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The Abbasid dynasty was one of the most influential Islamic caliphates and left a long legacy in the development of world civilization. Established in 750 AD and ending in 1258 AD, the Abbasid period is known as the Golden Age of Islam due to its extraordinary progress in various fields, including politics, economics, and science. This study aims to examine how the Abbasid political and economic policies and the development of science that took place during that period were able to contribute significantly to the progress of global civilization. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive-historical approach through the study of relevant literature in the last five years. The results of the study indicate that political stability and a structured bureaucratic system provided a strong foundation for economic growth and intellectual progress. The Abbasid government established a center of knowledge in Baghdad known as Baitul Hikmah (House of Wisdom). Here, scientists from various religious and cultural backgrounds gathered to translate, develop, and disseminate knowledge from Greek, Persian, Indian, and other scientific traditions into the Islamic world. Some of the great figures who emerged during this period included Al-Khwarizmi (mathematics), Ibn Sina (medicine and philosophy), and Jabir Ibn Hayyan (chemistry). Their discoveries and work became the foundation for modern science. However, the glory of the Abbasids slowly declined due to internal conflicts, power struggles, and the weakening of the caliph's authority. The peak of the fall occurred when Baghdad was attacked and destroyed by the Mongols in 1258 AD. However, the intellectual and cultural heritage of the Abbasid dynasty continues to have an important influence on the development of world science and civilization to this day.

This article explores the political, religious, and socio-cultural dimensions of the Fatimid Dynasty's rule in Egypt, highlighting its unique contributions to Islamic civilization. The Fatimid Caliphate, which ruled from 969 to 1171 AD, represented a significant Shi'a Islamic power that challenged the dominance of the Sunni Abbasid Caliphate. The study analyzes the origins of the Fatimid dynasty, its establishment in North Africa, and its eventual relocation of the capital to Cairo, which became a vibrant center of learning and governance. Special attention is given to the administrative reforms, religious tolerance policies, and architectural advancements initiated by Fatimid rulers. Additionally, the article examines the tensions and conflicts both internally and externally that eventually led to the dynasty’s decline. By using historical and historiographical methods, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how the Fatimid Dynasty shaped the political and religious landscape of medieval Egypt and left a lasting legacy that can still be seen in Egyptian culture and architecture today.                  

This study examines the transformation of the Islamic economy during the golden age of the Abbasid Dynasty, characterized by innovations in financial systems, the implementation of fiscal policies based on wealth redistribution, and shifts in social and cultural structures. The background of this research is rooted in the strategic role of the Abbasid Dynasty in creating an advanced Islamic civilization through the integration of economic progress, social growth, and cultural development. The aim of the study is to analyze in depth the dynamics of economic change, its impact on social structures, and its contribution to the development of science and culture during this period. The method employed is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), which involves the search, selection, and synthesis of literature from various credible academic sources. The findings indicate that innovative policies, such as the implementation of primitive banking systems, zakat and waqf mechanisms, and infrastructure development, support inclusive economic growth and equitable wealth distribution. The implications of this study suggest that the principles of the Islamic economy implemented during the Abbasid era can serve as a reference in designing modern economic policies that are just, sustainable, and responsive to socio-cultural dynamics.