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The right to privacy and the right to health are fundamental human rights that are closely interconnected. The protection of privacy for patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) constitutes a critical issue, given that HIV status is classified as highly sensitive health data and is particularly vulnerable to stigma and discrimination. In Indonesia, the legal framework governing the protection of HIV patients’ health data has been normatively strengthened through the Personal Data Protection Law and the Health Law; however, its implementation continues to face various challenges. This article aims to analyze the right to privacy of HIV patients and the obligations of the state in protecting sensitive health data, as well as to examine the limitations and exceptions to the disclosure of HIV-related data within the framework of law and human rights. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and human rights-based approaches. Legal materials are analyzed qualitatively through juridical interpretation and prescriptive analysis. The findings indicate that HIV status is legally categorized as sensitive personal data that is entitled to a high level of legal protection. The state bears tripartite obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill the privacy rights of HIV patients. Nevertheless, a gap persists between legal norms and their implementation, particularly in the management of electronic medical records. The protection of HIV patients’ privacy rights requires strengthened legal implementation, regulatory harmonization, and the adoption of a human rights-based approach to ensure that data protection does not conflict with public health interests.

Emergency medical care constitutes a fundamental patient right and an institutional obligation of hospitals that must be provided without temporal discrimination. However, in practice and public discourse, the meaning of “physician presence” is often narrowly reduced to physical presence alone, giving rise to allegations of medical negligence, particularly during weekends or outside regular working hours. This distorted understanding risks generating legal injustice, undermining the dignity of the medical profession, and encouraging defensive medical practice. This article aims to analyze the meaning of physician presence from a health law perspective through theoretical, normative, and systemic approaches, by distinguishing models of physician presence as on-site, on-call, and home-call/teleconsultation in emergency care services. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and limited comparative approaches. The analysis examines Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, Government Regulation Number 28 of 2024, as well as health law literature and emergency care practices. The analysis demonstrates that, in legal terms, physician presence is not synonymous with physical presence, but rather should be understood as process-based professional responsibility, provided that care is delivered in accordance with professional standards, service standards, and an adequate triage system. Physician presence must be reconstructed as the presence of professional responsibility within an integrated emergency care system. Legal assessment in health law should be grounded in process and system integrity, rather than solely on clinical outcomes or public perception.

Inclusive education in the context of Islamic religious education reflects the implementation of Islamic values that promote respect for diversity and the protection of individual rights. Islamic Religious Education teachers play a crucial role in ensuring that all students, including those with special needs in inclusive schools, can access and understand Islamic teachings at the Madrasah Tsanawiyah level. Inclusive education also functions as a catalyst for educational transformation by promoting equality and fairness in the learning process without discrimination among students. In this context, teachers are required to adapt teaching strategies, learning materials, and classroom interactions according to the diverse needs and abilities of each learner. Their role is not only to deliver religious knowledge but also to foster an inclusive learning environment that supports participation and understanding for all students. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of Islamic Religious Education teachers within inclusive education settings and provides insights that may support future research and development of inclusive education practices in Indonesia.

The position of children in marriage plays an important role in family law because it is related to the legal status and fulfillment of children's civil rights. Differences in regulations regarding legitimate children and children born out of wedlock in Indonesian positive law create legal uncertainty, particularly regarding civil relations with biological fathers. This study aims to analyze the legal status of legitimate children and illegitimate children and the changes in the legal paradigm following Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VII/2010. This study uses normative legal methods with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results show that before the Constitutional Court decision, illegitimate children only had a civil relationship with their mother and their mother's family, whereas after the decision, illegitimate children can have a civil relationship with their biological father as long as the blood relationship can be legally proven. This decision confirms legal reform efforts to guarantee protection and legal certainty for children without discrimination based on birth status.

This study examines the experience of access to health services and resilience strategies in adolescents with unplanned pregnancies in Makassar, Indonesia. Access to quality reproductive health services is important for adolescents' well-being, but they often face systemic barriers that affect access to health services and outcomes. The study used an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach on seventeen adolescent girls aged 15–19 years who had an unplanned pregnancy between June–November 2023. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews, recorded, verbatim transcribed, and analyzed by a six-stage science process. Two main themes were found: Navigating Closed Doors: Systematic Barriers to Care and Finding Light in Darkness: Resilience and Agency. Participants faced a variety of layered barriers, including a lack of information about health services and rights, geographical and economic constraints, age-based discrimination, parental notification obligations, fear of legal consequences especially related to abortion, family control over decisions, and limitations in adolescent-friendly services. Nonetheless, adolescents show resilience through seeking strategic help, resistance to pressure, spiritual and religious coping, peer support, gradual acceptance of maternal identity, educational sustainability, and positive meaningfulness of difficult experiences. These findings point to the need for a transformation of the health system that not only improves attitudes of health workers, but also addresses structural barriers such as confidentiality, age discrimination, and service availability, while strengthening agency and adolescent coping strategies.

This study examines the stigma and patterns of social support in adolescents with unplanned pregnancies in Makassar in the context of the Bugis-Makassar culture that upholds the values of siri' (honor and shame). Teen pregnancy is understood as an experience influenced by the confluence of traditional values, religious morality, and modern social demands. This study used an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach on 17 adolescent girls aged 15–19 years who experienced unplanned pregnancies in June–November 2023. Data were obtained through in-depth semi-structured interviews, recorded, verbatim transcribed, and analyzed using a six-stage science process with a focus on the experience of stigma and social support. Two main themes emerged: Living Under the Shadow of Siri': Multidimensional Stigma and Navigating Social Support in the Context of Shame. Participants experienced widespread stigma in a variety of contexts, including family (serial violations and family shame), society (moral judgments and gossip), health services (discrimination of health workers), and educational environments (bullying and exclusion). Stigma is also internalized in the form of guilt and negative identity, and is especially severe in adolescents with economic limitations. Efforts to seek support are often hampered by concerns about stigma, so adolescents engage in selective disclosure and rely more on peers. Grandma is often the most accepting source of family support. These findings underscore the need for multilevel interventions that reduce community stigma, strengthen friendly and confidential health services, and develop culturally sensitive peer support networks.

The increasing complexity and scale of modern network traffic driven by IoT and cloud-based infrastructures have made accurate intrusion detection a critical challenge. Conventional network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) and many deep learning–based approaches struggle to reliably detect minority and stealthy attacks due to severe class imbalance and limited discrimination of subtle traffic patterns. To address these limitations, this study proposes a hybrid CNN–RBF–Attention framework for network intrusion detection. The proposed model integrates three complementary components: (i) a convolutional neural network for hierarchical feature extraction from network flow data, (ii) a radial basis function (RBF) network for localized nonlinear classification using prototype-based decision regions, and (iii) an attention mechanism that adaptively weights RBF activations to emphasize discriminative traffic patterns. SMOTE is applied exclusively to the training data to mitigate class imbalance. The framework is evaluated on the widely used CICIDS2017 and CICIDS2018 benchmark datasets in both binary and multiclass settings, using recall, precision, F1-score, confusion matrices, and ROC analysis. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid model consistently outperforms standalone CNN and RBF baselines, particularly in terms of recall and F1-score. On the CICIDS2018 dataset, the model achieves 99.81% accuracy and 99.81% F1-score in binary classification, and 99.54% accuracy and 99.54% F1-score in multiclass classification. On CICIDS2017, it achieves 98.12% accuracy and 98.12% F1-score in binary classification, and 98.92% accuracy and 98.92% F1-score in multiclass classification. Confusion matrix and ROC analyses further show strong class separability and reliable performance in low–false-positive-rate regions, which is critical for real-world IDS deployment. These results confirm that combining deep hierarchical feature learning, localized prototype-based classification, and attention-guided refinement yields a robust, operationally reliable intrusion detection framework for highly imbalanced network environments.

This study aims to explain the Rohingya diaspora and the challenges of cultural adaptation in host countries. This study uses a library research method where data collection in this study uses various materials and materials available in libraries such as books, scientific articles/journals, and documents that are relevant to the research topic. The results of the study show that the state of Myanmar through the Burma Citizenship Law 1982 policy has designated only 135 ethnicities recognized as its citizens and the Rohingya ethnic group is not included in it. As a result, they legally lose their citizenship status (stateless), rights to land, education, employment, and a decent life. Lacking legal legitimacy makes the Rohingya ethnic group trapped in a cycle of discrimination and poverty. Therefore, in search of a decent life, the Rohingya ethnic group migrates to seek new asylum to neighboring countries such as Bangladesh, Thailand, and Indonesia in the hope of getting a decent living. In refugee camps, a process of cultural acculturation occurs where as a group of immigrants (the Rohingya ethnic group) must get used to accepting and adapting to the new environment, culture, and lifestyle without forgetting their identity as the Rohingya ethnic group.

This study discusses the position of persons with disabilities, especially those with mental and intellectual disabilities, in carrying out legal actions following the judicial review of Article 433 of the Civil Code through the Constitutional Court Decision Number 93/PUU-XX/2022. Prior to this amendment, Article 433 of the Civil Code used discriminatory terms and automatically placed persons with disabilities under guardianship, thereby eliminating their legal capacity as independent legal subjects. This Constitutional Court decision changed the phrase "must be guarded" to "can be guarded" and emphasized that the placement of guardianship can only be made based on a competent medical diagnosis. The research method used is normative juridical through a statutory approach and court decisions. The results of the study show that the change in norms restores the constitutional rights of persons with disabilities, including the right to autonomy, equality before the law, and protection from discrimination. In addition, this change directly affects the requirements for capacity in making agreements according to Article 1320 of the Civil Code, so that persons with mental disabilities who have the capacity are still considered capable of acting. Therefore, this decision is an important step in realizing a legal system that is more inclusive, just and respects the dignity of people with disabilities.

Public service quality plays a crucial role in ensuring that social assistance is delivered effectively to vulnerable communities. This study aims to analyze the quality of public services in the distribution of social assistance by the Social Service Office of Kerinci Regency and to identify improvement efforts undertaken by the institution. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach using observation, interviews, and documentation techniques. Informants consisted of Social Service officials, social facilitators, and beneficiary communities. Service quality analysis was conducted using the SERVQUAL dimensions: tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The findings indicate that the social assistance distribution service in Kerinci Regency is generally adequate, particularly in the assurance and empathy dimensions. Beneficiaries feel that services are delivered fairly, transparently, and without discrimination. However, obstacles remain in the tangible, reliability, and responsiveness aspects, including limited service facilities, inaccurate beneficiary data due to incomplete DTKS updates, and delays in assistance distribution in remote areas caused by geographical constraints. To address these challenges, the Social Service Office has implemented periodic data validation, strengthened coordination with village administrations, and optimized digital-based social service information systems. This study provides empirical evidence that can serve as an evaluation reference for local governments in improving transparent, effective, and equitable social assistance services.

This study was conducted to review the quality of test items in Business Economics and General Administration subjects using a classical analysis approach. The assessment process included examining validity, reliability, difficulty level, the ability of questions to differentiate student abilities, and the accuracy of distractors. The research approach used was descriptive quantitative, with 32 students from grades XI and XII majoring in Accounting as subjects and 50 multiple-choice questions as instruments. The main focus of this study was to ensure that the evaluation tools used were truly capable of describing students' competency achievements. Data analysis was conducted through observation results and student responses on Google Forms, which were then processed using the Anates Version 4.0 application. The results of the analysis showed that most of the questions had high validity and reliability, good discrimination power, and a moderate level of difficulty. However, the overall quality of the distractors was not good enough, and there were no questions in the difficult category. Overall, the quality of the questions in this subject can be categorized as good and suitable for evaluating the learning of vocational high school students in grades XI and XII.

The quality of assessment instruments plays an important role in determining the accuracy of measuring student learning outcomes in science learning in elementary schools. A good test instrument must meet certain criteria, such as validity, reliability, difficulty level, and discrimination power. This study aims to analyze the quality of daily science test items in grade VIc elementary schools based on these four criteria. The study used a quantitative. The subjects were 19 sixth-grade students, while the instrument analyzed consisted of 25 multiple-choice questions. Data processing and analysis were carried out using Microsoft Excel to calculate item validity through item correlation with total score, test reliability using internal consistency, difficulty level index, and discrimination index. The analysis results showed that 17 questions (68%) were declared valid, while 8 questions (32%) were invalid and needed to be improved. The results of the reliability test indicated that the test instrument had good reliability and was suitable for use as a measuring tool for student learning outcomes. Judging from the level of difficulty, 20 questions (80%) were moderate and 5 questions (20%) were easy, indicating a relatively balanced level of difficulty. Based on the discrimination power, 16 questions (66%) had very good discrimination power, 4 questions (16%) were good, 4 questions (16%) were sufficient, and 1 question (4%) was poor. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the quality of the sixth grade science daily test questions is classified as good and the test instrument is suitable for use, but improvements are still needed on invalid questions and those with low discrimination power so that the quality of the assessment is more optimal. This study emphasizes the importance of teachers' abilities in compiling and analyzing test items to ensure that the assessment of science learning is objective, valid, and reliable.

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) in the digital age offers substantial benefits by enhancing efficiency and productivity. Nevertheless, these developments also pose significant challenges to the protection of human rights. Issues such as privacy violations, algorithmic bias, discrimination, and opaque automated decision-making highlight the need for a strong integration of ethical values and legal frameworks in the use of AI. This study applies a normative legal method supported by literature-based research to examine the existing regulatory frameworks and the ethical principles underpinning them. The findings indicate that ethical principles such as transparency, accountability, fairness, and human-centeredness serve as essential moral guidelines to prevent AI misuse. Meanwhile, legal rules ensure certainty, establish accountability mechanisms, and provide sanctions for violations. The synergy between ethics and law forms a crucial foundation to ensure that technological innovation aligns with the protection of human rights, upholds human dignity, and supports the creation of a safe and just digital environment

The United States is often called the "land of the free" and the "land of opportunity," but its history is also rife with discrimination and injustice. This abstract explains how racism and inequality have shaped American society throughout the ages. This discrimination began with the system of slavery imposed on African Americans in the 17th century. This system not only took away their freedom but also placed them in a highly unfair situation. After slavery ended, discrimination persisted through Jim Crow laws, which allowed for racial segregation in areas such as education, transportation, and public services. Additionally, other groups such as Native Americans, Asian immigrants, and Latino communities also faced oppression. Native Americans' ancestral lands were confiscated, and they were forced to relocate to reservations. Asian immigrants experienced unfair treatment, including bans on entry and exclusion. Although the Civil Rights Movement of the mid-20th century successfully eliminated many laws that discriminated against, injustice persists. Systematic forms of racism are still evident in economic inequality, the way the law is administered, and disparities in access to education and adequate housing. Thus, American history is a story of the ongoing effort to realize the promise of justice for all its people, a process that continues to this day.

Unregistered marriage (nikah siri) in Indonesia refers to marriages conducted in accordance with Islamic religious law but not officially recorded by the state. This legal gap creates significant challenges, particularly concerning the legal status of wives, children, and marital property. This study employs a normative juridical research methodology to examine the legal consequences of unregistered marriages on the positions of wives, children, and property, as well as to analyze the forms of legal protection available for children born from such marriages. The findings reveal that wives in unregistered marriages lack legal protection comparable to those in registered marriages, including rights to marital property, alimony, and inheritance. Children born from these unions initially possess legal relationships only with their mothers and maternal families. However, Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 established a legal pathway for children to establish civil relationships with their biological fathers through scientific evidence such as DNA testing. Despite this judicial development, practical implementation faces considerable obstacles including evidentiary difficulties, social stigma, and limited access to legal remedies. This research concludes that active state intervention and institutional support remain essential to safeguard children's fundamental rights, including identity, inheritance, and protection from legal and social discrimination.

The phenomenon of marriages between Indonesian citizens (WNI) and refugees represents a complex legal challenge due to the absence of specific regulations governing such relationships. This study examines the legal protection for Indonesian citizens who become victims of manipulative marriages by refugees, employing a normative juridical approach with statutory and conceptual methods. The research analyses primary legal materials, including the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, and Presidential Regulation Number 125 of 2016 concerning the Handling of Refugees from Abroad. The findings reveal that Indonesian national law does not specifically regulate marriages between Indonesian citizens and refugees or asylum seekers, creating a significant legal vacuum (rechtsvacuum) that renders such relationships vulnerable to abuse, violence, and legal uncertainty. Furthermore, the state's responsibility in protecting Indonesian citizen victims of manipulative marriages by refugees has not been optimally implemented, despite constitutional and juridical foundations requiring protection from all forms of violence, discrimination, and exploitation. The study recommends the formulation of specific regulations addressing marriages between Indonesian citizens and refugees, strengthening the role of victim protection institutions, and establishing inter-agency coordination systems, including international organisations such as UNHCR and IOM, to prevent abuse and strengthen law enforcement mechanisms.

Digital transformation has significantly reshaped human resource management (HRM) through the adoption of Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS), artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, e-learning platforms, and remote work technologies. Although these innovations improve efficiency and decision-making, they also generate ethical challenges related to data privacy, algorithmic bias, transparency, and employee monitoring. This article examines the role of professional ethics in HRM within the context of digital transformation, highlighting both emerging challenges and potential opportunities. This study employs a conceptual research approach supported by a comprehensive literature review of scholarly works on HRM, professional ethics, and digitalization. The analysis focuses on core ethical principles such as integrity, fairness, responsibility, professionalism, and confidentiality, and evaluates their implementation in digital HR practices. The findings indicate that unethical use of digital technologies may lead to discrimination, reduced employee trust, and violations of individual rights, particularly through biased AI-based recruitment systems and opaque performance evaluation mechanisms. However, digital transformation also offers opportunities to strengthen ethical HR governance. The use of ethical data management, algorithmic audits, digital transparency, and e-learning-based ethics training can enhance accountability and fairness in HR processes. The study concludes that integrating professional ethics with digital HRM is essential for developing human-centered, sustainable, and trustworthy organizations in the digital era.

The novel "Woman at Point Zero" is a novel that predominantly draws on psychological elements. The purpose of this study is to describe: (1) the relationship between theme and character through action, (2) the relationship between theme and character's thoughts, and (3) the relationship between theme and character's feelings. This study uses a qualitative approach. The method used is descriptive analysis. The data consists of linguistic units such as sentences, phrases, and paragraphs related to character's actions, thoughts, and feelings. The data source is the novel "Woman at Point Zero," published by the Obor Indonesia Foundation in 2006. The conclusion of this study is that the theme influenced by action determines humans as supreme beings, the theme influenced by dominant thoughts determines humans as social beings, and the theme's relationship with feelings determines humans as individual beings. This novel depicts the dark side faced by Egyptian women amidst Arab culture steeped in patriarchal values. Women still experience unequal rights and never receive the same rights as men. As in Arab societies, patriarchal culture is one of the foundations of debate over women's status in society, and it continues to generate conflict. The lack of guaranteed women's rights, political freedom, and the hierarchical constraints of husbands leave women disadvantaged in all aspects of life, experiencing discrimination, violence, and poverty.

Body shaming and physical discrimination are significant issues affecting adolescents' psychological development. Adolescents who experience negative treatment related to their physical appearance often face low self-esteem, stress, and social isolation. This article discusses the implementation of multicultural counseling as an effective intervention strategy to address these problems. Multicultural counseling emphasizes understanding cultural differences, values, and social norms that influence perceptions of the body and appearance. This approach involves self-reflection techniques, group discussions, role-playing, and personal experience narratives to enhance self-awareness, empathy, and adolescents’ ability to cope with body shaming and physical discrimination. In addition, counselors provide education on social stereotypes, beauty standards, and the importance of inclusion, helping adolescents develop adaptive coping mechanisms. Research findings indicate that multicultural counseling can reduce negative psychological impacts, increase self-acceptance, and promote tolerance toward physical diversity. The implementation of this counseling is essential for creating social environments that support adolescents’ mental and emotional development. This article offers practical contributions for counselors, educators, and psychology practitioners in designing multicultural-based interventions that are sensitive to issues of body shaming and physical discrimination

The era of globalization has introduced new dynamics in the practice of citizenship and the protection of human rights (HR), both at national and international levels. The background of this study stems from the increasing flow of migration, the rapid development of information technology, and the interconnectedness of global economic and political systems, all of which challenge the traditional concept of citizenship and mechanisms for protecting HR. The aim of this research is to analyze the relevance of citizenship in the context of globalization and to examine the effectiveness of human rights protection in addressing cross-border issues. The method employed is a literature study with a qualitative-descriptive approach, drawing on academic sources, international legal instruments, and national regulations concerning citizenship and HR. The findings indicate that globalization expands the scope of citizen participation, but simultaneously creates new vulnerabilities, such as discrimination against migrants, weak digital protection, and gaps in access to justice. On the other hand, international legal instruments and the role of transnational organizations have shown potential in strengthening protection, although their implementation still faces challenges at the domestic level. In conclusion, citizenship in the globalization era is no longer limited to a legal-formal identity, but also encompasses universal rights that demand states to enhance global collaboration, regulatory harmonization, and policy innovation in human rights protection.