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According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), diabetes mellitus is a chronic and complex disease that requires ongoing management and various strategies to control blood sugar levels and reduce associated risks. Patient Mrs. J, a 52-year-old woman and farmer, presented with complaints of numbness and tingling in both legs that began approximately 2 months prior to her current visit and had worsened over the past week. The symptoms felt like being pricked and sometimes felt hot, especially at night, thereby interfering with daily activities. The symptoms were accompanied by frequent urination, especially at night, frequent thirst, frequent hunger, a feeling of weakness, and intermittent blurred vision. The patient had been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus approximately 5 years ago but did not consistently take medication (glimepiride). The patient still frequently consumes sweet, coconut-based, and fried foods. Physical examination revealed reduced sensation in the lower extremities. Laboratory tests showed elevated blood sugar levels. Based on the medical history, physical examination, and supporting tests, the patient was diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The patient was advised to record test results and changes in his health status in a health record book, and to involve family members in supporting treatment adherence and a healthy lifestyle. The patient works as a farmer with an irregular income, depending on the harvest. Daily expenses are shared with his son, so his economic condition

This study aims to (1) describe the marketing channels of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) of oil palm under partnership and independent (self-managed) schemes in Merlung District, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency; (2) analyze marketing margins, farmer’s share, and marketing efficiency for each scheme; and (3) compare differences in marketing margins and farmer’s share between single-level marketing channels in both business schemes. The research was conducted in 2025 using a survey method with simple random sampling techniques. The data used consisted of primary data obtained through direct interviews with farmers and marketing institutions, as well as secondary data from relevant agencies. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive analysis, marketing margin analysis, farmer’s share, marketing efficiency analysis, and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). The results show that there are two types of marketing channel patterns, namely single-level and two-level channels. The single-level marketing channel has lower marketing margins, higher farmer’s share, and better marketing efficiency. In addition, there are significant differences between single-level marketing channels in both business schemes. These findings imply that shorter marketing channels are more efficient and provide a greater share of the selling price to smallholder oil palm farmers

The focus of this study is to analyze how the position and role of farming communities contribute to increasing community income in Alkani Village, Wewiku Subdistrict, Malaka Regency. Using a qualitative research method covering research accuracy, focus, data sources, data collection techniques, and data analysis the study describes how farmer groups function as a platform for sharing agricultural information and improving economic outcomes. Findings show that these groups actively facilitate knowledge exchange by introducing modern technologies such as tractors and drip-irrigation systems, and by promoting digital marketing to expand market access. Farmer groups in Alkani Village also serve as regular discussion forums, holding monthly or needs-based meetings where members communicate, share experiences, and address agricultural challenges together. Through training, cooperation, and collective learning, farmer groups operate not only as centers for education but also as agricultural production units that strengthen the local farming sector. Their role in collaboration enhances solidarity among farmers, enabling them to support one another and work more efficiently. As a result, these groups significantly contribute to increasing farmers’ income and improving overall welfare. The study concludes that strengthening farmer groups is essential, recommending continued enhancement of training access, administrative capacity, and active participation from all members to ensure equitable benefits.

Livestock production in rural communities relies heavily on the availability and quality of animal feed. In Aek Korsik Village, Asahan Regency, farmers continue to use manual methods to chop forage, which are time-consuming, inconsistent, and physically demanding. To address these issues, a portable forage chopper machine was designed and introduced through a community service program (KKN). The machine features a compact mechanical system powered by a small motor, making it lightweight, mobile, and easy to operate in various conditions. The implementation process included three stages: machine development, field testing, and community training. During testing, the machine efficiently processed forage materials like grass, corn stalks, and agricultural residues, producing uniform feed sizes much faster than manual methods. Farmers reported reduced workload, improved availability of chopped forage, and better livestock feeding practices. The portable design allowed the equipment to be shared among farming groups, fostering cooperation. This study underscores the role of appropriate technology in addressing rural agricultural challenges. By integrating engineering innovation with community service, the portable forage chopper machine enhances technical efficiency and socio-economic empowerment for farmers. Future improvements should focus on durability, cutting capacity, and sustainable energy alternatives to better meet the needs of smallholder farmers.

This community service program was designed to empower residents of RW 06 Kalibaru, North Jakarta, by transforming local organic waste—such as sawdust and seashells—into a high-value commodity: oyster mushrooms. The training began with a needs assessment to ensure the relevance of the materials, followed by the application of the Adult Education (POD) approach, integrating theoretical and practical learning. The theoretical sessions provided participants with insights into economic prospects, nutritional benefits, and business opportunities, while the practical sessions developed technical skills in substrate preparation, sterilization, inoculation, and mushroom maintenance. The program was reinforced through participatory discussions, demonstrations, and simulations to ensure effective skill transfer. Monitoring and evaluation were conducted via Focus Group Discussions, and continuous mentoring was carried out through field visits, online communication, and the formation of farmer groups as collaborative platforms. As a result, participants demonstrated a significant improvement in knowledge and technical skills, accompanied by greater awareness of the economic potential of previously discarded waste. This initiative not only serves as an innovative solution to environmental problems but also acts as a catalyst for the application of the circular economy, creating micro-enterprise opportunities and strengthening community economic independence. The synergy between universities, the local community, and industry partners is a key factor in sustaining the program, with recommendations for expanding training on product diversification, marketing strategies, and policy support to accelerate business development. Additionally, the success of the program has opened new avenues for sustainable entrepreneurship, particularly in communities with limited resources. The involvement of local stakeholders—such as community leaders and small businesses—has been instrumental in fostering a sense of ownership and shared responsibility for the program's success. The use of organic waste as a resource for mushroom cultivation also aligns with broader environmental goals, such as reducing waste and promoting sustainable practices.

This community service activity was conducted in Sawahan Hamlet, Mojotengah Village, Kedu District, Temanggung Regency, with the primary objective of enhancing the health and productivity of sheep through the introduction and production of mineral block molasses as supplementary feed. Mineral block molasses is a nutrient-rich feed supplement designed to meet the mineral requirements of ruminants, particularly sheep, which are often not fully met by conventional forage. The program was implemented using a participatory method, beginning with a lecture session that provided theoretical knowledge regarding the benefits, composition, and formulation of mineral block molasses. This was followed by an interactive discussion session in which participants, mainly local sheep farmers, were encouraged to share challenges and constraints they face in livestock feeding management. The facilitators then provided practical problem-solving approaches tailored to the local context. The final stage involved a hands-on demonstration of the step-by-step process of producing mineral block molasses, enabling participants to observe and practice directly. The results of this activity showed that participants not only gained new knowledge about the nutritional importance of mineral supplementation but also developed the practical skills necessary to independently produce mineral block molasses for their livestock. This is expected to improve feed efficiency, promote better animal health, and increase livestock productivity. Furthermore, the activity fostered community awareness of sustainable livestock management practices and the economic benefits of producing feed supplements locally. In conclusion, this program successfully empowered the local farming community with both theoretical and practical competencies in mineral block molasses production, contributing to improved livestock performance and farmer welfare. The continuation of such initiatives is recommended to ensure long-term adoption and optimization of livestock feeding practices in the region.

This community service activity was conducted in Sawahan Hamlet, Mojotengah Village, Kedu District, Temanggung Regency, with the primary objective of enhancing the health and productivity of sheep through the introduction and production of mineral block molasses as supplementary feed. Mineral block molasses is a nutrient-rich feed supplement designed to meet the mineral requirements of ruminants, particularly sheep, which are often not fully met by conventional forage. The program was implemented using a participatory method, beginning with a lecture session that provided theoretical knowledge regarding the benefits, composition, and formulation of mineral block molasses. This was followed by an interactive discussion session in which participants, mainly local sheep farmers, were encouraged to share challenges and constraints they face in livestock feeding management. The facilitators then provided practical problem-solving approaches tailored to the local context. The final stage involved a hands-on demonstration of the step-by-step process of producing mineral block molasses, enabling participants to observe and practice directly. The results of this activity showed that participants not only gained new knowledge about the nutritional importance of mineral supplementation but also developed the practical skills necessary to independently produce mineral block molasses for their livestock. This is expected to improve feed efficiency, promote better animal health, and increase livestock productivity. Furthermore, the activity fostered community awareness of sustainable livestock management practices and the economic benefits of producing feed supplements locally. In conclusion, this program successfully empowered the local farming community with both theoretical and practical competencies in mineral block molasses production, contributing to improved livestock performance and farmer welfare. The continuation of such initiatives is recommended to ensure long-term adoption and optimization of livestock feeding practices in the region.

As an agricultural country, farmers in Indonesia have a crucial role, their existence must be safeguarded within the agricultural sector. Encouraging farmers to engage in breeding or develop new superior plant varieties is essential for fostering independent and advanced Indonesian farmers. These breeding activities are governed by Law Number 22 of 2019 on Sustainable Agricultural Cultivation System, and Law Number 29 of 2000 Plant Variety Protection. However, these laws have led to challenges for farmers involved in breeding, as the Plant Variety Protection Law adopts liberal approach that prioritizes individual economic benefits and specifically protects breeders who have registered their new varieties. As a result, farmers who use traditional knowledge in their breeding practices are vulnerable to criminalization due to the registration system. This paper will examine the rights of farmers in breeding activities under Indonesian law and compare with regulations in Malaysia, which shares geographical proximity, customs, and membership in the World Trade Organization. The research method is normative legal research, utilizing both conceptual and comparative approach. The objective to explore the legal protection of farmers’ rights in breeding activities in both Indonesia and Malaysia, and provide recommendations for improving the protection of farmers' rights in the future.

This study aims to analyze how the implementation of collaborative governance in the Nutritious Food Yard Program (P2B) strengthens community-based food security in Sidoarjo Regency. A qualitative approach with a case study method was used to explore the social dynamics in depth. The research was conducted in Kampung Edukasi Sampah, Sekardangan Sub-district, one of the active areas in P2B implementation. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis involving key stakeholders such as the Sidoarjo City Food and Agriculture Office, Sidoarjo Police Sector, village officials, farmer groups, and environmental cadres. The analysis applied the collaborative governance model by Ansell and Gash (2008), which includes five indicators: face-to-face dialogue, trust building, commitment to the process, shared understanding, and intermediate outcomes. The findings show that most indicators of collaboration have been realized, particularly in communication and trust-building aspects. However, some challenges remain, including the absence of formal agreement documents among actors, inconsistent communication, lack of program outreach, and overlapping roles between the police and related agencies. This research contributes to strengthening cross-sectoral collaboration models in community-based food security programs in urban areas.

Crystal guava farmers in Cikarawang Village, Bogor Regency, face challenges in accessing information related to proper cultivation techniques, from seedling to harvest. The lack of access to valid and easy-to-understand sources of information causes farmers to have difficulty in dealing with various cultivation problems, such as pests, diseases, and effective fertilization. In response to these problems, an innovation was developed in the form of a digital agricultural website containing a complete summary of material on crystal guava cultivation. This website is designed to be easily accessible to farmers and functions as a practical and efficient one-way information media. In addition, this website is also equipped with an online community feature through a discussion group connected to expert mentors in the field of crystal guava cultivation. This feature allows farmers to share experiences, discuss, and obtain direct guidance from experts. This innovation is expected to improve farmers' knowledge, skills, and independence in managing crystal guava cultivation sustainably.

The Kebun Soka Sari Women Farmers Group in Sukaraja Village is a group that empowers women in agriculture to support food security and the family economy. Its members are housewives around Griya Asoka who manage small farms in their yards. They develop pakcoy cultivation with a hydroponic system. The women farmer group not only provides healthy food, but also adapts to modern agricultural technology. They are active on social media and sell hydroponic pakcoy vegetables to supplement their income. The purpose of this journal is to determine the adoption of digital technology and introduce a website for marketing agricultural products. The research method used is quantitative method by distributing questionnaires. The questionnaire aims to determine the level of knowledge of farm women's groups and the use of digital in product marketing. The use of digital in product marketing in the Women Farmers Group has no difficulty in adopting digital technology. They have used digital applications to share activities and promote products. Their customers come from local residents and outside the village. They are also enthusiastic about the introduction of websites in product marketing.

This thesis discusses the implementation of the mukhabarah and muzara'ah system to improve the welfare of rice farmers in Benteng Bawah village, Mersam sub-district, Batanghari district, Jambi province. The main issues raised are how to implement the mukhabarah system for rice farming, how to implement the muzara'ah system for rice farming in Benteng Bawah Village, what is the impact of implementing the mukhabarah and muzara'ah system for agricuture on the economic welfare of rice farmers in Benteng Bawah Village.This type of research includes qualitative research, to obtain valid data the researcher uses data collection methods, namely observation, interviews and documentation. The data sources in this research are primary and secondary. The data analysis technique used is crosswel. Available data, which is usually in the form of a telephone call, is analyzed. This part of the analysis usually involves data classification. The resuts of research on the implementation of the mukhabarah and muzara'ah systems to improve the welfare of rice farmers in Benteng Bawah village, Mersam sub-district, Batanghari district, Jambi province, namely, in the mukhabarah system the harvest is divided into 3 parts, where 2 parts are for sharecroppers and 1 part is for land owners, because all costs and seeds are paid by the land cutivator, whereas in the muzara'ah system the harvest is divided into two or equally because the seeds and costs are paid by the land owner. These two systems have an impact on the welfare of land owners and sharecroppers, enough to meet food needs until the next harvest.

Livestock farmers in Besowo Village, a buffer zone of the Besowo Natural Reserve, rely heavily on forest resources, leading to potential environmental and social challenges. This study, conducted from August to October 2023 in Kediri Regency, Indonesia, employs a quantitative descriptive survey method with data collected through observations, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. Data analysis was performed using SWOT and QSPM to identify sustainable forest resource utilization strategies for livestock farming. Farmers utilize non-timber forest products, including Pennisetum purpureum, Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott, various weeds, and tree leaves such as Swietenia mahagoni, sengon (Albizia chinensis), and mindi (Melia azedarach) for livestock feed. Timber forest products like Swietenia mahagoni, sengon, gembilina (Gmelina arborea), balsa (Ochroma grandiflorum), and salam (Syzygium polyanthum) are used for firewood and livestock pens. The SWOT analysis recommends sustainable strategies, including monitoring forest resource use, optimizing sharecropping land for forage planting, empowering farmers through conservation programs, and enhancing goat and sheep farming. The QSPM analysis emphasizes the importance of government and Perhutani support in ensuring sustainable forest resource utilization. Strengthening institutional collaboration and promoting agroforestry-based livestock farming could further enhance sustainability and reduce dependence on forest resources.

The aim of this research is to identify the marketing channel pattern for spring onions in Duriaasi Village, Wonggeduku District, Konawe Regency and analyze the level of marketing efficiency of spring onions in Duriaasi Village, Wonggeduku District, Konawe Regency. The research was carried out from April to June 2024, in Duriaasi Village, Wongeduku District, Konawe Regency. Determining the population was selected from farmers by census, namely all farmers who are trying to grow leeks in Duriaasi Village, Wonggeduku District, Konawe Regency and marketing institutions, namely the number of farmers is 14 people and 3 village collecting traders and 10 retail traders. The analysis used is marketing margin analysis  and marketing efficiency.Based on the research results, there are two types of marketing channels for green onions, namely producers to collectors to retailers to consumers who have marketing costs of IDR 1,700/Kg, marketing channel II namely from producers to   retailers to consumers which has marketing costs of IDR 1,000/ Kg and the marketing efficiency of green onions in marketing channel I reaches 82% and marketing channel II reaches 70 %. This means that the large percentage share of the price received by farmers and the low marketing costs incurred at leek marketing institutions in Duriaasi Village, Wongeduku District, Konawe Regency.

This research aims to find out the impact of owning coastal areas which are used as tourist attractions. This research is empirical research because it places primary data in the community as the main data which is analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results of the research show that the impact of ownership of coastal areas that are used as tourist attractions triggers violations because this control is linked to the control of coastal areas of indigenous communities, and is then recognized by law. This then results in a conflict of interest because coastal people tend to carry out activities and work at sea, and utilize these aquatic resources as a target to fulfill their daily needs. The economic activities of residents on the coast who tend to work as fishermen and farmers are certainly not used to other activities. Meanwhile, tourism development in villages that have the potential for beautiful marine and coastal resources generally aims to introduce and utilize, even improve the quality of natural objects and attractions. This then also causes losses to the government and local communities because apart from having an impact on the physical environment which experiences a decline due to human activity at the tourist location itself, all income and benefits are also received in full by the business owner. In this condition, the village government does not get any share, because tourist attractions are recognized as private property.  

This research aims: (1). To determine the productivity of snake fruit farming in Sindang Kasih Village, (2). Knowing the margin, costs and marketing channels for snake fruit in Sindang Kasih Village, and (3). Knowing the marketing efficiency of snake fruit farming in Sindang Kasih Village. The analysis in this research is analysis and uses primary data and secondary data. Determining the population in this research uses the census sampling method, while in marketing institutions the Snowball Sampling method is used. The results of this research show (1). The total productivity of salak farmers is 5,533 Kg/Ha/Year with an average of 2,160 Kg/Ha/Year in one harvest season. (2). There are 3 salak marketing channels in Sindang Kasih Village, namely Channel I: (Farmers - Consumers) direct channel, Channel II: (Farmers - Collectors - Retailers - Consumers) indirect channel, and Channel III (Farmers - Retailers). - Consumer) indirect channels. Successive marketing margin, namely channel I, is IDR. 12,500/Kg, Channel II at the collector level has a margin of Rp. 2,000/Kg and at the retailer level it has a margin of Rp. 5,000/Kg, and for channel III margin, at the retailer level the margin is IDR. 13,000/Kg. (3). The results of the analysis of (Farmer's Share) from the three channels, respectively Channel I is 100%, channel II is 41.67% and channel III is 64%

This study aims to identify the marketing channels of spring onions and analyze the efficiency of spring onion marketing in the research area. The population in this study were all farmers in Linonggasai Village, Wonggeduku Barat District, Konawe Regency who grow spring onions and marketing institutions, namely 10 farmers, 4 collectors and 5 retailers, farmer samples were taken by census and trader samples used the snowball sampling method. Based on the results of field research, it can be concluded that; the marketing channels for spring onions in this research area are farmers to collectors to retailers and then to consumers. The margin obtained by collectors is IDR 10,000 / kg with a profit of IDR 8,500 / kg. While the margin obtained by retailers is IDR 10,000 / kg with a profit of IDR 8,900 / kg. The efficiency value of the spring onion marketing channel in the research area is efficient with a marketing efficiency level obtained by collectors of 2.5% and retailers of 1.5%, and the farmer share received by farmers is 72%.

The conversion of food land functions in the Mamminasata Region of South Sulawesi Province, is always increasing due to urban growth, population development, emigration and the economy. This study aims to determine the strategy for controlling the conversion of agricultural land functions in order to implement Law No.41/2009 and Regional Regulation No. 4 tahun 2014 concerning the protection of sustainable agricultural land in the Mamminasata area of ​​South Sulawesi province. The type of research used is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. This research was conducted in the Mamminasata Region, South Sulawesi Province from October to December 2016. Primary data collection was obtained using landsat 7 ETM maps and Spot 4 imagery and interpretation. Secondary data was obtained from government stakeholder interviews, surveys and direct interviews with local communities systematically and based on research objectives, causal factors based on survey results, interviews from informants and the public are external factors, internal and policy factors, then thus to overcome these problems a sustainable food land control strategy must be carried out including: Strengthening farmer institutions and related agencies, Protection and empowerment of land-owning farmers, Utilizing and protecting sustainable food agricultural land, providing incentives and disincentives to land owners, sharecroppers , and farmer groups, optimizing sustainable food agriculture land: by means of intensification, extensification and diversification of agricultural land, imposing sanctions and penalties on those who violate regional regulations and RTRW, and following up RI Law No. 4 tahun 2014 and South Sulawesi provincial regional regulations no. 4 of 2014 to determine the zoning of sustainable food agricultural land in the Mamminasata area as one of the food storages in South Sulawesi.

Indonesia is one of the countries that has very abundant horticultural resources and has the potential for national competitiveness globally. One of the horticultural commodities that has become a superior product in Indonesia is Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) dubbed as the Queen of Fruits. This study aims to determine the marketing channels of mangosteen commodities, analysis of marketing margin costs, profits, and Farmer's Share in Karacak Village, Leuwiliang District, Bogor Regency, West Java. The determination of the research area is determined intentionally (Purposive Method). The method used for sampling using the Snowball Sampling method is selected based on previous sample information.  

Pakis Village is one of the areas in Jember Regency that has quite extensive plantation land and there are still many agricultural activities carried out by the community in their daily lives. The existence of ties between durian farmers, tourism managers, and pioneers of durian tourism villages will certainly lead to gradual interaction called embeddedness. Oversocialized arises due to a shared awareness in which durian farmers and managers both want to benefit from what they are trying to do as a form of meeting individual economic needs, while undersocialized arises due to the lack of interaction carried out by durian farmers and managers with pioneers during commodity buying and selling activities. The results of this study indicate the existence of oversocialized and undersocialized in Durian Tourism Pakis Village, Panti District, Jember Regency.