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Digital literacy is an essential competency that secondary school students must possess to face the rapid development of technology in the digital era. However, many students still lack adequate understanding of basic information technology concepts, digital security, and the responsible use of technology. This community service activity aimed to improve students' digital literacy through a basic information technology introduction program. The methods employed included preliminary observation, pre-test administration, educational sessions, hands-on practice, discussions, and evaluation through post-tests. The training materials covered computer hardware and software fundamentals, effective internet usage, digital security, and ethical behavior in digital environments. The results indicated a significant improvement in students’ knowledge and digital skills after participating in the program. Students became more capable of accessing, evaluating, and utilizing digital information critically while understanding the importance of cybersecurity and ethical technology use. Furthermore, the high level of participant engagement demonstrated that the program was relevant to students’ needs in today's digital society. Therefore, the basic information technology introduction program proved effective in enhancing digital literacy among secondary school students and can serve as a strategic initiative to prepare young generations to adapt to technological advancements and future digital challenges. Community Service, Digital Education, Digital Literacy, Information Technology, Secondary School

This study aims to analyze the reconceptualization of national security in the digital era through the case of the 2021 Facebook data breach involving 533 million users across 106 countries. As digital technologies become increasingly integrated into governance, economic activities, and social interactions, cyber threats have emerged as a significant challenge to contemporary security frameworks. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach using library research methods, drawing upon academic literature, official reports, and relevant policy documents. The findings indicate that national security has evolved from a traditional military-centered concept toward a broader and multidimensional framework that includes cyber threats as a form of non-traditional security challenge. The Facebook data breach demonstrates how cyber threats transcend geographical boundaries, involve complex attribution problems, and generate multidimensional impacts on individuals, societies, economies, and states. Through the lens of Securitization Theory developed by Buzan, Wæver, and de Wilde (1998), the incident illustrates how data security has become securitized as a matter of national and international concern. Furthermore, the Human Security framework proposed by UNDP (1994) highlights the vulnerability of individuals whose personal information becomes exposed in the digital environment. This study concludes that cybersecurity should be recognized as a fundamental pillar of national security in the digital age, requiring comprehensive strategies that integrate technological resilience, data protection regulations, human resource development, and international cooperation.

Recent Internet of Things (IoT) intrusion detection studies have reported near-perfect benchmark performance for Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) detection, yet limited attention has been given to understanding how different traffic representations contribute to the detection process under highly imbalanced traffic conditions. This study presents an ablation-driven analysis to investigate the contribution of statistical and temporal representations for large-scale IoT DDoS detection using the CICIoT2023 dataset. Three experimental scenarios are evaluated, including statistical representation, temporal sequence representation, and hybrid statistical–temporal representation. Temporal representations are learned using a one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1D-CNN) with lag-based traffic sequences, while ensemble tree-based classifiers are employed for final classification and representation analysis. In addition, multiple ablation configurations are designed to evaluate the impact of temporal dependency modeling and feature engineering strategies on detection performance. Experimental results show that statistical traffic representations remain highly effective for DDoS detection on CICIoT2023, achieving 99.36% accuracy and 99.31% weighted F1-score in the statistical representation scenario. Feature importance analysis further indicates that engineered statistical features contribute substantially more to the classification process than CNN-based temporal representations. Although temporal modeling captures sequential traffic behavior, its contribution is relatively limited and mainly acts as a complementary representation. Furthermore, the hybrid configuration produces only marginal improvements over the statistical representation alone. These findings highlight the importance of representation-level analysis for understanding the actual contribution of statistical and temporal modeling in modern IoT intrusion detection systems beyond relying solely on benchmark accuracy.

This study aims to analyze the state of cybersecurity and examine the implementation of risk management strategies at the Communication and Informatics Office of North Sumatra Province. The study employed a qualitative approach with descriptive methods, using interviews and documentation as data collection techniques. Interviews were conducted with three informants directly involved in cybersecurity management. The results indicate that the implementation of cybersecurity risk management has been carried out systematically through the stages of risk identification, analysis, evaluation, handling, and monitoring, supported by the use of a risk register and the Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) cycle approach within the Information Security Management System framework. Risk assessments are conducted based on the level of impact and likelihood to determine priority for handling. The implemented mitigation strategies include risk control, avoidance, and transfer, with a focus on high-level risks. However, implementation still faces obstacles such as limited human resources, suboptimal internal policies, and a lack of support systems. Therefore, strengthening is needed through improving human resource competency, refining policies, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation to enhance the effectiveness of risk management and cybersecurity resilience.

The increasing complexity and scale of modern network traffic driven by IoT and cloud-based infrastructures have made accurate intrusion detection a critical challenge. Conventional network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) and many deep learning–based approaches struggle to reliably detect minority and stealthy attacks due to severe class imbalance and limited discrimination of subtle traffic patterns. To address these limitations, this study proposes a hybrid CNN–RBF–Attention framework for network intrusion detection. The proposed model integrates three complementary components: (i) a convolutional neural network for hierarchical feature extraction from network flow data, (ii) a radial basis function (RBF) network for localized nonlinear classification using prototype-based decision regions, and (iii) an attention mechanism that adaptively weights RBF activations to emphasize discriminative traffic patterns. SMOTE is applied exclusively to the training data to mitigate class imbalance. The framework is evaluated on the widely used CICIDS2017 and CICIDS2018 benchmark datasets in both binary and multiclass settings, using recall, precision, F1-score, confusion matrices, and ROC analysis. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid model consistently outperforms standalone CNN and RBF baselines, particularly in terms of recall and F1-score. On the CICIDS2018 dataset, the model achieves 99.81% accuracy and 99.81% F1-score in binary classification, and 99.54% accuracy and 99.54% F1-score in multiclass classification. On CICIDS2017, it achieves 98.12% accuracy and 98.12% F1-score in binary classification, and 98.92% accuracy and 98.92% F1-score in multiclass classification. Confusion matrix and ROC analyses further show strong class separability and reliable performance in low–false-positive-rate regions, which is critical for real-world IDS deployment. These results confirm that combining deep hierarchical feature learning, localized prototype-based classification, and attention-guided refinement yields a robust, operationally reliable intrusion detection framework for highly imbalanced network environments.

The increasing complexity and scale of modern cybersecurity threats necessitate the development of advanced systems capable of efficiently detecting, analyzing, and mitigating incidents in real time. This paper proposes an automated framework for digital forensics and incident response that leverages big data analytics and real time network traffic profiling. The framework integrates cutting-edge technologies, including Apache Spark for real time data processing and Hadoop for scalable data storage, combined with machine learning models like LSTM and Autoencoders to detect anomalies and threats in network traffic. By automating the process of incident detection and response, this framework significantly reduces the time required to identify threats and improves the accuracy of forensic evidence correlation across heterogeneous network environments. The study highlights the advantages of using machine learning models and big data tools to address the limitations of traditional manual and semi-automated systems, which often struggle to keep pace with large-scale data generation. Testing results demonstrate that the proposed framework can handle large data volumes efficiently, providing real time, actionable insights with significantly reduced response times. Additionally, the framework improves forensic analysis by enabling the correlation of evidence from different devices and protocols, making it more effective than traditional methods in identifying the root cause of security incidents. However, challenges related to data heterogeneity, scalability, and system integration were encountered during testing. The proposed framework holds promise for significantly enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of cybersecurity operations, with future work focusing on further integration of advanced AI techniques and machine learning models for dynamic and adaptive incident response.

This study analyzes online fraud as one of the most common forms of cybercrime in Indonesia, which has expanded alongside rapid advances in information and communication technology. These crimes utilize digital platforms such as social media, online marketplaces, and fraudulent websites to deceive victims for unlawful financial gain. The research aims to examine online fraud from a criminological perspective by identifying its causes, patterns, and relevance to routine activity theory and differential association theory. A normative juridical method is employed, using statutory, conceptual, and case-based approaches, with qualitative and descriptive analysis. The findings show that online fraud reflects a shift from conventional fraud to digital-based crimes, driven by low public awareness of cybersecurity, easy access to technology, and weak online supervision. Several fraud schemes were identified, including online investment scams, phishing, and identity impersonation. This study highlights the need for an integrated approach that goes beyond law enforcement by emphasizing digital literacy, public education, and cross-sector collaboration to reduce cybercrime in Indonesia.

This community service program aims to improve digital literacy among residents of Sentang Urban Village, Kisaran Timur Subdistrict, Asahan Regency. The main issues addressed include low public awareness of safe and healthy internet usage and the risks of data misuse, hoaxes, and cyberbullying. A participatory counseling method was employed, involving residents directly in discussions, simulations, and digital security practices. The results show a significant increase in participants’ understanding of digital ethics, cybersecurity, and wise internet usage. Additionally, the activity led to the formation of a new social institution called the Internet Safety Awareness Group (KWSIS), which serves as a community-based educational forum. These findings indicate that participatory approaches are effective in fostering digital literacy-based social change.

The rapid development of information and communication technology has driven the transformation of human activities into the digital realm, making cyber law regulation an essential need to govern activities in the virtual world. This research discusses the comparison of cyber law regulations in Indonesia and Singapore, specifically the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE) and the Cybersecurity Act as well as the Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act (POFMA), focusing on legal philosophy, enforcement mechanisms, and the protection of freedom of expression. A normative legal research method with a comparative approach is used to analyze the normative context, law enforcement implementation, and the social impacts of both regulations. The research findings indicate that Indonesia adopts a repressive legal approach with fragmented enforcement and challenges related to digital literacy, which leads to potential restrictions on freedom of expression. In contrast, Singapore applies a risk-based regulatory framework with centralized coordination and a more adaptive mitigation approach, aiming to balance content control with the protection of human rights. This research recommends reforms and strengthening of cyber law regulations in Indonesia to improve law enforcement effectiveness and ensure proportional freedom of expression in the digital era.

The utilization of Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) by Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia has an important role in encouraging digitalization of transactions and improving financial recording and reporting. The background of this study is the need for MSMEs to adapt to the development of digital payment technology, especially in the midst of accelerated digitization triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although QRIS provides various benefits, such as ease of transactions and automatic recording, there are still a number of obstacles such as limited digital literacy, uneven infrastructure, and concerns related to cybersecurity, especially in remote areas. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach to SMEs that have adopted QRIS in several regions in Indonesia. Data were collected through field observations, and documentation studies related to the use of QRIS in business activities. Data analysis was conducted thematically to explore in-depth understanding of the experiences, challenges, and benefits felt by MSME actors in the use of QRIS. The results showed that QRIS makes it easier for MSMEs to process payments and automatic digital transaction recording, thereby increasing the accuracy and transparency of financial statements. However, limited access to electricity, digital devices, and digital security literacy are significant barriers to optimal implementation of QRIS. The security aspect of digital transactions is an important concern for MSMEs, who need further education and technical support. Thus, strengthening digital literacy, improving infrastructure, and strict cybersecurity regulations are urgently needed to encourage wider and inclusive adoption of QRIS among MSMEs in Indonesia.

This study analyzes the impact of implementing Indonesia’s Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law) on cybersecurity in the e-business sector. Using a normative qualitative approach through literature analysis, this research examines the regulation’s implications for technical infrastructure, compliance procedures, and human resource capacity development within e-business operations. The findings indicate that although the PDP Law provides a comprehensive legal framework and human-centered principles for personal data protection, its implementation faces technical, operational, and economic challenges, particularly for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). These challenges include limited security infrastructure, lack of technical expertise, and high investment costs. Nevertheless, adopting strategies such as multi-layer security architecture, zero-trust security model, privacy by design, and strengthening human resource capacity can enhance consumer trust, industry credibility, and the global competitiveness of Indonesia’s e-business sector. This study contributes to the literature by bridging the gap between personal data protection regulation and cybersecurity practices while offering strategic recommendations for both business actors and regulators.

The development of information and communication technology (ICT), particularly the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data, has transformed Indonesia's national security threat landscape. Threats that previously focused on traditional military aspects have now shifted to non-traditional cyber threats, such as cyberattacks, digital espionage, and infrastructure sabotage. According to PROXSIS IT GRC data, in 2024, more than 19 million cyberattacks were recorded against websites in Indonesia. While this figure is a decrease compared to the previous year, this trend is thought to reflect a shift towards more structured and organized tactics by threat actors. In response, the Indonesian government established the National Cybersecurity Action Plan 2024–2028 as a strategic guideline. Furthermore, cyber diplomacy is being promoted through bilateral and multilateral cooperation, for example through the signing of memorandums of understanding (MoUs) with the UK and Kaspersky. This cooperation includes the exchange of intelligence information, strengthening human resource capacity, raising public awareness regarding cybersecurity, and protecting critical information infrastructure. This study uses non-traditional security theory and defense diplomacy to analyze the strategies, challenges, and prospects of Indonesia's cyber policy. The analysis demonstrates that cyber defense diplomacy plays a crucial role as an instrument for integrating technology, regulation, and international collaboration in safeguarding digital sovereignty. In addition to strengthening threat detection and mitigation capabilities, this diplomacy also builds networks of trust with partner nations, which is essential amidst the increasing complexity of global threats. Therefore, in the era of digital globalization, full of interconnections, cyber defense diplomacy serves not only as a national protection tool but also as Indonesia's contribution to global cybersecurity stability. This effort prioritizes synergy between technological innovation, law enforcement, and sustainable international cooperation.

The global maritime sector is currently facing complex multidimensional challenges, triggered by global economic dynamics, climate change, supply chain disruptions, and rising cybersecurity threats. In response to these conditions, the National Shipping Academy in collaboration with the Indonesian Maritime Researchers and Lecturers (IMERAL) held a National Seminar with the theme of Technology and Regulation Transformation in Logistics Risk Management. This activity aims to increase the literacy and capacity of academics, students, practitioners, and regulators in facing maritime logistics challenges through the use of digital technology and strengthening regulations. The seminar was held online via the Zoom platform, presenting speakers from a variety of backgrounds, including academics, industry practitioners, and policymakers. The discussion focused on digital transformation strategies in maritime logistics, harmonization of national and international regulations, and strengthening technology-based risk management systems. The results showed a significant increase in participants' understanding of strategic issues in the maritime sector, especially related to the integration of technology and policies in logistics risk management. In addition, this seminar succeeded in forming a collaborative network between stakeholders, opening up opportunities for cross-sector synergy in the development of sustainable maritime solutions. The policy recommendations compiled from the results of the discussion include the need to accelerate port digitalization, increase the capacity of maritime human resources, and the preparation of regulations adaptive to global dynamics. This activity emphasizes that cross-sector collaboration is an effective strategy in strengthening Indonesia's maritime competitiveness, as well as building national logistics resilience amid global uncertainty.

The rapid development of information and communication technology has brought significant changes to social, economic, and political life in Indonesia. However, the complex and rapidly changing dynamics of cyberspace present major challenges in statute, personal data protection, disinformation, and cybersecurity. Unfortunately, the existing regulatory framework is still sectoral and has not yet responded holistically to the various digital issues that arise. This fragmented approach often leads to overlapping authorities, inconsistent enforcement, and gaps in addressing emerging cyber threats. Therefore, the establishment of the National Digital Commission is urgently needed as an independent institution tasked with coordinating, formulating, and overseeing digital policies in an integrated and systematic manner. This commission should consist of multidisciplinary experts in law, technology, and public policy, ensuring balanced perspectives in policy formulation. In addition, it should serve as a bridge between the government, the private sector, and civil society to facilitate inclusive and transparent digital governance. The National Digital Commission is expected to ensure cyberspace governance that is responsive to technological developments while maintaining digital resilience. It must also actively promote digital literacy, ethical online behavior, and responsible use of social media platforms to combat hoaxes and hate speech. Furthermore, the commission must strengthen Indonesia’s cybersecurity infrastructure to protect national interests and uphold the rights of its citizens in the digital space. By creating a unified regulatory framework and robust oversight mechanism, Indonesia can build a safer and more democratic digital ecosystem. This effort is essential in reinforcing accountability, defending cybersecurity, advancing democracy, ensuring governance, and safeguarding innovation in the face of rapid digital transformation.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Denpasar City have a strategic role in the regional economy, particularly through job creation and contributions to local income. Despite their potential, many MSMEs still encounter challenges in financial management, which can hinder their development and sustainability. The emergence of information technology offers solutions, including cloud-based accounting systems that provide convenience, efficiency, flexibility, and accessibility—features that are especially beneficial for small business actors. This study aims to explore the factors that influence MSMEs’ interest in adopting cloud accounting systems in Denpasar City. The research uses a quantitative method with a survey approach involving MSME actors who currently use or have the potential to use cloud accounting. The independent variables in this study include personal ability, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and perceived data security risk, while the dependent variable is the interest in using cloud accounting systems. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression to determine the effect of each factor on the dependent variable. The results show that personal ability, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness have a positive and significant influence on MSMEs’ interest in adopting cloud accounting systems. In contrast, perceived security risk has a negative and significant effect, indicating that concerns about data privacy and cyber threats may hinder the adoption of this technology. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of technology acceptance among MSMEs and highlight the importance of strengthening digital competencies, improving user-friendly system design, and enhancing cybersecurity measures. These insights are expected to support government and developers in formulating appropriate strategies to accelerate digital transformation within the MSME sector, especially in the context of financial technology. The implementation of such strategies can improve business performance and competitiveness among MSMEs in Denpasar and beyond.

This community service activity aims to improve the digital literacy of students at SMK Negeri 1 Pancur Batu through basic cybersecurity training. The background of this program stems from the students' low awareness of cyber risks such as phishing, data misuse, and weak digital account management. The method used was a participatory educational approach through training sessions, simulations, and group discussions. The results showed a 42% increase in students’ cybersecurity knowledge based on pre-test and post-test evaluations. Furthermore, behavioral changes were observed, including increased awareness of using strong passwords and the formation of a student cybersecurity group as change agents within the school environment. This activity demonstrates that participatory cybersecurity training can significantly enhance students’ awareness and digital skills.

Indonesia's digital transformation has accelerated dramatically, creating unprecedented opportunities alongside significant cybersecurity challenges. This article examines the current state (das sein) and normative expectations (das sollen) of Indonesia's cybersecurity and data protection legal framework through a comprehensive normative legal analysis. The study reveals critical gaps in existing legislation, particularly the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (UU ITE). It evaluates the potential impact of emerging regulatory frameworks, including the Draft Law on Personal Data Protection (RUU PDP). Using normative legal research methodology, this analysis draws from statutory regulations, policy documents, and comparative legal studies to assess Indonesia's legal preparedness for evolving cyber threats. The findings indicate that while foundational legal instruments exist, significant normative reforms are required to address sophisticated cybercrime, protect individual privacy rights, and maintain national digital security. The research concludes with actionable recommendations for legislative enhancement, institutional strengthening, and public-private collaboration to establish a robust, adaptive cybersecurity legal regime that meets international standards while addressing Indonesia's unique socio-legal context.

The rapid use of the internet in public spaces increases the need for free connectivity, such as public Wi-Fi. However, the low digital literacy of the community makes them vulnerable to various cyber attacks such as data theft, malware distribution, and man-in-the-middle attacks. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of socialization activities as a means of increasing awareness of network security in rural communities. The activities were carried out in Darmakradenan Village, Grumbul Karangpucung using a participatory method based on direct education. The results showed an increase in public understanding of public network threats and preventive measures such as the use of VPNs and network security verification. This study shows that community-based socialization is effective in building a safe and wise digital culture at the local level.

In the contemporary era, advancements in innovation and technological readiness have become fundamental elements in national security and defense strategies. This is because modern warfare has evolved from conventional physical conflicts to battles that encompass the domains of information, cybersecurity, and technological supremacy. In an effort to build a strong, sophisticated, and autonomous defense system, a nation needs to prioritize reducing dependency on other countries through achieving independence in the provision of Main Weapon System Tools (Alutsista). The Naval Technology College (STTAL) plays a vital role in advancing research activities and producing high-quality human resources as a long-term defense investment capital that can be optimized by the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL). This study examines the impact of innovation and integrated technological readiness in STTAL's research outcomes on the achievement of TNI AL's defense equipment independence. The research methodology employs a quantitative approach with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis techniques using the SmartPLS 4 application. The study involves four key variables: Innovation (X1, Z), Technological Readiness (X2), STTAL Research Outcomes (Y1), and TNI AL Defense Equipment Independence (Y2). The research findings reveal that: (1) the innovation variable has a significant impact on STTAL's research outcomes with an effect magnitude of 0.065, (2) the technology readiness variable shows a very significant influence on STTAL's research outcomes with an effect magnitude of 0.874, (3) there is a significant mediating effect of technology readiness through innovation as a mediator on STTAL's research outcomes with an effect magnitude of 0.026, and (4) STTAL's research outcomes have a very significant impact on the independence of the TNI AL's defense equipment with an effect magnitude of 1.318.

The advancement of digital technology has made cyberspace a new arena for international conflict. The Lazarus Group, a hacking group allegedly affiliated with the North Korean government, has come to global attention for its involvement in numerous large-scale cyberattacks targeting financial institutions, global corporations, and public infrastructure. This study aims to analyze the group's operational patterns, strategic motives, and its implications for global cybersecurity. Using a qualitative approach and document analysis, the study investigates how Lazarus represents North Korea's strategy to counter international isolation and gain economic advantage. The results show that the international community's response to state actor threats in cyberspace is fragmented and ineffective. Therefore, a stronger and more coordinated multilateral framework is needed to respond to cyber threats from state actors.