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The governance of sand and gravel mining requires an integrated assessment of technical planning, occupational safety, environmental control, reclamation, and regulatory compliance. This study evaluated the governance of CV. Ria Bersaudara, a sand and gravel mining company located in Pasar Surulangun, Rawas Ulu District, Musi Rawas Utara Regency, using the Good Mining Practice framework. The study used a descriptive evaluative approach based on field observation, document review, indicative resource estimation, equipment productivity analysis, occupational safety and environmental risk assessment, and compliance mapping. The results show that the company has a basic legal foundation through an exploration mining permit covering 12.5 ha; however, several governance components require improvement. The indicative prospective area was approximately 2.50 ha, with an effective follow-up area of 1.80 ha and an estimated indicative resource of 21,600 m³ or 35,640 tons. Productivity analysis indicated that excavator capacity reached about 61 m³/hour, while one dump truck only transported about 10.3 m³/hour, creating a haulage bottleneck if the truck fleet is insufficient. Safety implementation was also not optimal, with personal protective equipment compliance estimated at only 55%. The study recommends validating permit documents, strengthening technical exploration data, improving drainage and sediment control, enforcing safety procedures, implementing progressive reclamation, and establishing daily operational records.

The road project serving as access to Lambo Dam in Rendubutowe Village, South Aesesa District, Nagekeo Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, uses various types of heavy equipment. The analysis method was carried out by recalculating productivity based on field data and references. Productivity calculations were related to the work volume in order to obtain daily productivity and the required duration. Therefore, theoretical calculation knowledge derived from previous studies was needed. Heavy equipment productivity was then analyzed to determine time efficiency. The subgrade work and pavement layer work on the road project to Lambo Dam, located in Rendubutowe Village, South Aesesa District, Nagekeo Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, had a road length of 6.3 km and a road width of 6 m. However, the observation was limited to a 1 km section from Station (Sta) 0+500 to Sta 1+500. The results obtained were productivity and duration for excavation work using an excavator and dump truck, each at 1785.6 m³/day in 4.52 days. Embankment work using an excavator and dump truck each had a productivity of 892.8 m³/day for 3.82 days, a bulldozer of 43,200 m³/day in 0.07 days, and a Vibro Roller of 168 m³/day in 20.27 days. Base course work used an excavator and dump truck with a productivity of 892.8 m³/day in 2.02 days, a motor grader of 23,372.8 m2/day, and a Vibro Roller of 168 m³/day for 10.71 days. Surface course work used a concrete Mixer truck with a productivity of 43.4 m³/day for 36.72 days. Heavy equipment productivity is influenced by the number of units used; the insufficient use of excavators causes dump truck productivity to be less than optimal in transporting excavation and embankment materials. Likewise, Vibro Rollers are needed in more than one unit so that the project can be completed faster

This study is motivated by the discrepancy between production targets and actual field performance caused by dynamic operational conditions, such as equipment productivity and effective working time. The objective of this research is to redesign the production target and develop a more realistic mine sequence using a rolling plan approach at Pit Hill16. The method includes analyzing the productivity of loading and hauling equipment based on cycle time data, calculating effective working time, and determining production targets using the rolling plan method. Furthermore, mine sequence design is developed based on the adjusted production targets. The results indicate that the productivity of loading equipment is 241.98 BCM/hour for the EC480DL excavator and 123.27 BCM/hour for the EC210DL excavator, while hauling equipment productivity is 40.24 BCM/hour. The April production target based on the rolling plan is 275,913 BCM, which can be achieved through mine sequence design with a volume of 277,839 BCM, resulting in a difference of +1,926 BCM, still within acceptable planning tolerance. Therefore, the rolling plan approach is proven to produce a more adaptive and realistic mining plan under actual field conditions.

This study was conducted at PT. Asmin Bara Bronang, Sepan Uring Village, Kapuas Tengah District, Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan Province, with the aim of analyzing the productivity and influencing factors of the PC 300 excavator in coal getting activities to support the achievement of production targets. The objective of this research is to analyze the actual productivity and the factors affecting it in Sector 7 coal getting operations. The research method used field observation with a quantitative descriptive analysis approach. The results show that the productivity of the PC 300 excavator ranges from 127.12 to 224.29 tons/hour, with an average of 173.98 tons/hour. In several conditions, the productivity is still below the company’s target of 180 tons/hour. The analysis indicates that productivity is influenced by material conditions, particularly the Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) value of 47, which reflects relatively harder material with coarser particle size, and a moisture content of 22.71%, causing the material to be sticky and cohesive, thereby affecting the bucket filling process. In addition, operational factors such as bottom loading patterns, limited number of tailgate dump trucks, and suboptimal selection of dump truck types also contribute to productivity performance.  Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the productivity of the PC 300 excavator has not consistently met the company’s target. Therefore, improvement efforts are required, including the implementation of top loading methods, increasing the number of tailgate dump trucks, optimizing the selection of hauling equipment, and controlling material conditions that affect the digging process.    

The subgrade work and road pavement layer work carried out in the Sewan Munukania road project, Petam Village, South Sarmi District, Papua, were performed 14.900 km with a road width of 8 m. The analysis was conducted on the performance of heavy equipment used in the subgrade and pavement layer works in the Sewan Munukania road project. The results showed that the heavy equipment productivity for excavation work of 225 m³ used 1 excavator with a productivity of 1,519.672 m³/day and a duration of 0.14 days, while 3 dump trucks achieved 345.03 m³/day with a duration of 0.65 days. Coral fill work of 644.25 m³ used 1 excavator with a productivity of 736.75 m³/day and a duration of 0.87 days, 3 dump trucks with 7.89 m³/day in 3.88 days, 1 motor grader with 1,628.57 m³/day in 0.05 days, and 1 vibro roller with 73.45 m³/day in 1.21 days. Sand fill work of 4.56 m³ used 1 excavator with a productivity of 1,150 m³/day and a duration of 0.003 days, 3 dump trucks with 43.15 m³/day in 0.005 days, 1 motor grader with 1,680 m³/day in 0.0003 days, and 1 vibro roller with 112.84 m³/day in 0.005 days. The subbase layer work of 11,920 m³ used 1 excavator with a productivity of 105.25 m³/day in 16.17 days, 3 dump trucks with 7.89 m³/day in 71.94 days, 1 motor grader with 244.28 m³/day in 6.97 days, and 1 vibro roller with 528.15 m³/day in 22.56 days. The base layer work of 35,760 m³ used 1 truck mixer with a productivity of 44.59 m³/day in 801.97 days. The surface layer of 2,384 m³ used an asphalt finisher with a productivity of 267.19 m³/day in 8.9 days, and a tandem roller with 34.23 m³/day in 6.54 days.

Subgrade work and road pavement layer work carried out on the Oeprigi–Haekto road project were implemented along 1,000 m with a road width of 6 m. The performance of heavy equipment used for foundation and pavement works on the Oeprigi–Haekto road project was analyzed. The results show that for excavation work of 1,229.3 m³, one Excavator has a productivity of 1,237.04 m³/day with a duration of 0.99 days, while nine dump trucks have a productivity of 4,888.08 m³/day with a duration of 0.26 days. Embankment work of 182.02 m³ uses one Excavator with a productivity of 1,237.04 m³/day and a duration of 0.16 days, nine dump trucks with 4,888.08 m³/day in 0.53 days, one motor grader with 5,953.52 m³/day in 0.43 days, and two vibro rollers with 283.52 m³/day in 9.07 days. The subbase layer work of 1,200 m³/day uses one Excavator with a productivity of 1,237.04 m³/day in 0.18 days, nine dump trucks with 2,333.05 m³/day in 0.53 days, one motor grader with 5,953.52 m³/day in 0.21 days, and two vibro rollers with 283.52 m³/day in 4.24 days. The base layer work of 800 m³/day uses one Excavator with a productivity of 1,237.04 m³/day in 0.65 days, nine dump trucks with 2,333.05 m³/day in 0.54 days, one motor grader with 5,953.52 m³/day in 0.14 days, and two vibro rollers with 283.52 m³/day. The surface layer of 160 m³ uses an asphalt finisher with a productivity of 47.81 m³/day in 0.42 days and a tandem roller with 24.11 m³/day in 0.83 days.  

Overburden stripping operations in the coal mining industry require optimal performance of loading and hauling equipment to achieve production efficiency. This study aims to evaluate the performance of loading and hauling equipment using the Match Factor method in overburden stripping operations at PT Bumi Artlantis Raya. The results indicate that the equipment combination achieved a Match Factor of 0.85, reflecting moderate compatibility with a potential efficiency improvement of 15%. The actual productivity of Excavator 4002 reached 137.02 bcm/hour (91.35% of the 150 bcm/hour target), while Excavator 4004 exceeded the target with a productivity of 195.73 bcm/hour (130.49% of the target). In contrast, dump truck productivity remained relatively low (Mercedes dump truck: 35.58 bcm/hour; Hino dump truck: 35.40 bcm/hour), primarily due to waiting time during loading and disposal activities. Statistical analysis reveals a strong negative correlation between cycle time and productivity (R² = 0.9929). The optimal cycle time to achieve a Match Factor of 0.80 is 969 seconds, corresponding to an optimal hauling distance of 5.38–6.725 km. Although mechanical availability and physical availability were high (94–100%), the use of availability and effective utilization were relatively low due to an imbalance between loading and hauling equipment. This study concludes that improving equipment coordination, increasing bucket fill factor, enhancing haul road conditions, and implementing preventive maintenance are essential to achieving more optimal operational efficiency in overburden stripping activities.

Slope stability is a key concern in open-pit mining due to its impact on safety and operational efficiency. Mine X, located in Kalimantan Island, faces landslide risks on its high wall slopes. This study aims to model slope stability and determine safe and economical slope geometry. The analysis was performed using the Limit Equilibrium Method (Bishop Simplified), both analytically and numerically, through Slide 6.0 software by Rockscience Inc. Input data were obtained from five geotechnical investigation points provided by PT.X, including cohesion, internal friction angle, and saturated unit weight. Two lithologies were analyzed—claystone and sandstone—with slope height variations (5 m, 10 m, 15 m) and angles (26°, 45°, 51°, 59°), under dry and saturated conditions. Simulation results show that the factor of safety (SF) decreases with increasing slope height and angle, especially under saturated conditions. Sandstone demonstrates better stability than claystone. The recommended optimal slope geometry is 10 meters in height with a 59° angle, yielding a SF ≥ 1.25 and aligning with the PC-400 excavator's cutting capability. This study provides a technical reference for designing safe slopes that support mining productivity.

Belawan Port is a strategic port in North Sumatra with export-import activities reaching 5,000 tons per year, making it an important terminal in supporting international trade and regional economic growth. This research examines the role of daily work reports in dry bulk cargo unloading operations at PT. Wahana Intradermaga Niaga Belawan as a Stevedoring Company (PBM) responsible for ensuring the smooth process of loading and unloading at the port. The research methodology employs library research approach and direct field observation. The dry bulk cargo unloading process involves the inaportnet system and operates for 24 hours with three work shifts. Activities include four main types of operations: stevedoring (transferring cargo from ship to wharf), cargodoring (transfer from wharf to warehouse), delivery (shipment outside the port), and receiving (acceptance from factory to warehouse). The daily report document is a list of all cargo unloading activities during 24 hours at wharf 112. Daily work reports function as structured documentation of daily activities, conveying work progress updates, supporting performance monitoring, and serving as a reference for operational evaluation. The report's usefulness includes strengthening accountability, reducing misunderstandings, early problem detection, consistency in task implementation, and orderly documentation of unloading activities. Operational preparation involves permit processing according to port regulations, equipment preparation such as hopper, conveyor belt, grab, excavator, wheel loader, and sling ropes. Supporting documents include Bill of Lading, Cargo List, Cargo Manifest, and various operational reports. Obstacles faced include the influence of bad weather, human resource constraints related to workforce professionalism, and land transportation barriers. Related institutions include cargo owners, PBM, shipping agents, port authorities, PT. Pelindo Belawan, and EMKL companies that coordinate to ensure smooth dry bulk cargo unloading operations.

The use of heavy equipment is an important factor in facilitating and accelerating the process of a job, especially on large-scale projects and limited time. Work with the use of heavy equipment aims to facilitate the work, so that the expected results can be achieved more easily in a relatively shorter time. The study uses qualitative descriptive. The source of research data was obtained from secondary data and primary data. Data collection was obtained from literature reviews, interview results and observations. The data analysis used was to find the value of production capacity based on the provisions of PUPR Regulation No. 1 of 2022. In this study, what was observed were the factors that determined the value of the production capacity of each heavy equipment in the Madupat - Camplong Road Structure Improvement project, Camplong District. The results of the analysis obtained were, for excavation work, using excavator heavy equipment with a production capacity of 189 m³ / day, a work period of 5 days, and a rental price of Rp. 15,500,000, Dump Truck with a production capacity of 77.77 m³ / day, a work period of 11 days, and a rental price of Rp. 6,600,000, while for aggregate foundation layer work using excavator heavy equipment with a production capacity of 378 m³/day, work duration of 4 days, and equipment rental price of Rp. 10,800,000, Wales (Three Wheel Roller) with a production capacity of 246.96 m³/day, work duration of 6 days, and equipment rental price of Rp. 6,100,000.

This study aims to evaluate the performance of the loading and unloading equipment in coal mining activities at the Mahakam Pit, PT Insani Bara Perkasa Site Km 11, East Kalimantan. The research was motivated by the importance of achieving mechanical equipment performance standards according to the Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 1827 of 2018. Data were obtained through direct observation and analysis of actual working time and evaluation of operational constraint factors. The results of the analysis showed that before the evaluation, the mechanical availability (MA) value was 87.24%, physical availability (PA) 88.51%, availability utilization (UA) 88.73%, and effective utilization (EU) 78.54%. After evaluating the constraint time, there was an increase in all parameters: MA to 88.71%, PA to 89%, UA increased to 90%, and EU reached 80%. This evaluation also had an impact on increasing the productivity of the loading and unloading equipment from 268.41 bcm/hour to 284.43 bcm/hour. Thus, the evaluation of work obstacles is proven to be effective in increasing the efficiency and productivity of the digging-loading equipment at the research location.

Fuel consumption is a necessity in moving mechanical equipment, where fuel consumption is influenced by road conditions, horsepower, and load factors. PT. Mitra Indah Lestari uses Hyundai 480 and Sany750-H excavators. The transport equipment used is Wechai WT90, Tonly TLD90, and Quester CWE 330. This study uses a quantitative method and obtains fuel consumption results, where the fuel consumption of the Hyundai 480 and Sany 750-H excavators is 37.89 liters/hour and 59.91 liters/hour, respectively. The fuel consumption of the Wechai WT90, Tonly TLD90, and Quester CWE 330 transport equipment is 25.19 liters/hour; 27.53 liters/hour; and 10.66 liters/hour, respectively.

This research, titled Business Feasibility Study of Brick Manufacturing from Excavated Soil in Muara Pijoan Village, Muaro Jambi Regency, is motivated by the challenges faced by craftsmen in managing brick production, particularly concerning the diminishing availability of clay raw materials and the necessity for products to comply with Indonesian National Standards (SNI). The study aims to comprehensively analyze the management of the business, operational costs, and the potential profits that can be obtained from brick manufacturing in the village. To achieve this objective, the research employs methods that include field observations and interviews with business operators, allowing the researcher to understand the production processes and management practices implemented in this venture. The research results show that the brick-making business in Muara Pijoan Village is managed efficiently, producing 20,000-40,000 bricks per cycle with a net profit of around 30%. Monthly operational costs reach Rp 10,000,000, including excavator rental and employee meals. This business is considered feasible, with the initial capital of Rp 40,000,000 already paid off, and its strategic location supports easy access. The production and quality of the bricks meet market demand, making this business have good prospects for future growth.

PT. Pebana Adi Sarana targets monthly production operations of 20,000 tons/month while actual production is only around 15,000 tons/month, which means that the production target has not been achieved. The factors that cause the failure to achieve the production operation target can be due to ineffective equipment performance, Low equipment performance is one of the things that cause production not to be achieved, so it needs to be studied. The purpose of the study to be achieved is to analyze the actual productivity of loading and unloading equipment and transportation equipment after repairs and conduct improvement analysis using the Quality Control Circle (QCC) method. The data taken for the research is in the form of Excavator and dump truck cycle time data, effective working time, tool specifications. The actual productivity of loading and unloading equipment and transportation equipment at PT. Pebana Adi Sarana for dump trucks of 19,146 tons/month. trucks are 16,351 tons/month while for the Quality Control Circle (QCC) method. The company only needs to carry out the number of tools needed for 3 units of Scania p380 dump trucks and 1 unit of komatsu PC 300 excavator with a production of 21,295 tons/month has exceeded the production target set by the company.

The purpose and objective of writing this paper is to understand the process of handling ship to ship (STS) dry bulk cargo of coal on MV. Ammar by PT. Peayaran Bahtera Adhiguna Padang Branch and the methods applied are the method (Library Research) and the fied method (Fied Study) by accuratey describing the Ship to Ship (STS) handling process for dry bulk coal cargo on the MV.Ammar which is carried out by PT. Peayaran Bahtera Adhiguna Padang Branch, where first make a Ship to Ship permit letter to the Harbor Master, permission to lift excavator heavy equipment to the Peindo pier and make a work order for the loading and unloading labor cooperative and if everything has been completed with permits for the inaportnet system and the fhinnisi system then Ship to Ship activities can begin. This paper also explains the obstacles faced, namey deays in submitting documents reated to the Ship To Ship (STS) process..    

This study aims to explore and analyze in-depth the transformation of the Tamsu community due to the presence of gold mining activities in the surrounding area. The research was conducted from May 2024 to July 2024 using a qualitative descriptive method. Data was collected through observation and interviews with key informants such as community leaders, village officials, miners, and the general public around the Tamsu Gold Mining Site. The results show that the presence of large-scale gold mining using modern equipment such as excavators has significantly transformed the socio-economic aspects of the Tamsu community. On one hand, there has been an increase in income for some community members who work in the mines. However, this has also led to negative impacts, such as illegal logging, loss of agricultural land, and water pollution.

Reclamation is an activity carried out throughout the stages of the mining business to organize, restore, and improve the quality of the environment and ecosystem so that it can function again according to its designation (Law No. 3 of 2020). In PT Wijaya Mandiri Energi's mining activities that have been completed, the required activity is to carry out reclamation. In planning reclamation activities, technical reclamation tools are needed. Therefore, in this study, calculations were carried out to determine the number of technical equipment requirements used in reclamation activities that will be carried out in pit 3 south. Based on observations of mining activities carried out in pit 3 south, data is obtained in the form of productivity values of digging-loading equipment, transport equipment and displacement equipment. In this research, the quantitative analysis method is used by calculating the value of the area, productivity and actual working hours so as to obtain the value of the need for digging tools, transport tools and displacement tools needed in reclamation activities to achieve optimal value. As for the research conducted with an area of 5.95Ha and a production target of 208,250 m3, with the productivity of Doosan 500LCV excavator equipment of 218.64 m3 / hour, dump truck of 58.84 m3 / hour and SEM 822D bulldozer of 351.64 m3 / hour, the number of excavator Doosan 500LCV digging and loading equipment is 2 units, Beiben 2642 dump truck of 8 units and SEM 822D bulldozer of 2 units.

Working in the mining sector has a fairly high occupational risk, especially for mechanics in carrying out heavy equipment maintenance. One of the maintenance carried out is the replacement of the excavator bucket. The excavator bucket is mounted on the end arm of the excavator which is connected using a locking pin. The pin installation process is carried out by hitting with a hammer, where this process has a number of occupational risks such as being hit, exposed to material, and fatigue which can result in work accidents. This study aims to minimize the occurrence of occupational risks by finding out the relationship between the use of special tools on safety and job duration for the locking pin installation process. The method used is experimental quantitative method and using fishbone diagram. By using a special tool, the installation of locking pins becomes safer because the factors that cause accidents when using palju can be eliminated and the manpower required becomes more efficient, but in terms of time it requires a longer duration due to the limitations of the tool that requires adjustment several times when used.    

Roads in Manokwari City still need a lot to be improved, especially on the Pegaf city boundary road - South Manokwari district, because this road connects the border between the City and the district.... This study aims to calculate the productivity of heavy equipment working on road improvement work, Analyzing the balance of road improvement work tools and knowing the total cost and time required in road improvement projects. So that this research is expected to be useful for optimizing the performance of road sections and being able to provide solutions to problems that occur and can provide an overview of the process of using heavy equipment that is effective and efficient. Productivity is the ability to produce something, so it can be said that heavy equipment productivity is the ability of heavy equipment to produce something per unit of time. In general, heavy equipment work production has the same calculation principles. The basic principles of calculating heavy equipment work production are 4 steps, namely calculating actual capacity, cycle time, calculating gross work production (PKK) and calculating actual work production (PKA). So it can be concluded that the productivity of ordinary embankment excavator 173.68m3 / hour, dump truck 10 tons of ordinary embankment 45.58m3 / hour, optional embankment 36.3m3 / hour, asphalt foundation layer (HRS Base) 7.91m3 / hour, Dump truck 4 tons of Class A aggregate layer 4.02m3 / hour, Class B aggregate layer 4.06m3/hour, motor grader 315m2/hour regular embankment, 174.30 m3/hour optional embankment, 561m2/hour pavement preparation, Class A aggregate layer 274.63m3/hour, Class B aggregate layer 274.63m3/hour, vibratory roller regular embankment 159.36 m3/hour, class A aggregate layer 77.02m3/hour, class B aggregate layer 77.02m3/hour asphalt distributor binder layer 4980 liters, air compressor binder work 1365.35 liters, asphalt finisher asphalt foundation layer (HRS Base) 69.85 tons, tandem roller regular embankment 39.84m3/hour, preparation of the road body 272.98m3 / hour, paving 86.59m3 / hour, wheel loader preferred embankment 117.58m3 / hour, class A aggregate layer 114.98m3 / hour, class B aggregate layer 116.53m3 / hour and tire roller paving 104.06 tons and the total cost of all equipment rental is Rp. 254,091,569.

PT. Putra Elan Balindo is a company engaged in the mining sector specially the andesite minerals domiciled in Palu City. PT. Putra Elan Balindo located in Watusampu Village, Ulujadi District, Palu City, Central Sulawesi, which has an IUP (Mining Business Permit) with an area of 17.89 Ha. To achieve production targets set by the company using a combination of tools mechanics in the form of Excavator Komatsu PC 400 and Dump Truck Hino FM 260 JD, where there is currently only 1 Excavator while the Dump Truck is 2 are needed with a production target of 20,000 m3 per month and have 1 shift working hours. Based on the results of research carried out for one month, it shows that the productivity of the Komatsu PC 400 Excavator is 174.29 m3 / hour and the Hino FM 260 JD Dump Truck is 197.69 m3 / hour for 2 transport equipment. The cost of owning a Hino FM 260 JD Dump Truck is Rp. 476,190/hour and the cost of owning a Komatsu PC 400 Excavator is Rp. 267,857/hour while operational costs for the Hino FM 260 JD Dump Truck are Rp. 1,862,072/ hour and operational costs for a Komatsu PC 400 Excavator Rp. 2,135,421/hour.