives, and easing access to digital markets. This study focuses on the implementation of this policy in Kampung Batik Turi, Blitar City, a hub of local wisdom-based MSMEs. The research aims to analyze the local-level application of the Job Creation Law, identify supporting and inhibiting factors, and assess its impact on the growth and independence of batik MSME actors. The findings are expected to offer practical recommendations to strengthen the alignment between national regulation and the actual needs of regional MSMEs, fostering more inclusive and sustainable MSME empowerment.

According to data from the Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs in 2024, Indonesia has more than 60 million SMEs, which are very important to its economy, contributing 60% to the national GDP. However, around 77.5% of SMEs do not keep financial records, while 22.5% have some form of financial reporting that is often inconsistent and poorly documented. Many entrepreneurs do not realize the importance of financial reports, instead focusing on business growth and sales. Lack of financial literacy leads to poor decision-making and operational transparency. Quality financial reports can facilitate access to capital and serve as an indicator of business success. Programs aimed at improving financial literacy and the importance of financial reporting have shown a positive impact on SME performance. The training program for Dapur Umi Ila SMEs in Bojongkerta aims to empower participants through education on financial management, emphasizing the importance of maintaining accurate financial records for proper decision-making and sustainable business growth. By creating financial reports, Dapur Umi Ila SMEs are expected to be more concerned about operational finances so that they can learn to make decisions based on relevant and reliable financial reports..

In the increasingly developing digital era, cyber law regulation has become a crucial element in maintaining security and order in cyberspace. Indonesia, as a country with rapid technological growth, faces major challenges in responding to global threats in the cyber sector. This study aims to analyze the readiness of cyber law regulation in Indonesia by comparing it to the regulations implemented in the European Union and the United States. A qualitative approach is used with descriptive and normative analysis methods to examine the applicable cyber law policies. The results of the study show that Indonesia still has many limitations in cyber law enforcement, especially in terms of data protection, cybercrime, and coordination mechanisms between related institutions. On the other hand, the European Union already has a comprehensive General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), while the United States applies a sectoral approach with different regulations in each field. This study suggests the need for regulatory reform that is more adaptive and responsive to global threats, as well as increased international cooperation in cyber law enforcement. Thus, Indonesia can be better prepared to face increasingly complex cyber challenges.

The rapid advancement of knowledge and information technology has reshaped the perspectives and lifestyles of Indonesian citizens, particularly through innovations like Artificial Intelligence (AI), which automates various tasks and simplifies human activities. However, the misuse of AI has become a critical issue in 2023, especially in spreading sophisticated fake information. To address this, Law No. 1 of 2024, amending Law No. 11 of 2008 on Information and Electronic Transactions, is expected to combat AI software misuse effectively. This study investigates the legal implications of AI misuse, particularly concerning privacy and personal data security, and examines its interpretation under Articles 27 and 32 of the Information and Electronic Transactions Law to enhance law enforcement and safeguard individual privacy rights. Using a normative legal research approach, the findings reveal that AI misuse, such as manipulating photos and videos, violates data protection laws, including the GDPR in the European Union and Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Act. Such violations can lead to severe penalties, legal consequences, and reputational damage for companies. Recognized as a form of cybercrime, AI misuse is addressed under Article 35 of the Information and Electronic Transactions Law, which provides a specialized legal framework for handling such offenses comprehensively.

The mechanism of state debt management is a process involving fiscal and monetary policies to regulate the issuance, use, and repayment of state debt. In its management, the government usually uses instruments such as bonds, bilateral loans, and multilateral loans to finance the budget deficit. State debt can be used to fund infrastructure projects, health, education, and other important sectors, but its management must be careful so as not to burden the economy. One important aspect of debt management is maintaining the debt ratio to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) so that it remains under control. If state debt increases significantly without being balanced by economic growth, it can pose a risk of inflation, a larger budget deficit, and a reduction in market confidence in the government's ability to repay debt. On the other hand, good debt management can encourage economic growth by financing productive projects that increase competitiveness and public welfare. Strict supervision of debt allocation and transparency in the use of funds are essential to avoid misuse and increase the effectiveness of debt management. In addition, the role of international institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank is also crucial in providing technical advice and support for sustainable debt management policies.