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The Tapal Kuda Air Salobar Food Court is one of the culinary areas that plays an important role in supporting tourism and social activities in Ambon City. This area offers a variety of local culinary specialties from Maluku which are an attraction for the community and tourists. However, the increase in the number of visitors and the activities of traders have not been fully balanced by the conditions of adequate spatial planning, facilities, and area management systems. This study aims to analyze the existing condition of the Tapal Kuda Air Salobar Food Court from the aspects of spatial planning, waste management, supporting facilities, as well as the potential and challenges of its development as a culinary tourism destination. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection methods in the form of field observations and in-depth interviews with key informants, namely area managers, traders, and visitors. The data obtained are analyzed thematically to identify the main problems and potential development of the area. The results of the study indicate that the spatial planning of the Tapal Kuda Air Salobar Food Court has not been able to accommodate the increase in visitor and trader activities due to the lack of clear zoning, limited circulation routes, and spatial planning that develops without integrated planning. Furthermore, waste management in this area is not yet systematic and sustainable, as evidenced by limited trash bins, a lack of waste sorting, and poorly scheduled waste collection. Limited supporting facilities, such as seating and sanitation facilities, also impact the comfort and quality of the visitor experience, especially during peak visitor periods. Nevertheless, the Tapal Kuda Air Salobar Food Court has significant potential as a culinary tourism destination based on local cuisine and a social space, which can be developed through spatial planning, facility improvements, and more integrated area management. This study concludes that the revitalization of the Tapal Kuda Air Salobar Food Court requires a comprehensive approach, emphasizing spatial planning improvements, strengthening waste management, and enhancing the quality of facilities and area management to support the sustainability of culinary tourism and the quality of public spaces in Ambon City.

Malang Regency is known as a strategic location with considerable potential as a tourism destination in Indonesia. According to data released by the Central Bureau of Statistics, Malang Regency has recorded 267 tourist destinations spread across 33 districts. This study uses data from one water tourism destination, referred to as Tourism Site X, which focuses on the management and development of recreational areas, including swimming pools, bathing facilities, water attractions, artificial lakes, as well as the management of recreational parks and family facilities such as playgrounds, seating areas, and recreational and educational facilities. Tourism Site X is located in Pakis District, Malang Regency. The reuse of treated wastewater as a non-potable water source for irrigating green open spaces represents a crucial strategic approach to conserving water resources, particularly in water tourism areas such as Tourism Site X, which require substantial water supplies. In practice, the wastewater generated in Tourism Site X mainly originates from domestic sources, including activities such as cleaning swimming pool areas and animal enclosures, toilet usage, and food court operations. This study aims to assess whether the quality of treated wastewater from the wastewater treatment process at Tourism Site X complies with the required standards for green open space irrigation, in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Environment/Environmental Control Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2025 concerning Wastewater Quality Standards and Wastewater Treatment Technologies for Domestic Wastewater, as well as to identify parameters that need to be reduced or eliminated.

Historically, water resource management in Indonesia has faced significant complexities, often dominated by commercialization and investment-oriented policies that threaten the fundamental rights of farmers. The Constitutional Court’s decision to annul the previous Water Resources Law marks a crucial turning point, demanding a comprehensive policy reformulation. This entails a shift from a market-based paradigm to one grounded in human rights and social welfare, reaffirming state sovereignty over water for the prosperity of the people. The urgency of this reformulation is compounded by the imminent threat of climate change, which introduces high uncertainty into the hydrological cycle—manifesting as extreme droughts and floods—thereby directly impacting the agricultural sector. This research aims to formulate a climate-adaptive water resource management policy that secures the priority rights of farmers. Employing a Normative Legal Research Method with Statutory and Conceptual Approaches, the findings present a new, holistic legal and institu-tional framework. This framework centers on two pillars: first, the firm assertion and absolute legal protection of irrigation water allocation for farmers, even during periods of scarcity; and second, the adoption of a Climate-Adaptive Governance Model. This governance model integrates a unified climate monitoring system, resilient water infrastructure, and the empowerment of Water User Associations (P3A) at the grassroots level to independently respond to shifting climate patterns. This reformulation is essential for achieving water management that is just, sustainable, and effective in maintaining national food security

This study discusses consumer protection in the circulation of illegal cosmetic products through electronic commerce systems, focusing on the implementation of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The main problems of the research include legal regulations related to illegal cosmetics, legal provisions regarding electronic commerce, and consumer protection mechanisms against the circulation of illegal cosmetics on e-commerce platforms. This study uses a qualitative method with a normative legal research approach through literature studies, which involves primary, secondary, and tertiary data sources. The results of the study show that cosmetic distribution permits are regulated in the Regulation of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency Number 12 of 2023 concerning the Supervision of the Manufacture and Circulation of Cosmetics. In electronic commerce, transactions occur electronically between sellers and buyers by involving a third party as the platform provider. Dispute resolution between consumers and business actors is regulated in the Consumer Protection Law through two channels, namely litigation and out-of-court dispute resolution. The research concluded that every cosmetic in circulation must have a distribution permit in the form of a BPOM Notification, and business actors are responsible for providing compensation in the form of refunds or product replacements. The research recommendations emphasize the importance of consumer prudence, honesty of business actors, and the government's firmness in handling consumer problems.

The phenomenon of “nongki,” a colloquial term for hanging out, has become an integral part of today’s youth lifestyle. This activity is not only about passing the time but also functions as a medium for social interaction, idea exchange, and even content creation for social media. Among various hangout spots, coffee shops have emerged as the most favored places for young people. Coffee shops are chosen not only for their beverage and snack offerings but also for their cozy, aesthetic ambiance and supportive facilities such as Wi-Fi and power outlets. These advantages make coffee shops an ideal place for social gatherings, studying, and even working. This study aims to describe young people's preferences for coffee shops as hangout spots and analyze the factors that make them superior to other options like food stalls, city parks, or food courts. Observational findings reveal that beyond menus and location, interior design, customer service, and digital accessibility are key determinants in selecting coffee shops.

The concept of ‘abandoned land’ in the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) No. 5 of 1960 faces interpretation challenges that impact the effectiveness of the management of unproductive Cultivation Rights (HGU). This research aims to analyse the reconstruction of the concept of abandoned land in UUPA and its implications for the management of unproductive HGU to support the optimisation of agricultural land use. This research is conducted through normative juridical with qualitative descriptive analysis of laws and regulations, court decisions, and related literature. The research findings show that the concept of abandoned land in the UUPA is still multi-interpretive, especially regarding the criteria of ‘not being cultivated according to the circumstances or nature and purpose of the right’. This has led to inconsistencies in the application of sanctions against HGU holders who leave their land unproductive. Concept reconstruction is needed by clarifying the objective parameters of productivity, the period of neglect, and law enforcement mechanisms. The implications of this research indicate the need for regulatory revisions to strengthen legal certainty in HGU management, as well as the development of more effective policy instruments to prevent abandonment of agricultural land to support national food security and social justice in agrarian reform.

International trademark infringement poses a complex challenge for brand owners due to jurisdictional variations and differing legal systems across countries. This study examines available legal remedies, ranging from non-litigation dispute resolution mechanisms such as Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) - encompassing negotiation, mediation, and arbitration - to formal litigation in national courts. ADR offers advantages in time efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and confidentiality, while litigation provides legal certainty through binding court decisions such as injunctions and damages awards. Preventive strategies including international trademark registration through the Madrid System and cooperation with customs authorities serve as crucial proactive protection measures. Furthermore, this research analyzes judicial considerations in cross-industry trademark disputes, including assessment of trademark similarity (visual, phonetic, conceptual), reputation of well-known marks, bad faith of infringers, and potential consumer confusion. Case studies such as Louis Vuitton vs. Louis Vuitton Dak and Zara Food vs. Zara Fashion demonstrate judicial application of the likelihood of confusion principle and anti-dilution doctrine even across different industries. The research employs normative legal methodology with statutory and secondary document analysis approaches. Findings confirm that legal strategy selection must consider infringement scale, jurisdiction, and business objectives, while international trademark protection requires integration of proactive registration, legal enforcement, and comprehensive understanding of global market dynamics.

This research analyzes the custody rights of minor children due to the termination of their parents' marriage relationship with references to the Marriage Law, the Compilation of Islamic Law and the application of Karo customary law. The research method used in this research is normative juridical. The research location is in the Paribun area, Barusjahe sub-district, Karo district, North Sumatra. The right to care for children in Article 45 of Law Number 1 of 1974 Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, the Compilation of Islamic Law explains that if the child is still not yet mumayyiz child care is assigned to the mother, when the child is mumayyiz it can be given the right to child. to decide whether to be raised by father or mother. The Law on Marriage states that fathers and mothers as guardians are obliged to take good care of their children. Parents' obligations to their children have 2 (two) commitments, namely nurturing and educating. Caring means providing support for children, such as clothing, food and shelter. Educating means providing teaching to children, whether given specifically by parents through good guidance and direction, or given formally through sending children to school. Parents' obligations to their children will not end with the dissolution of the parents' marriage, because the dissolution of the marriage is either due to live divorce, death divorce, or due to court execution. Batak customary law in raising children is based on a patrilineal framework with the condition that the child will carry on the clan from the father's line, thus child care is borne by the father.

The Baseball Food Court is one of the facilities provided by Surabaya State University to meet the food needs of campus residents at Surabaya Ketintang State University. Food contamination can occur in the Food Court environment if food is not processed properly and in accordance with food sanitation hygiene guidelines and can threaten public health. This research aims to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes and the sanitation hygiene behavior of food handlers at the UNESA Ketintang Baseball Food Court. This research is a quantitative study with a cross sectional design with a sample size of 20 people. The respondents in this study were food handlers at the UNESA Ketintang Baseball Food Court. The data analysis used in this research was the Chi Square Test. The results of this study show that there is a relationship between knowledge and behavior of food handlers with a p-value of 0.001 and there is a relationship between attitudes and behavior of food handlers with a p-value of 0.007. The conclusion of this research is that food handlers at the UNESA Ketintang Baseball Food Court already have good sanitation knowledge, attitudes and hygiene behavior. So it is recommended that food handlers at the UNESA Ketintang Baseball Food Court continue to maintain and be able to improve their knowledge, attitudes and food sanitation hygiene behavior so that they remain in a good category.

The land holds significant importance for the people in Indonesia and is one of the country's natural resources. As an agricultural country, a large portion of the Indonesian population relies on agriculture as their primary source of livelihood. Farming, which involves cultivating land to produce food, has long been a cornerstone of rural economies. Notaries and Land Deed Officials (PPAT) play a critical role in Indonesia’s legal and land administration systems. Notaries, governed by Law No. 2 of 2014 and Article 1868 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata), are authorized to create authentic deeds, ensure legal certainty, and maintain document custody. Meanwhile, PPATs, under Government Regulation No. 37 of 1998 and Law No. 4 of 1996, are responsible for drafting deeds related to land registration and mortgage rights, including transactions involving the sale, purchase, and transfer of land rights. The distinct authority of notaries and PPATs is clearly defined by the relevant regulations, with the Constitutional Court Decision No. 5/PUU-XII/2014 affirming that their jurisdictions do not overlap, thereby safeguarding legal certainty in land administration.

Traditional markets are places where sellers and buyers interact directly in social and economic aspects. This design aims to create cleanliness and comfort for visitors by using an eco-friendly architectural approach. This study's research method uses qualitative methods through literature studies and also field observations with primary data obtained through surveys, documentation and interviews. Then carry out an analysis of the site and architectural aspects to serve as guidelines for design. This design implements the main concepts, including zoning which consists of a public zone, namely the traders' room, inner court, food court area, event area and parking area, a semi-public zone, namely the reception room in the management room, a private zone, namely the management room and service zones, namely security post, loading dock, toilet, prayer room and service room. The zoning concept is based on its function, namely a traditional market where the parking area surrounds the market building, then there is a loading dock area that surrounds the market building and there is a food court area in the inner court of the market and an event area in the market section. This market building has an open concept which only has a roof as protection from sunlight and rain. This building has a height of 1 floor with a spatial arrangement for wet commodities and dry commodities and also non-food items in the front area. The central part of the room or the center of the room has an inner court area for culinary delights by adding a concept and having lighting that comes from skylights on the roof.    

The increase in cooking oil as a staple food is certainly detrimental to consumers, especially consumers from the lower middle class, after the problem of scarcity of cooking oil occurred in Indonesia and various policies to adjust the price of cooking oil carried out by the government, provide evidence that the urgency of the price of cooking oil has an impact on society. This research aims to find out and explain the causes of the increase in cooking oil prices carried out by shop entrepreneurs in West Sabu sub-district, Sabu Raijua Regency. The research method used is that this research is included in empirical legal research, namely a legal research method that attempts to see the law in a real sense or can be said to see, examine how law works in society, which then uses a research approach, a qualitative type of approach. The research results show that legal protection for consumers can be carried out by resolving disputes in court and outside of court. Every consumer who is harmed can sue business actors through institutions tasked with resolving disputes between consumers and business actors or through courts within the general court environment and the government also plays an important role in efforts to protect consumers legally. The form of consumer protection provided is by issuing laws and government regulations, where the implementation of statutory regulations is then carried out by supervising the implementation of these regulationsto be able to socialize it to the public and there is also a need for supervision carried out by the government on business actors.

One of the company's goals is to maximize the value of its shares to achieve company value. When investing in the capital market, investors also take into account the value of the company. Over the last five years, the value of companies in the food and beverage subsector experienced a significant decline from 2020 to 2023. This decline began in 2019. Many factors, including company size, profitability and leverage, influence the value of a company. The gap phenomenon supports the existence The research gap indicates the need for additional research into the variables that influence firm value. The aim of this research is to present empirical data regarding the influence of company size, profitability and leverage on manufacturing companies in the metal industry and similar industries listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange between 2019 and 2023. All companies in the food sector and beverage subsector are listed on the Exchange. Indonesian Securities (BEI) is the research population. A purposive sampling strategy was used to select the research sample from seven observations. Multiple linear regression analysis is used in research to analyze secondary data. SPSS is a program used in research. The findings of this research show how leverage and company size affect company value. However, empirical data also shows that profitability has little effect on company value. Simultaneously, the factors Company Size, Profitability, and Leverage influence Company Value.

Biodiesel, which is generally defined as monoalkyl esters from plant and animal fats, is an alternative fuel that has the potential to be used as a substitute for diesel fuel because of its characteristics. Used cooking oil or used cooking oil haD the potential to be processed into biodiesel and this study aims was to produce waste cooking oil into biodiesel from the results of the pre-treatment process of used cooking oil with bagasse waste, to find out the optimum result of the oil pretreatment proces and the raw material used was used cooking oil from the Rocket Chicken Food Court restaurant. Waste from sugarcane bagasse was useful as an adsorption process for the purification of used cooking oil which was able to reduce free fatty acid levels, water content, and impurities levels for the biodiesel process. The optimum particle size of bagasse waste for used cooking oil pretreatment was 30 mesh, with the analytical data was 1.93%  of free fatty acid, 0,0018 % for water content and 0,03% of firt level. The results of the Biodiesel analysis from the pre-treatment process were the viscosity was 5.7 Cst, the density was 860 kg/m3 and the acid number was 0.8 mg KOH/g oil. This result was accordance to the indonesian national standard No. 04-7182-2006.

Priamanaya Jasa Boga is a company in the field of leasing places to trade food and beverages which is often referred to as a food court. To find out whether tenant rental prices and maintenance costs affect the profit income of PT. Priamanaya Jasa is seen from ROI and ROE, The method used in this study is Descriptive Quantitative. The results of this study show that the analysis of tenant rental pricing and maintenance costs to determine profit income using ROI and ROE at PT. Priamanaya Jasa Boga in 2019-2022 can get a profit or benefited.

The purpose of this research is to implement the internet of things (IoT) system into a food court place to reduce its service time and cost. The IoT will handle the security and the payment of this self-service food court. Thus, there will be no need for waiter and cashier employees. We created a mobile and server side application and also a food container boxes equipped with the IoT devices to handle this food court service operations. Each food container has a quick response (QR) code for its identification. These food containers only can be opened by smartphone through the food court app by scanning the container’s QR code, while the IoT system will get the user identification and measure how many foods that the buyer took. Then, the payment will be handled back through the mobile application.