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This study aims to analyze The Responsibility of the Regional General Hospital (RSUD) TC. Hilers Maumere regarding the practice of burning medical waste and to examine its conformity with the provisions of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health and other regulations related to hazardous waste management. Medical waste management is an important issue because improper handling may cause environmental pollution and pose serious risks to public health. This research employs an empirical legal research method with a descriptive approach, examining how the law operates in society through field data collection and analysis of relevant legal regulations.The results show that RSUD TC. Hilers Maumere implements a waste management system that includes the separation of household waste, liquid waste, and hazardous and toxic waste (B3). Medical waste is categorized and packaged according to its type, weighed, temporarily stored in medical waste storage facilities, and then destroyed using an incinerator or transported by authorized third parties. However, the practice of burning medical waste must be strictly supervised to prevent environmental impacts and potential legal violations. Therefore, stronger supervision, compliance with medical waste management standards, and the implementation of firm legal responsibility are necessary to protect public health and environmental sustainability.

Antibiotic resistance (AR) has emerged as a critical global public health concern, particularly due to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and their genes in natural environments. The oceans, which host diverse ecosystems and serve as major food sources, are increasingly affected by ARB pollution, originating from human, agricultural, and industrial activities. Simultaneously, climate change (CC) exacerbates the situation by raising ocean temperatures, lowering pH, and altering marine biodiversity—creating optimal conditions for bacterial survival and gene transfer. This review explores the interconnectedness between ocean pollution and CC and how both factors influence the distribution and persistence of ARB and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in marine ecosystems. Through a systematic literature review of 174 peer-reviewed articles, the study highlights how anthropogenic pollutants—especially antibiotics, heavy metals, and plastics—contribute to resistance emergence. Furthermore, it discusses the transmission pathways from pollution hotspots (e.g., hospitals, agriculture, wastewater) to the oceans. The One Health (OH) strategy is presented as a comprehensive solution to address the environmental, human, and animal health risks posed by antibiotic pollution. This paper serves as a basis for future research into surveillance, mitigation, and policy interventions for controlling AR in marine environments.

Compensation is an effort to reduce the pollution load from other sectors to replace the wastewater load that will be discharged by businesses and/or activities due to river water quality being exceeded. Currently, most large rivers in Indonesia have exceeded the water quality standards set by the government. The one of the hospitals in Jember plans to discharge wastewater into the Bedadung River. However, the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) quality standard for the Bedadung River has been exceeded. Therefore, alternative compensation activities are needed to reduce the BOD levels of the Bedadung River. Bathing, Washing, and Toilet (MCK) facilities with biofilter septic tanks were chosen. This technology is considered to be able to effectively reduce the BOD concentration of domestic waste before being discharged into the environment. This study aims to calculate the potential for reducing the BOD pollutant load in Bedadung River water if compensation is carried out through the construction of MCK with a biofilter septic tank system, so that it is expected to provide a significant contribution to improving river water quality while supporting the sustainability of hospital activities.

Background: Medical waste is a significant health danger and environmental pollution problem due to its hazardous composition. The expertise and practice of healthcare staff in the proper removal of medical waste is essential for good medical waste management. The purpose of this study was to analyze the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to medical waste management among healthcare workers in hospitals in Karbala/Iraq. Materials and Methods: descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire distributed to health care providers in two selected hospitals in Karbala/ Iraq. Results: The results showed the good level of knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare providers towards medical waste. There is statistical significance between health care providers' knowledge, attitudes and practices towards medical waste, and their educational level and training courses. In addition to the recording of the statistical significance that were between knowledge with attitudes and practices. The levels can be categorized as positive but it is important to focus on increasing and improving the training of health care providers as it is the basis of the medical waste treatment process. Conclusion: increasing knowledge is one of the best tools to maintain proper workflow in isolating medical waste and maintaining the safety of employees, patients, and the environment.

Hospitals as one of the health service providers cannot be separated from the lives of people who always want to maintain their health. Every hospital must maintain cleanliness because it is a place used as a health facility. Hospital is a type of health service business to the community which certainly produces a lot of waste including hazardous waste in its operational activities. Just like settlements, hospitals also produce a lot of waste and perhaps more. It is difficult to manage B3 waste on their own, so not a few hospitals use B3 waste management services to other parties who of course still have to have a permit from the relevant agency to be able to manage B3 waste. Third parties in managing hospital B3 waste still have responsibilities to the hospital. Government efforts in providing environmental protection and management, and preventing environmental pollution are by providing administrative sanctions, criminal sanctions, civil sanctions. With the sanctions given to people or parties who commit environmental pollution, it is hoped that it can provide a deterrent effect to be better and wiser in managing the waste from their activities in order to preserve the environment and free the environment from pollution.