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  Abstract. This study aims to develop and evaluate an artificial intelligence–based expert system to support fault diagnosis in Air Handling Units (AHUs). Early fault identification in AHU systems is often constrained by reliance on technician experience, which may lead to inconsistent diagnostic outcomes. The proposed system is intended to provide a consistent, explainable, and practical decision-support tool to assist maintenance personnel, particularly less-experienced technicians, in identifying AHU faults accurately. Methodology: The research adopts a rule-based expert system approach using forward chaining inference. Knowledge acquisition was conducted through structured interviews with experienced HVAC technicians and supported by technical documentation. The resulting knowledge base consists of observable symptoms, diagnostic rules, and corresponding corrective actions. The system was implemented as an Android-based mobile application to enable direct field usage. System validation was performed using real operational fault scenarios, with expert diagnoses serving as the reference standard. Findings: Evaluation results indicate full agreement between the system-generated diagnoses and expert assessments across all tested scenarios. This demonstrates that the proposed system is capable of producing accurate and consistent diagnostic outcomes within its defined knowledge domain. Implications: The system operates using deterministic rules without incorporating uncertainty modeling or probabilistic reasoning. Additionally, validation was limited to a finite number of real-world scenarios, which may affect generalizability to broader AHU configurations. Practical implications: The expert system can be utilized as a practical diagnostic aid in routine AHU maintenance, improving response time, diagnostic consistency, and technician training effectiveness. Originality: This study contributes a mobile-based, explainable expert system specifically tailored for AHU fault diagnosis, emphasizing practical deployment and rule transparency rather than data-intensive learning models.

This study aims to design and develop an expert system to assist in diagnosing diseases in dairy cattle at Cibugary Farm using the Forward Chaining method. The background of this research lies in the limited knowledge of farmers in identifying early symptoms of diseases, which often leads to delays in medical treatment and negatively affects dairy cattle productivity. To address this issue, an expert system was designed to replicate the reasoning process of a human expert through a knowledge base containing diagnostic rules derived from observable symptoms. The Forward Chaining method was chosen because of its capability to trace facts from known symptoms toward a conclusion regarding the type of disease affecting the cattle. The system was developed by incorporating common disease symptoms, inference rules, and a decision-making mechanism that simulates expert analysis. Testing was carried out on several diagnostic scenarios to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the system. The results of the study indicate that the expert system can provide an initial diagnosis quickly and accurately, producing outputs consistent with expert assessments. This functionality assists farmers in making timely decisions regarding appropriate medical interventions, thereby reducing treatment delays and minimizing the risk of disease transmission within the herd. Consequently, the Forward Chaining-based expert system is expected to serve as an innovative solution to improve dairy cattle health management and support sustainable livestock productivity at Cibugary Farm.

The balance between cipta, rasa and karsa is a fundamental concept in human beings. These three elements are terms proposed by Ki Hajar Dewantara known as the “Konsep Trisakti Jiwa”, namely: cipta, rasa, and karsa which are also known as reasoning, appreciation, and practice.  What is meant in the concept is that in carrying out everything there must be a synergistic combination between the results of thought (cipta), the results of taste (rasa), and strong motivation within themselves (karsa). This concept emphasizes the importance of balancing these three aspects to form individual character and creativity. This research aims to provide information on what can be done to balance the three aspects of cipta, rasa, and karsa; and how important the balance of cipta, rasa, and karsa is in the process of developing one's potential. Through a literature review, this research analyzes several journals from the Google Scholar website, papers, books and so on that are in accordance with the topic being discussed. The results show that someone who can unleash all the potential within themselves does not solely focus on developing intellectual abilities, but they also continue to train to increase emotional awareness, and also motivate themselves to move forward. If in carrying out everything only relies on one of them, it is likely that it will be far to reach the goal. By balancing these three aspects of creation, taste, and karsa, individuals can increase self-awareness, so that this can make it easier for an individual to explore and develop their existing potential.

Chilli farming is an important sector in Ende District, but plant disease problems are often an obstacle that hampers productivity. Farmers often have difficulty recognizing the symptoms of disease in chili plants and determining appropriate treatment steps. To overcome this problem, this research aims to design and build a web-based expert system that can help diagnose chili plant diseases using the Forward Chaining method. This expert system was developed by collecting knowledge from agricultural experts and literature related to chili plant diseases, as well as applying the Forward Chaining method for the reasoning process. Users, especially farmers, can enter the symptoms experienced by chili plants into the system, then the system will produce a disease diagnosis and appropriate treatment recommendations based on these symptoms. This research uses a case study at Maju Tani Agriculture in Ende District to ensure that the expert system developed is relevant to local conditions. This system is implemented in the form of a web-based application so that it can be accessed easily by farmers using devices connected to the internet. The test results show that this expert system can provide accurate and efficient diagnoses, as well as assist farmers in making decisions to overcome chili plant disease problems. It is hoped that this system can increase agricultural productivity and reduce the risk of losses due to plant diseases.

The background to this research is that the speaking skills of grade 4 students are still lacking because many students are still embarrassed to answer questions given by the teacher and are also lazy to express opinions during lesson discussions and when called to come forward, they are asked questions and do not want to answer. Apart from that, speaking fluency, accuracy of word choice, sentence structure, logic or reasoning and communicativeness or eye contact are still relatively low. The aim of this research is to determine the implementation of speaking skills using the sociodrama method and to determine the factors inhibiting the use of the implementation of speaking skills using the sociodrama method in PAI subjects at SD N 09 Paninggahan. This research uses a qualitative approach. With data collection techniques through observation and interviews. The key informants are class IV students and the supporting informants are PAI teachers and class teachers. Data analysis in this research involves data reduction, data display, and then conclusions. Based on the research results, it was found: (1) The implementation of students' speaking skills using the sociodrama method in PAI subjects at SDN 09 Paninggahan, Solok Regency has been implemented well. This shows that in sociodrama students are fluent in speaking, students are precise in choosing words, students are in sentence structure. sociodrama is categorized as very good, students' logic and reasoning are also very good, and students' communicativeness and eye contact. (2) Factors Inhibiting Students' Speaking Skills Using the Sociodrama Method in PAI Subjects at SD N 09 Paninggahan, Solok Regency include students experiencing concentration problems, fear of making mistakes, shame and lack of self-motivation, but the most dominant is that students feel afraid of doing mistakes due to nervousness.

In operating a computer, of course, often experience problems with the Windows operating system, such as a slow computer when reading data, missing icons on the desktop, application system crashes or files that can not be run, or error messages appear that are not understood, problems that arise this is not uncommon fatal so that it interferes with the work or activity that is being done. One of the right solutions to the above problem is by applying an object-oriented design that follows the Hierarchy rules (tree rules), which is that each stage will bring up several new stages and Forward Reasoning inference techniques with Dept First Search data search techniques, with the forward reasoning system the system will provide information for the problems encountered. The test results show the solution to the problem of any computer damage problem can help computer users to recognize and deal with computer damage.