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The plantation sector is one of the main pillars in Indonesia’s international trade. Commodities such as palm oil, rubber, coffee, and cocoa serve as leading export products that contribute significantly to the country’s foreign exchange earnings. This study aims to analyze the role of plantation commodity exports in Indonesia’s international economic performance and to identify the challenges faced. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach through literature review from various scientific sources. The results indicate that plantation exports contribute substantially to economic growth, employment generation, and the stability of the trade balance. However, several challenges persist, including global price fluctuations, sustainability issues, and international trade barriers. Therefore, strategic policies are required to enhance the competitiveness of Indonesia’s plantation commodities in the global market.

This study describes the fluctuating exports and imports over the past five years, from 2020 to 2024, which also influenced fluctuations in Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of exports and imports on Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves from 2020 to 2024. The research method is quantitative using secondary data obtained from the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics. The population in this study was 5 years from 2020 to 2024. Data analysis used classical assumption tests consisting of normality tests, multicollinearity tests, and heteroscedasticity tests. In addition, hypothesis tests were also used, consisting of partial tests, simultaneous tests, and coefficient of determination tests. The results of this study indicate that the export variable has a negative effect on Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves from 2020 to 2024. The import variable has a positive effect on Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves from 2020 to 2024. Export and import variables do not simultaneously affect Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves from 2020 to 2024. The implication of this research is that the government needs to manage export and import policies more effectively, as they do not always have the theoretical impact on foreign exchange reserves. Improvements in export quality and import controls are needed, as well as consideration of other factors such as foreign investment and economic policies to maintain the stability of foreign exchange reserves.

The increasing demands of global trade, the risk of transboundary diseases, and the stringency of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) standards require a more integrated, transparent, and risk-based national quarantine system. The partial readiness of digital systems and traceability mechanisms has the potential to weaken Indonesia’s food security and export competitiveness toward the vision of Golden Indonesia 2045. This study aims to analyze the strategic role of the quarantine system in national development, identify institutional and technical root problems, and formulate the most concrete and feasible policy alternatives. The method used is policy analysis with a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) approach to compare several solution alternatives based on effectiveness, efficiency, technical aspects, and political feasibility. The results indicate that the digital transformation of the national quarantine system based on traceability and risk-based intelligence is the most superior policy option, as it can simultaneously address data fragmentation, improve service efficiency, and strengthen biosecurity surveillance. This study recommends the development of a Quarantine Super App, full implementation of e-certification, integration with the National Logistics Ecosystem and Customs, and the strengthening of an artificial intelligence-based risk profiling system. Gradual implementation accompanied by performance indicator-based evaluation is key to the success of the policy in enhancing national food security and export competitiveness.

Cocoa fruit is one of the crops with a long history in Indonesia. Cocoa powder and chocolate are among the export commodities processed from cocoa fruit. Currently, cocoa product exports fluctuate annually. The challenges faced in cocoa product exports are diverse. This study aims to analyze the performance of cocoa product exports in the global market. The data used in this study was obtained from UN Comtrade and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) from 2006 to 2024. The methods used in this study include Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and Export Competitiveness Index (ECI). The results show that the export performance of cocoa powder is relatively good, while that of chocolate is not so good. This is based on the RSCA and ECI values of cocoa powder, which are better than those of chocolate. The average RSCA value of cocoa powder is 0.62, while the average RSCA value of chocolate is -0.93. The average ECI value for cocoa powder is 0.95 and the average ECI value for chocolate is 0.97. One of the factors contributing to the good export performance of cocoa powder is that the export value of cocoa powder is higher than that of chocolate. Strict safety standards in export destination countries also pose a barrier to chocolate exports

Economic growth is the process of increasing a country's production capacity to generate goods and services over a specific period, reflecting the income and well-being of its people. This research aims to analyse the influence of labor, exchange rates, and exports on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the manufacturing sector in Indonesia during the period 2010-2024. The method used is multiple linear regression analysis with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) approach, using secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and Bank Indonesia (BI). The research results indicate that all three independent variables, namely labor, exchange rate, and exports, have a positive and significant impact on the GDP of the manufacturing sector, both partially and simultaneously. The coefficient of determination (Adjusted R2) value of 0.9633 indicates that 96.33% of the variation in industrial sector GDP can be explained by these three variables, while 3.76% is influenced by factors outside the model. This research confirms that increased labour productivity, exchange rate stability, and export growth play an important role in strengthening the performance of the manufacturing sector in Indonesia. Therefore, policies focused on improving the quality of human resources, strengthening export competitiveness, and ensuring macroeconomic stability are needed to support the sustainable and globally competitive growth of the manufacturing sector.

This study aims to determine and analyze the development and influence of exports, exchange rates, inflation, and GRDP on the exchange rate of smallholder plantation farmers in Jambi Province. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis for the period 2009-2024 in Jambi Province. The development of exports, exchange rates, inflation, and GRDP fluctuates annually. Where the average development of exports in Jambi Province in 2009-2024 was 15.22%, the average development of exchange rates was 3.06%, the average development of inflation was 49.07%, the average development of GRDP was 6.22% and the average development of the exchange rate of smallholder plantation farmers in Jambi Province was 4.57%. The results of the study using multiple linear regression resulted in the finding that the variables of exports, exchange rates, inflation, and GRDP simultaneously influenced the exchange rate of smallholder plantation farmers in Jambi Province in 2009-2024. Meanwhile, partially, the export, exchange rate, and inflation variables have a negative effect on the exchange rate of farmers in the smallholder plantation sub-sector in Jambi Province, while the GRDP variable has a substantial positive effect on the exchange rate of farmers in the smallholder plantation sub-sector in Jambi Province in 2009-2024.

The performance of a company is highly influenced by its employees. Therefore, human resources deserve substantial attention from management, particularly regarding employee discipline, work quality, and the potential to improve work discipline. This study employed a quantitative descriptive method with a sample of 95 respondents. Data were collected through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The findings reveal a significant partial effect between work discipline and employee performance, as demonstrated by the results of the t-test (probability value 0.000; t-value 3.369 > t-table 1.66159). Furthermore, there is a significant partial influence between work motivation and employee performance, as evidenced by the t-test results (probability value 0.000; t-value 4.251 > t-table 1.66159). In addition, a significant simultaneous effect of work motivation and work discipline on employee performance was identified at the Head Office of Export and Trade Services Human Resources Training. This was confirmed by the F-test results (probability value 0.000; F-value 9.598 > F-table 2.70). These results indicate that both work discipline and work motivation play a critical role in shaping employee performance. Strengthening employee discipline and motivation can therefore enhance organizational effectiveness and lead to improved performance outcomes. This study underscores the importance of human resource management practices focused on discipline and motivation as key drivers of organizational success and sustainable performance improvements in service-oriented institutions.

International trade plays a vital role in strengthening Indonesia’s economic growth, particularly through the export of fishery products which are among the country’s leading commodities. Fresh fish exports are highly influenced by external demand factors in destination countries as well as Indonesia’s own production capacity. This study aims to analyze the determinants affecting Indonesia’s fresh fish exports to its main trading partners, namely China, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, over the period 2012–2023. The research utilizes secondary data sourced from the World Bank and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Several independent variables are considered, including the fish production levels in the importing country, the real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of the importing country, and the total population of the importing country. Panel data analysis was employed to capture the variations across time and countries, with the Random Effect Model (REM) chosen based on the results of the model specification tests. The findings of the analysis indicate that fish production in the importing country exerts a negative and statistically significant effect on Indonesia’s fresh fish exports, suggesting that higher domestic fish production in these countries reduces the need for imports. Conversely, the real GDP per capita of the importing country and its population size were found to have positive and significant impacts on Indonesia’s export volumes. These results highlight that wealthier and more populous nations demonstrate stronger demand for imported fresh fish, including from Indonesia. The implications of this study underscore the importance for Indonesia to continuously improve the quality, safety, and competitiveness of its fresh fish products while also adopting effective marketing and trade strategies targeting countries with high purchasing power and large consumer bases.

This study aims to explore the strategic role of e-commerce in increasing the export of handicraft products by Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia, with a case study on CV. Palm Craft in Kediri. In the context of globalization and digitalization, e-commerce is an important means for MSMEs to reach the international market, especially in the midst of the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic that limit conventional export activities. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The main focus of this study is how CV. Palem Craft utilizes various digital platforms such as social media (Instagram, Facebook), marketplaces (Tokopedia, Shopee), and global platforms (Amazon, Etsy) to expand market access, build product branding, and increase the selling value of local handicrafts. The results of the study show that the strategic use of e-commerce has helped companies overcome export barriers such as limited distribution networks, logistics constraints, and lack of international promotion. In addition, e-commerce also allows CVs. Palem Craft to build direct relationships with global consumers, get faster feedback, and make product adjustments according to market needs. This research also identifies supporting factors such as digital literacy, product quality, and production capacity as crucial aspects in the success of e-commerce strategies.  The implications of this study provide relevant insights for other MSMEs that want to develop exports through the use of digital technology. Continuous support from the government and related institutions is needed in terms of training, access to capital, and digital export facilitation so that Indonesian MSMEs can compete in the global market in a sustainable manner.  

The palm oil industry is a vital component of Indonesia's economy, significantly contributing to foreign exchange earnings and employment opportunities, particularly in rural and plantation-based regions where economic alternatives are limited. However, the sector is increasingly challenged by global sustainability concerns, particularly the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which poses a threat to Indonesia’s palm oil exports due to its strict environmental standards and traceability requirements. This study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach using a literature review to explore the role of innovation and legal protection in strengthening the sustainability and global competitiveness of Indonesia’s palm oil industry. Specifically, it investigates how the development of superior plant varieties and the application of Plant Variety Protection (PVP) under the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) framework contribute to long-term industry resilience. The findings indicate that superior varieties such as DxP Topaz, DxP PTPN V, and Lonsum DxP have been instrumental in boosting productivity, reducing the need for land expansion, enhancing oil yield per hectare, and improving overall resource efficiency. Moreover, legal protection through PVP not only secures exclusive rights for breeders but also incentivizes further agricultural innovation and prevents the unauthorized use and duplication of valuable genetic resources. In light of international regulatory pressures, strengthening the national PVP system, promoting the registration of local superior varieties, and integrating legal instruments with research and development are essential. These efforts can safeguard Indonesia’s genetic sovereignty and support sustainable practices in compliance with international environmental standards. Ultimately, aligning agricultural innovation with a robust legal framework is key to maintaining the industry’s market access, environmental credibility, and long-term sustainability.

For Indonesia, exports have a strategic role as a supporter of the national economy. In addition to being a source of foreign exchange, exports also support job creation, expand the domestic market, and strengthen the domestic industrial structure. One of the root problems that hinders Indonesia's export competitiveness is the low level of innovation in the production and processing sectors. The literature study method or literature review is an analysis technique used to gain a comprehensive understanding of a particular topic by studying and evaluating existing literature, such as journals, books, reports, and other sources relevant to the research topic. In the literature study on the Role of Innovation in Increasing Export Competitiveness. the role of technological innovation in exports is increasingly important considering the structural challenges faced so far, such as low added value of export products, minimal adoption of technology, and weak integration between industry, research, and government policy. Technological innovation plays a strategic role in increasing Indonesia's export competitiveness in the global market.

Aceh’s economy has long been dominated by the oil and gas sector, particularly LNG Arun exports, which contributed more than 40% of regional GDP (GRDP) in the early observation period. However, declining production after 2014 drastically reduced its share to below 20%, and in recent years, to only around 10–12%. This study aims to analyze the contribution of oil and gas (migas) and non-oil and gas (nonmigas) exports to Aceh’s economy and to assess the potential of export diversification as a sustainable development strategy. The research employs a quantitative approach using secondary time series data from 2007–2021 obtained from BPS, Bank Indonesia, and other official sources. Data were analyzed descriptively and through simple econometric models, including OLS regression and cointegration tests. The findings reveal that oil and gas exports are significant in the short term but have weakened in the long term. In contrast, non-oil and gas exports, although relatively small, exhibit stable growth and demonstrate a long-term relationship with GRDP. These results underscore the importance of diversifying exports towards nonmigas commodities, particularly coffee, cocoa, rubber, and fisheries. The practical implication is the urgent need for Aceh’s development strategy to shift from oil and gas dependence towards globally competitive nonmigas industrialization

The European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), officially adopted by the European Union in 2023, has gained various responses from exporters, mainly due to quite demanding perception on regulation. This study focuses on the smallholder group (cooperatives and farmers), as among most impacted parties considering the financial constraints, knowledge limitation, and technical capacity. The main emphasis focuses on the challenges to comply EUDR’s documentation requirements, which include land use maps, sustainability certificates, land ownership documents, geolocation maps, proof of coffee land ownership, and the Supply Chain Traceability Report. This study aims to explore in depth the opportunities, barriers, and handling strategies adopted by exporting cooperatives. Primary data were collected through structured interviews with five cooperative representatives from various regions of Indonesia and analyzed using a thematic analysis method, referring to three main components of the Dynamic Capabilities Theory: Sensing, Seizing, and Reconfiguring. The outcome of this research presents internal and external strategic recommendations for cooperatives to prepare for the official implementation of the EUDR.

This study aims to analyze the influence of Resource-Based View (RBV) on innovation performance in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) that have expanded internationally, with government information access as a moderation variable. This study uses a quantitative approach with the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method. The object of the research is CV. Delta Raya, an MSME in the furniture sector from Batu City that has successfully penetrated the export market to Japan, South Korea, and Mexico. The results of the study show that human capital investment and political connections have a significant positive effect on innovation performance. Although international experience does not have a direct effect, the effect becomes significant when moderated by government information access. Access to government information also strengthens the influence of political connections on innovation. The implications of this study underscore the importance of collaboration between MSME actors and government institutions in encouraging internal resource-based innovation.

The palm oil industry is a strategic sector that significantly contributes to Indonesia's economy through crude palm oil (CPO) exports. However, it is also prone to corruption practices, as revealed in the bribery case involving a judge in the handling of a CPO export trial. This scandal highlights corporate involvement in influencing court decisions for business interests and the weak law enforcement against corporations as the main perpetrators of criminal acts. This paper aims to analyze the chronology and modus operandi of the bribery, identify factors behind the weak corporate criminal liability enforcement, and formulate recommendations to strengthen the legal system to prevent similar cases in the future. The research method used is normative juridical with statutory and case approaches. The data is analyzed qualitatively to assess the effectiveness of regulations and the obstacles in implementing corporate criminal liability. This study is expected to contribute to reforming a fairer and more accountable legal system in strategic economic sectors.    

This research aims to analyze the compatibility of the sea sand export policy, as outlined in Government Regulation No. 26 of 2023 and its implementing regulations in Minister of Trade Regulations No. 20 and 21, with the principles of ecological justice. The research is driven by concerns over the ecological impacts of sea sand exploitation and the potential conflict between economic interests and environmental protection. Using a normative juridical approach and analysis of prevailing laws and regulations, the study finds that the current regulatory framework does not fully reflect the principles of ecological justice. The policy fails to ensure equitable protection for coastal communities and the marine environment. Government Regulation No. 26/2023 does not explicitly mandate Environmental Impact Assessments (AMDAL), does not emphasize conservation as a fundamental principle, and allows room for exploitation in vulnerable coastal and small island areas. Moreover, historical data reveals that similar policies in the past have led to coastal erosion, the loss of outermost islands, and state losses due to illegal practices. Therefore, without proper reassessment and alignment with environmental justice principles, this policy risks exacerbating ecological inequalities.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of the crude palm oil export ban on the income of oil palm farming businesses in Danau Embat Village, Maro Sebo Ilir District. The study was conducted from January 2023 to August 2023. The types of data used were primary data and secondary data. The sample determination was carried out by simple random sampling. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively and quantitatively. Quantitative analysis was carried out using the Paired Sample t Test (Test of two paired average differences). The results of the analysis of the two average differences test were significant for oil palm farming business income between before and after the CPO export ban, this can be seen from the significant value of 0.001 which is smaller than the probability value (α) of 0.05, which means that the impact of the CPO export ban has an effect on the decline in the income of oil palm farming businesses on smallholder plantations in Danau Embat Village. The CPO export ban should be reviewed because it will have an impact on the income of oil palm farmers.

Economic growth is a critical aspect of economic policy in any country or economic system. According to data from Indonesia's Central Statistics Agency, the country's economic growth has fluctuated over the years. Factors influencing a nation's economic growth include export activities and inflation. The oil and gas (O&G) industry plays a strategic role in supporting national economic growth by contributing to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), state revenue, and job creation. This study aims to analyze the impact of the O&G industry on the national economy and provide perspectives on future challenges and opportunities. Using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, secondary data such as government financial reports, industry statistics, and policy analyses were utilized to assess the sector's contributions across various economic dimensions. The findings indicate that the O&G sector remains one of the primary sources of state revenue, despite significant challenges posed by declining reserves and volatile global oil prices. On the other hand, energy diversification and technological development present opportunities to enhance efficiency and sustainability in this sector.

This study evaluates the investment feasibility of UD Al-Mustofa, a tobacco business in Kendal, by considering aspects of production, storage capacity, waste management, and market expansion opportunities. UD Al-Mustofa is strategically located, ensuring high mobility, optimal production scale, and an effective waste management system, which includes recycling solid waste into organic fertilizer, processing liquid waste, and mitigating gas emissions by conducting tobacco drying in areas far from residential zones. Although the business has not yet obtained certification for international markets, financial analysis indicates that investment in this venture is viable. The calculations show a payback period of 2.01 years, significantly shorter than the projected 10-year investment lifespan. The Net Present Value (NPV) reaches IDR 489,345,567, indicating positive returns, with a profitability index of 0.854. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 46% significantly exceeds Bank Indonesia’s interest rate of 5.75% in 2024, while the Average Rate of Return (ARR) of 78.8% is higher than the cost of capital. Based on these findings, UD Al-Mustofa has strong potential for further development, both in terms of production and market expansion..

This research was conducted to determine the appropriate CV Restu Mande business strategy design using strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis and the Business Model Canvas (BMC) in achieving export targets. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. Data collection carried out in this research was interviews with the leadership of CV Restu Mande, observation both directly and indirectly, and documentation. The SWOT analysis carried out in this research produces a SWOT matrix as a recommendation for CV Restu Mande's business strategy. The results of the SWOT analysis, SWOT matrix, and proposed new Business Model Canvas at CV Restu Mande are that in the customer segments section, target consumers are added in the form of Indonesian communities abroad, in the channels section, websites, international e-commerce and overseas retail need to be added, in the customer relationship section, rewards need to be added for resellers, dropshippers and loyal customers, in the key resources section we need to add production facilities, in the key activities section we need to add more interesting and detailed marketing activities, in the key partnership section we need to add agent collaboration. or distributors, loyal customers, production partners, and international trade consultants or experts, and in the cost structure section it is necessary to focus on investment in production facilities.