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Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an obligate intracellular bacterium that affects the skin, peripheral nerves, upper respiratory mucosa, and eyes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a comorbidity that can worsen the course of leprosy. The female patient, Mrs. D, aged 55 years came to the emergency room of Cut Meutia Hospital with the main complaint of red bumps accompanied by pain on the face, hands, chest, and back since 3 days ago and additional complaints such as fever, joint pain, and numbness and loss of feeling in the legs, weakness, frequent thirst, and frequent urination. Dermatologic status is obtained in the facial region in the form of erythema nodules with firm boundaries with numular size, multiple. Laboratory examination showed anemia and leukocytosis. The therapy given was MDT MB package, ferrous sulfate 1x325 mg and PRC transfusion 3 kolf. Complaints arose acutely after the patient resumed taking MDT (multidrug therapy) leprosy drugs which had previously been stopped for more than 3 months. Based on the time of onset of symptoms, history of leprosy treatment, and the manifestation of systemic inflammatory lesions with signs of neurotropism, it can be suspected that the patient is experiencing a type 2 leprosy reaction or Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL).

Medical personnel compliance in prescribing drugs according to the National Formulary (ForNas) is essential to ensure rational therapy, improve service quality, and enhance efficiency in health financing at government health facilities. However, compliance remains a challenge at Johar Baru Regional General Hospital, Central Jakarta. This study aimed to analyze factors influencing medical personnel compliance with ForNas-based prescribing, including drug availability, management policies, and the knowledge, attitudes, norms, and perceptions of medical staff.A qualitative approach was used through in-depth interviews with medical personnel, heads of supporting service sections, and pharmacy unit leaders. The study also involved observation and review of hospital formulary documents, minimum service standards reports for 2024, and monitoring and evaluation reports on prescribing compliance for 2024 and January June 2025. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis supported by NVivo software.The findings indicate that compliance is influenced by medical personnel’s understanding of ForNas policies, clinical experience, and professional attitudes toward prescribing standards. Management factors such as supervision, technological support, and procurement systems also play important roles. Limited drug stocks and suboptimal control systems were identified as major obstacles.The hospital is recommended to strengthen compliance by updating clinical practice guidelines, developing a ForNas-based hospital formulary, improving management support, optimizing information technology systems, ensuring drug availability, and proposing additional ForNas drugs to the Ministry of Health.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Primary infection occurs upon first exposure to bacillary tuberculosis, which often occurs in childhood, hence the term "childhood TB." The diagnosis of TB is usually made through a history that includes complaints of persistent cough, weight loss, fever, and weakness, along with a chest X-ray that shows typical abnormalities of pulmonary TB. In this case, a 21-month-old girl presented with a worsening, persistent cough accompanied by weight loss. The patient's mother reported that her child frequently had fevers and appeared weak. After a physical examination and supporting tests, the patient was diagnosed with TB. The patient was given pharmacological therapy in the form of anti-tuberculosis drugs (OAT), and parents were educated about the importance of adherence to TB treatment as prescribed by the doctor. Furthermore, providing a balanced, nutritious diet is recommended to support successful treatment.

Community service with the theme of Expired Date (ED) and Beyond Use Date (BUD) aims to improve knowledge and understanding of proper medication storage as an effort to enhance the health of the Gagak Sipat community. Knowledge about medication usage limits and checking product expiration dates educates the public to be more cautious and to avoid health risks that may arise from consuming products that have exceeded their usage period or have expired. The use of medicines beyond their ED and BUD indicates that the drugs may have experienced reduced stability related to storage conditions. Decreased stability of pharmaceutical preparations can affect their physical quality, which in turn impacts the effectiveness and safety of the medication. The educational method used in this program included lectures accompanied by the distribution of leaflets, followed by practical simulations on checking ED and calculating BUD for various dosage forms. The results of this educational activity showed that community members were able to determine the ED and BUD for several pharmaceutical preparations such as tablets, powders, capsules, syrups, eye drops, ear drops, and others. The community in Gagak Sipat village gained an understanding of the risks associated with using medications beyond the BUD, including reduced effectiveness, the risk of microbial contamination, and potentially harmful chemical reactions. It was emphasized that some medications that are expired or used beyond their BUD can pose more serious health risks, especially when used to treat severe diseases.

Beef demand in Indonesia continues to increase, particularly during religious holidays. Bali cattle, one of the main sources of beef, face a serious threat from Jembrana disease, a viral infection that compromises the immune system and causes significant economic losses. This study aimed to determine the correlation between spleen weight, body temperature, and cycle threshold (Ct) values in Bali cattle following Jembrana virus inoculation. A correlational method was applied to eight female Bali cattle injected with Jembrana virus inoculum. Physiological changes in body temperature were monitored, followed by necropsy to assess spleen weight. In addition, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was performed before and after inoculation to detect viral presence and determine Ct values. Data were analyzed using SPSS with Pearson correlation tests. The results revealed a very strong positive correlation between spleen weight and body temperature, while a very strong negative correlation was observed between spleen weight and Ct values. These findings indicate that Jembrana virus inoculation leads to increased body temperature and splenic enlargement in Bali cattle, accompanied by a decrease in Ct values, reflecting higher viral loads. Therefore, the administration of antipyretics, anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, vitamins, and antibiotics prior to vaccination is recommended to reduce the risk of hyperthermia, splenic swelling, decreased Ct values, and secondary infections.

The study was conducted at Middle Technical University (College of Health & Medical Techniques, Baghdad) from 29Th October 2024 to 15Th January 2025, enrolling 148 students aged 20–24 years (47.3%), 25–29 years (41.9%), 30–39 years (9.5%), and over 40 years (1.4%), Participants completed a structured questionnaire to assess attitudes toward drug abuse. Regarding protective attitudes, 66.2% agreed that educational programs aid prevention, 68.9% viewed better education as protective, 58.8% cited close family ties, and 72.2% recommended avoiding friends who use drugs, Departmental analysis showed the highest proportion of ―good knowledge in Anesthesia Techniques (95.3%) and the lowest in Physical Therapy Techniques (80.2%) While overall awareness of drug abuse is high among health and medical students, misconceptions regarding its symptoms and effects persist. Targeted educational interventions—especially within departments showing lower knowledge—and reinforcement of accurate prevention and treatment strategies are recommended to strengthen students’ competencies in addressing drug abuse.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the global health challenges that continues to rise, including in Indonesia. However, the lack of education and counseling from pharmacists regarding the use of natural ingredients medicines has the potential to affect the effectiveness of treatment and the management of DM. This study aims to measure the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of DM patients, related to the use of natural ingredient drugs in DM management. This study uses a cross-sectional method design, starting with the collection of quantitative data. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling technique over a period of four months. The research involved 101 DM patients from 15 pharmacies in Kendal Regency. The level of knowledge (44.6%), attitude (66.3%), and behaviour (39.6%) of patients in the moderate category. However, the limited knowledge of pharmacists remains a barrier to optimizing pharmaceutical services related to educating patients about natural ingredient medications.

Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders in children. Long-term use of antiepileptic drugs carries the risk of Drug Related Problems (DRPs) such as drug interactions, inappropriate dosing, and untreated indications. This study aimed to identify the types and incidence of DRPs in pediatric epilepsy outpatients at Embung Fatimah General Hospital, Batam. This was a descriptive, non-experimental study with a retrospective design. Data were collected from pediatric medical records (<18 years) between January–December 2024, with a total of 45 patients. DRPs were identified using the American Society of Hospital Pharmacist (ASHP) classification. Of 45 patients, the majority were aged 1–5 years (38%) and female (53%). The most frequently used antiepileptic drug was sodium valproate (56.36%). Identification DRPs included drug interactions (63.16%), untreated indications (5.26%), and inappropriate drug selection (5.26%). No cases of overdose or failure to receive medication were found. The most dominant DRP in pediatric epilepsy patients was drug interactions, particularly between valproic acid and folic acid.

Hypertension is a non-communicable disease that significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality, particularly among the elderly. Patient knowledge about hypertension plays a crucial role in determining their adherence to medication, especially in taking antihypertensive drugs regularly. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the level of hypertension knowledge and medication adherence in elderly patients at the Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital Banjarbaru Polyclinic. This study used a quantitative correlational approach with a cross-sectional design. A sample of 35 respondents was obtained using accidental sampling technique. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires to measure knowledge (correct/incorrect scores) and adherence (using the modified MMAS-8 score 0–8). Data analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and Odds Ratio (OR) calculation at α = 0.05. The results showed a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and medication adherence (p = 0.002). The OR value of 17.33 (95% CI: 2.17–138.18) indicates that elderly patients with low knowledge have a much higher chance of non-adherence to medication compared to those with good knowledge. Based on these findings, it is recommended to develop targeted educational programs for the elderly focusing on increasing knowledge about hypertension and the importance of medication adherence, along with involving families to support medication adherence in hypertensive patients. This educational program could help improve the quality of life for the elderly by better managing hypertension.

Tuberculosis is one of world health problem, especially in developing countries. Treatment regimen with multiple first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATD) such as Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, And Streptomycin remains the most effective for treatment of tuberculosis. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to antituberculosis drugs may range from mild gastrointestinal disturbances to serious hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, and cutaneous adverse effects. We report a 65 year old male patient with a  complaint of yellowish discoloration of sclera, nausea and vomitting after three days of initiation of ATD theraphy. The patient has been diagnosed with Tuberculosis relaps and has been taking ATD since June 2024. Patient noted epigastric pain. Laboratory examination found an increase in bilirubin level and imbalance electrolyte. The treatment is in the form of discontinuation of ATD, supportive therapy and followed by hepatoprotective supplements. ATD should be discontinued in patients with hepatotoxicity and fixed drug eruption until liver function and clinical symptoms improve. Initiation of ATD administration is carried out by administering one by one regimen. The patient is currently experiencing antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity, which is managed by providing supportive care and  different AT regimen was prescribed.

Indonesia is recognized as one of the world’s richest countries in terms of biodiversity, including a wide variety of traditional medicinal plants. One of the lesser-known yet promising local species is matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst & G. Forst), whose leaves have been traditionally used by local communities to treat various ailments, including diarrhea and seizures. This study aims to investigate the pharmacological effects of matoa leaf extract, with a particular focus on its anticonvulsant activity, while also reviewing its potential chemical constituents as a basis for herbal medicine development. The research was conducted using a combination of literature review and experimental testing on mice (Mus musculus) induced with strychnine to trigger seizures. Key observed parameters included seizure onset time and survival duration (dead time) following the administration of either synthetic drugs or matoa leaf extract. The results demonstrated that the matoa leaf extract exhibited significant anticonvulsant effects, as indicated by prolonged seizure onset and increased survival time in test animals. These pharmacological effects are presumed to be related to the presence of active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, which may contribute to the stabilization of the central nervous system. Compared to conventional synthetic anticonvulsants, matoa leaf extract may offer a safer, plant-based alternative with potentially fewer side effects. The findings of this study provide valuable scientific evidence supporting the potential of Pometia pinnata leaves in the development of Indonesian herbal phytopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, they highlight the importance of further research, including preclinical and clinical trials, to validate efficacy, determine optimal dosages, and ensure safety for human use.

Pharmacology is the study of drug interactions with living organisms. This study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of several drug preparations, including Hemilon (methylprednisolone), Lupred (prednisolone), Kamathasone (dexamethasone), neem leaf infusion, and snakehead fish extract, on mice (Mus musculus) induced with inflammation using carrageenan solution via intraplantar injection. Edema volume was observed using a plethysmometer at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes post-induction. Data were analyzed using normality, homogeneity, ANOVA, and Tukey tests via SPSS. Results showed that Hemilon had the highest anti-inflammatory effect, followed by Kamathasone and Lupred, while neem leaf and fish extract showed weaker activity. Statistical tests revealed normal distribution (sig. 0.197 > 0.05), non-homogeneous data (sig. 0.022 < 0.05), and no significant difference between groups (ANOVA sig. 0.366 > 0.05). Despite this, descriptive results confirmed strong anti-inflammatory potential of synthetic drugs. This practicum provides valuable insights into drug mechanisms and emphasizes methodological accuracy in pharmacological testing.

Tuberculosis is still a health problem in the community, regular treatment can minimize transmission, and the combination of herbal medicine with anti-tuberculosis drugs can reduce tuberculosis symptoms. Currently, the community does not understand herbal medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis symptoms. Health education is needed for information about the benefits and impacts of herbal medicine in the treatment of tuberculosis. The purpose of this community service is to provide information to families as a companion to the use of herbal medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis symptoms. This community service uses a participatory Action Research (PAR) approach. This approach allows for active interaction with the community. This community service uses lecture and discussion methods for families at risk of tuberculosis, education is given with a time of 1 (one) meeting with a duration of 60 minutes. The media used are leaflets and booklets to make it easier for families to understand herbal medicine. The results obtained after health education were carried out were an increase in family understanding of the benefits and side effects of using herbal medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis symptoms. It is hoped that health education can provide information about the use and side effects in the treatment of tuberculosis symptoms. Keywords: Health education, Herbal Medicine, Tuberculosis

Non-formulary drug utilization in Harapan Kita Children’s and Mother’s Hospital presents a substantial challenge in healthcare cost management, especially for patients enrolled in the BPJS health insurance program. Given its status as a national referral hospital, Harapan Kita Children’s and Mother’s Hospital encounters a high prevalence of complex maternal and child health cases requiring the use of medications beyond the scope of the national formulary. This research endeavor seeks to examine the patterns and consequences of non-formulary drug use within this context. This study adopted a quasi-experimental design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methods, to evaluate the impact of an sosialisation intervention and audit clinic on physician compliance with formulary drug use. A pre-test and post-test design was employed to measure changes in non-formulary drug utilization. Findings indicated a statistically significant decrease in non-formulary drug use from 18% to 13% post-intervention. The integration of a clinical pathway and tailored physician training was instrumental in achieving improved formulary adherence. Given these results, it is recommended to broaden training and surveillance programs, strengthen technological support through the implementation of formulary information systems, and undertake longitudinal research to assess the long-term sustainability of the intervention's effects..

Paracetamol is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug in tablet dosage form. Ensuring the stability of paracetamol tablets is essential to maintain drug efficacy, safety, and quality during their shelf life. This study aims to evaluate the physical and chemical stability of paracetamol tablets stored under different temperature and humidity conditions. The review method used in this article involves analyzing published data from several sources, focusing on changes in physical appearance (color, shape, and odor) and chemical parameters such as active pharmaceutical ingredient content over time. The findings indicate that higher temperatures and humidity accelerate degradation and affect the drug's quality, particularly through discoloration and reduction in active content. Packaging also plays a crucial role in maintaining stability, especially in tropical climates. The results highlight the importance of stability testing in pharmaceutical quality assurance and support the application of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and appropriate storage guidelines. This paper contributes to the understanding of stability profiles of commonly used drugs and provides a reference for the formulation and packaging development of heat-sensitive medications.

Pharmaceutical services in hospitals must comply with the standards set forth in Minister of Health Regulation No. 72 of 2016 to ensure the safe, effective, and efficient use of medications. One crucial aspect of clinical pharmacy services is evaluating the appropriateness of drug use in accordance with the National Formulary (Fornas), particularly in antihypertensive therapy, which is widely used in clinical practice. This study aims to evaluate the conformity level of antihypertensive drug use with Fornas at Bandung-Based General Hospital and analyze its economic impact. This research is a retrospective descriptive study that collects data on antihypertensive drug use from various service units from August to October 2024. The analysis was conducted by calculating the percentage of conformity based on the number of drug units used compared to the Fornas list, as well as assessing the economic value of the drugs utilized. The results showed a very high adherence rate to Fornas, with the highest conformity percentage reaching 99.88% in September 2024 and the lowest at 99.81% in August 2024, surpassing the minimum compliance standard of 80% set by the Hospital Minimum Service Standards. These findings reflect the effectiveness of the National Formulary policy and the hospital's commitment to rational therapy. Collaboration among pharmacists, doctors, and the medical team, along with continuous education, is necessary to ensure safe, regulatory-compliant, and efficient therapy.

Quality health services are an important factor in increasing patient trust in medical facilities and health workers. One of the crucial aspects is accuracy in providing drug recommendations that suit the patient's needs. Drug recommendations are influenced by various criteria, including effectiveness, safety, price, availability, and potential side effects. However, in practice, there is often a gap between the patient's expectations and the reality of the treatment received. This can affect patient satisfaction and perception of health services. To overcome these challenges, a Decision Support (SPK) is needed that is able to provide drug recommendations in a more objective, measurable, and structured manner. This study uses the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method because of its advantages in processing various complex and diverse criteria. SAW works by giving weight to each attribute, normalizing the data, and then calculating the preference value to determine the best alternative from several available drug options. The results of the study show that the SAW method is able to produce more structured and consistent recommendations than manual determination. In this study, the drug with the highest preference value, which is 92.00, was recommended as the top choice. These findings confirm that SPK and SAW-based approaches can be an effective solution in supporting medical personnel, especially in the selection of external drugs. In addition to improving decision accuracy, this SPK also has the potential to be further developed, for example by integrating into an electronic medical record (EMR) or based on a mobile application, so that its use becomes more practical and accessible. Thus, the implementation of the SAW method in SPK not only provides benefits on the technical aspect, but also contributes to improving the quality of health services as a whole.

The use of drugs for hyperuricemia and gout arthritis is given for conditions that cause higher purine metabolism in the body. This study was conducted at RSU Royal Prima Marelan to determine the pattern of drug use for hyperuricemia and gout arthritis due to inflammation caused by uric acid deposits in the joints. Data collection in this study was carried out retrospectively by collecting medical records of patients with hyperuricemia and gout arthritis. The descriptive method used in this study was a cross-sectional plan. Qualitative descriptive analysis was applied to the data. Tables or narratives were used to present the data in this study. The results showed that 30 patients out of 50 were male and 20 were female. The results of the evaluation of the rationality of drug use for hyperuricemia and gout arthritis showed that patients who were given several versions of drugs with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor group 64% were allopurinol with patients with the most appropriate indications, the right patient, and the right dose of 96%.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are a widely used class of medications for managing pain and inflammation. However, long-term use of NSAIDs has been associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal disorders, including Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). This study aims to analyze the impact of NSAID use on GERD patients based on recent research findings. The literature search was conducted through national and international databases such as Elsevier, Google Scholar, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Library of Medicine, using keywords including GERD, NSAID, LES (Lower Esophageal Sphincter), gastric acid, reflux, and regurgitation. A total of 25 journal articles published between 2016 and 2024 were used as data sources. The findings indicate that NSAIDs inhibiting cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) can reduce prostaglandin production, which plays a protective role in the gastric mucosa, thereby increasing the risk of irritation and acid reflux. Conversely, selective COX-2 NSAIDs have a lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects, making them a safer alternative for patients with chronic pain and inflammation. This study highlights the importance of selecting the appropriate type of NSAID and monitoring its long-term use to minimize the risk of gastrointestinal disorders, particularly in patients with a history of GERD. By considering these factors, it is hoped that complications related to NSAID use in patients with digestive issues can be reduced.

Diabetes mellitus is disease chronic many​ occurs throughout the world. Prevalence disease this Keep going increased, with 8.5% of adults (equivalent to with 422 million people) suffering from Diabetes Mellitus at the global level. Research this aiming for identify management health of Diabetes Mellitus patients in the work area Health Center Meskom. Research this use method studies case with design descriptive. Research results show that 8 respondents (40%) did activity sports, while 12 respondents (60%) did not exercise. As many as 7 respondents (35%) routinely monitor blood sugar levels, while 13 respondents (65%) did not do monitoring. Respondents who regulate pattern Eat totaling 9 people (45%), while 11 respondents (55%) did not arrange pattern eating. As for 8 respondents (40%) running management health, while 12 respondents (60%) did not do it. Management health in Diabetes Mellitus patients aiming For control blood sugar levels, preventing complications term length, and increase quality life patient. Output study this designed in form article scientific. Research results show that good blood sugar control, including​ monitoring level glucose regularly, can lower risk complications like retinopathy, neuropathy, and disease cardiovascular. Optimal management involves combination use drugs, patterns controlled eating, as well as sport in a way regular.