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Correctional institutions impose sustained psychological burdens on inmates, including social isolation, fractured family bonds, and disrupted identity development, which collectively heighten the risk of mental health deterioration. Unlike preventive psychoeducational approaches, group counseling operates as a curative, therapeutically structured service that enables participants to process shared difficulties through interpersonal dynamics. This community service study implemented group counseling within a Participatory Action Research (PAR) framework involving 50 early adult inmates at Lapas Kelas III Rangkasbitung. PAR was operationalized as an implementation framework in which each counseling cluster cycle followed the Plan-Act-Observe-Reflect sequence, enabling iterative refinement of therapeutic content. Pre-service needs assessment using the Alat Ungkap Masalah (AUM) Umum Masyarakat instrument identified dominant problems in family relations (13.33%), personal self (12.97%), and social relations (10.76%). Group counseling was conducted across three thematic clusters. Program evaluation revealed improvements in social interaction, self-acceptance, and emotional regulation among participants, with the PAR reflective cycle enabling context responsive adaptation of each session. These findings affirm that PAR-grounded group counseling constitutes a contextually adaptive model for psychosocial rehabilitation in correctional settings.

Female inmates are vulnerable to various psychological challenges that may affect their psychological well-being, particularly their autonomy. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy in improving the autonomy of female inmates at the Class IIA Women’s Correctional Institution in Tangerang. A pre-experimental method with a one-group pretest–double posttest design was employed. The participants consisted of nine female inmates selected based on low to moderate levels of mindfulness and psychological well-being. Data were collected using the autonomy dimension of the Psychological well-being Scale and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). The results showed a significant increase in autonomy scores from pretest to posttest t(8) = -5.933, p < .001). The average N-Gain score was 0.50, indicating a moderate level of effectiveness. These findings suggest that mindfulness therapy was effective in enhancing the autonomy of female inmates. The results were further supported by participants’ worksheets, which indicated improvements in their ability to consider the consequences of their actions, regulate their emotions, and make decisions more independently.

Overcapacity in Correctional Institutions is a structural problem that is still a serious challenge in the correctional system in Indonesia. This condition is characterized by the number of inmates that far exceeds the ideal capacity, resulting in a decrease in the quality of coaching, health services, and security. This study aims to analyze the factors that cause overcapacity in prisons and the impact they have on the effectiveness of the correctional system. The method used is a normative juridical approach supported by empirical data from relevant agency reports. The results of the study show that the main factors causing overcapacity include the high crime rate, criminal policies that are still oriented towards prison sentences, and limited correctional facilities and infrastructure. The impact of overcapacity is very felt in the implementation of inmate development. Crowded housing conditions also increase conflicts between inmates, the spread of infectious diseases, and violations of basic rights. In addition, the limited number of correctional officers causes supervision to not run optimally and has the potential to trigger deviant practices in prisons. Therefore, it is necessary to reformulate penal policies through the optimization of non-prison penal alternatives, institutional capacity building, and strengthening rehabilitation and social reintegration programs to realize a more humane and just correctional system.

Law Number 11 of 2012 emphasizes restorative justice, diversion, and the protection and fulfillment of children’s rights within the juvenile justice system. In addition, Law Number 22 of 2022 highlights the importance of guidance and assistance aimed at supporting the social reintegration of children in conflict with the law. However, the implementation of these legal provisions at the Class I Correctional Center (Bapas) in Banda Aceh has not been fully effective due to several challenges, including the limited number of officers, inadequate initial assistance, and constraints in reporting and inter-institutional coordination. This study aims to analyze the implementation of assistance provided to juvenile correctional clients at Bapas Class I Banda Aceh and identify factors affecting its effectiveness. The research employs an empirical juridical method with descriptive qualitative analysis based on interviews, documentation, and legal literature. The findings reveal that assistance has been provided throughout all judicial stages, including pre-adjudication, adjudication, and post-adjudication processes. These activities involve community research, assistance during diversion and court proceedings, and post-verdict guidance. Nevertheless, implementation remains suboptimal due to internal factors such as limited Community Advisors and heavy workloads, as well as external factors including insufficient family support, limited community acceptance, and weak coordination between institutions. These issues affect the effectiveness of assistance and hinder children’s successful social reintegration.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of rehabilitation at the investigation stage for drug abuse cases and the integrated assessment mechanism in influencing decisions to continue or terminate legal proceedings against drug users in Samarinda City. Drug abuse remains a serious issue in Indonesia, with more than 60% of inmates in correctional institutions being convicted of narcotics-related crimes. This condition indicates that conventional punitive approaches have not been effective in reducing drug abuse; therefore, the application of rehabilitative legal policies, as stipulated in Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics and Supreme Court Circular Letter (SEMA) Number 04 of 2010, is necessary. This research employs a socio-legal research method with a qualitative approach, conducted through in-depth interviews with investigators at the Samarinda City Police (Polresta Samarinda) and officers at the National Narcotics Agency (BNN) of Samarinda, as well as a literature review of relevant laws and legal materials. The findings reveal that the implementation of rehabilitation at the investigation stage in Samarinda City has not been fully effective, due to limited resources, lack of inter-agency coordination, and the persistence of a repressive paradigm in handling narcotics cases.

The handling of children involved in narcotics crimes requires a restorative approach focused on rehabilitation rather than punishment. This study aims to examine the role of police investigators in applying restorative justice to child offenders in narcotics cases and to identify the obstacles encountered in its implementation. This research employs a normative legal research method with statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary legal materials include Law Number 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, and Chief of Police Regulation Number 8 of 2021. The findings show that investigators play a strategic role in facilitating diversion, including conducting initial assessments, facilitating diversion deliberations, and coordinating with supporting institutions such as the Correctional Center (Bapas), National Narcotics Agency (BNN), and Social Services. However, implementation remains suboptimal due to internal constraints, including inadequate training and understanding among investigators, limited facilities such as child-friendly rooms and mediation spaces, regulatory disharmony between the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law and the Narcotics Law, weak inter-agency coordination, and lack of support from families and communities. Post-diversion monitoring is also ineffective. This study concludes that strengthening investigator capacity through specialized training, improving legal frameworks through regulatory harmonization, and enhancing inter-agency collaboration are essential to ensure restorative justice truly serves the best interests of children.

The right to health is a fundamental human right that remains inherent to prisoners. This study aims to examine the legal protection of prisoners' right to health care as regulated in Law Number 22 of 2022 on Corrections, as well as its implementation in correctional institutions. The research uses a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings show that Law Number 22 of 2022 formally guarantees prisoners' access to health services, including mental health care and special protection for vulnerable groups such as women, the elderly, and persons with disabilities. Key provisions in Articles 10, 11, 12, and 14 establish the state's obligation to provide adequate health services equivalent to community standards. However, in practice, the realization of this right faces several obstacles including: (1) overcapacity of correctional facilities exceeding 180% of ideal capacity, (2) limited medical personnel with many institutions lacking permanent doctors, (3) inadequate health facilities and medicine supplies, (4) complicated referral procedures causing delays in emergency treatment, and (5) insufficient budget allocation. Strengthening technical regulations, improving infrastructure, enhancing cross-sectoral collaboration, and implementing effective oversight mechanisms are essential to ensure effective protection of prisoners' health rights as mandated by the constitution and international human rights standards.

The Professional Work Lecture (KKP) at the Makassar Class I Prison aims to support the process of fostering Correctional Assisted Citizens (WBP) through recreational activities based on fun games. This program was implemented in response to the condition of WBPs who often experience boredom, psychological stress, and limitations in positive activities during the coaching period. This study uses a descriptive approach with data collection techniques in the form of questionnaires, observations, and interviews involving 30 WBPs, to identify needs and evaluate the impact of the implementation of activities. Fun games activities are carried out through several stages, namely planning, preparation, implementation, and evaluation, by adjusting the conditions and rules that apply in the prison environment. The results of the implementation show that this activity is able to create a more positive atmosphere, increase a sense of togetherness, and help WBP in expressing and managing emotions in a healthier way. The results of the post-activity survey showed that 19 WBPs stated that they were very satisfied and 18 WBPs felt very happy after participating in fun games. Thus, fun games activities have proven to be effective as a coaching strategy that supports the improvement of the psychological welfare of WBP and can be used as an alternative to non-formal coaching programs in correctional institutions.

This study aims to analyze the sustainability strategies of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) programs through inmate empowerment at Class I Correctional Institutions in Malang and Surabaya. The MSME program is positioned not only as a form of self-reliance training but also as a means of social and economic rehabilitation for inmates. The research employs a qualitative case study approach with data collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The study applies the Triple Bottom Line theory (profit, people, planet) by Elkington and Porter's competitive advantage theory as analytical frameworks. The findings indicate that each institution applies unique sustainability strategies with distinct advantages and limitations. Lapas Malang emphasizes agriculture-based production but faces challenges in market access and technology. In contrast, Lapas Surabaya benefits from industrial partnerships, yet heavily relies on a single partner. The implementation of sustainability strategies—covering economic, social, and environmental dimensions—shows varying degrees of effectiveness depending on structural support and stakeholder involvement. The study concludes that MSME sustainability in correctional settings requires integrated multidimensional strategies, long-term partnerships, and inmate empowerment aligned with socio-economic developments.

The provision of food for inmates is part of the fulfillment of fundamental human rights as regulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 40 of 2017. However, in its implementation, various problems are still found that require in-depth study to reconstruct the existing system to be more effective in realizing the fulfillment of human rights. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 40 of 2017 in fulfilling human rights in correctional institutions and to formulate an ideal legal reconstruction of the provision of food for inmates to realize the fulfillment of human rights in the future. This study uses a normative legal research method with primary legal materials (legislation related to the provision of food in prisons), secondary (books, journals), and tertiary (legal dictionaries). The analysis was carried out qualitatively to examine the implementation of the policy and formulate an ideal legal reconstruction. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of Permenkumham No. 40/2017 still faces various obstacles including budget constraints, inadequate infrastructure, limited competent human resources, and a less than optimal supervision system. The ideal legal reconstruction includes strengthening the legal basis, developing a sustainable funding system, improving HR competency standards, developing an integrated monitoring system, and utilizing information technology in food management to realize the fulfillment of human rights for correctional inmates.

This study discusses the implementation of personality development management for inmates at Kotabumi Class IIA Penitentiary as part of the correctional system in Indonesia, emphasizing rehabilitation and social reintegration rather than just punishment. The effectiveness of the development program remains a fundamental issue, particularly due to limited staff, inadequate facilities, and overcrowding. This research aims to describe the implementation of personality development and analyze the application of management functions, such as planning, organizing, leadership, and controlling, in its implementation. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews with staff and inmates, and document study. The results show that personality development has been implemented through religious activities, arts, and sports, but still faces structural and functional barriers, such as a lack of facilitators, limited counseling spaces, insufficient teaching materials, and weak ongoing evaluation. According to George C. Edwards III’s policy implementation theory, significant obstacles were found in communication, resource availability, and rigid bureaucratic structure. The findings indicate that although the development program is running, its effectiveness remains suboptimal. This study concludes that strengthening managerial aspects, improving staff capacity, developing supporting facilities, and expanding collaboration with religious and social institutions are necessary to enhance the effectiveness of the program.

Based on research conducted using normative and empirical juridical methods at Class I and IIA Correctional Institutions in Bandar Lampung, the implementation of wage rights for inmates participating in independence development programs as mandated by Law No. 22 of 2022 and Government Regulation No. 32 of 1999 shows that the wage distribution mechanism (50% incentive for inmates, 35% for development funds, and 15% to the state treasury) has been executed through collective labor agreements and an integrated bookkeeping system. The results indicate that over 70% of inmates actively participate in productive activities such as carpentry and handicrafts, with an average wage increase of 15% within one year due to innovations in waste-based craft products. However, productivity varies between activities (85% of target in woodworking versus 60% in sewing) due to raw material constraints, and wage disbursement is delayed by an average of 10 working days because of manual verification procedures and report synchronization. To optimize this system, it is recommended to increase the number of coaching and administrative staff, improve production facilities, digitize bookkeeping and inmate savings accounts, and diversify programs according to local market needs.

The increasing number of rape crimes by child perpetrators is a serious problem that needs to be reviewed in depth, not only from a legal aspect, but also from a criminological perspective that takes into account the child's social, psychological and environmental background. The type of research used is empirical legal research with a descriptive-analytical approach. This study relies on primary data obtained through direct interviews with staff at the Surakarta Correctional Facility and literature reviews of relevant laws and scientific literature. The results of the study indicate that internal factors such as past trauma, psychological disorders, and lack of moral understanding, as well as external factors such as family and social environments and weak supervision, are triggers for children to commit rape. The role of BAPAS Surakarta is proven to be crucial in efforts to provide support, rehabilitation, and social reintegration for children following court rulings. This study is expected to contribute scientifically to efforts to prevent and address sexual violence by children, as well as provide input for the government and correctional institutions in developing policies based on a child protection approach.

The coaching system for drug convicts is carried out in correctional institutions, where Correctional Institutions are a form of criminal punishment (imprisonment). In the rehabilitation process, victims of narcotics abuse are not objects but subjects. Criminal punishment (punishment) is not merely giving suffering to deter, but an element of guidance and coaching with the aim that lawbreakers can realize their mistakes and not repeat their actions again, and can return to society and carry out their social functions properly. The purpose of this study was to find out the concept of fostering convicts through rehabilitation, Implementation of Rehabilitation of Narcotics Prisoners in Lubuk Pakam Class II B Prison, Effectiveness of implementing Narcotics Rehabilitation in Lubuk pakam Class II B. This research is included in the descriptive research with the type of empirical juridical research using qualitative analysis methods.From the results of the research it is known that the concept of rehabilitation in the process of coaching prisoners is aimed not only at the mentality of prisoners but also treating dependence on narcotics themselves so that prisoners can recover physically and mentally. Implementation of rehabilitation is based on the provisions of Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics and several rules for the implementation of rehabilitation, the Implementation of Fehabilitation in the Class IIB Lubuk Pakam Penitentiary includes medical rehabilitation and social rehabilitation. The implementation of medical rehabilitation includes the Health Examination Stage, the Detoxification Stage, the mental and emotional stability stage of the sufferer. While social rehabilitation includes personality development and independence development and the application of medical rehabilitation and social rehabilitation at the Lubuk Pakam Class IIB Penitentiary is quite effective in reducing the repetition rate (recidivist) of convicts who have completed their sentence, convicts who have served a period of detention have recovered from dependence on narcotics, but the environment outside the prison can affect the re-use by inmates.

The main goal in improving the governance of correctional institutions is to realise a clean correctional, but there are obstacles in the process of achieving it. One of them is about the problem of illegal levies that are still raging and rampant in the Penitentiary environment, Pungli (wild levies) not only harms inmates and their families, but becomes one of the inhibiting factors in achieving a clean transformation of corrections.The purpose of this research is to describe and explain the causes and efforts to eradicate illegal levies in the Penitentiary environment in order to realise a prosperous community life. The research method used is research by reviewing literature studies. The data collection technique in this research is carried out by searching and analysing various literature sources such as journals and scientific articles searched through the official website in the form of Google Scholar.The results of the research show that the cause of illegal levy behaviour in the community is due to the inefficiency of providing services to the community and is too complicated, this can be one of the causes of opening a gap for individuals to practice illegal levies. As for the countermeasures that have been carried out by the security parties who are responsible in terms of inj, among others, are carrying out routine patrols.

Prison, is an institution whose existence is inseparable from law enforcement in Indonesia. Unlike prisons, Rutan functions as a temporary detention place for suspects or defendants who are undergoing the trial process.  Currently, almost all prisons and prisons in Indonesia are experiencing an overcrowding crisis  with an overcrowding rate. 92%. This condition is like a time bomb ready to explode. Extreme overcrowding in prisons and prisons has various negative impacts. Overcrowding in  correctional facilities and prisons is a serious problem that must be overcome immediately. The impact is not only on the health and safety of residents, but also on the effectiveness of coaching and the state budget. This study aims to find out and discuss the impact  of overcrowding on class IIB state prison inmates in Ruteng Regency. This research is an empirical legal research or empirical juridical research supported  by a statuecause  approach using primary data and secondary data collected using observation, documentation and interview techniques conducted with 33 informants. The data obtained was processed using editing techniques, data classification, data verification and description after which it was analyzed in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results of the study showed that (1) Overcrowding in Ruteng Class IIB Prison was caused by several interrelated factors. First, the limited capacity of Ruteng Detention Center. Second, the crime rate has increased in three districts. Third, the penal policy is not yet effective. Fourth, the low legal awareness of the public also plays a role in the increase in crime rates. (2) Overcrowding in Ruteng Class IIB Prison has a significant impact on inmates, especially in fulfilling their rights including the right to inmate health, the right to security, and the right to rehabilitation. Social coaching and reintegration programs cannot run effectively due to limited resources and space.

Female prisoners at Class IIA Gowa Correctional Facility face complex psychological challenges, such as guilt, trauma, and social isolation, which have the potential to reduce awareness of the importance of mental health. This community service program aims to increase mental health awareness through an educational and therapeutic approach based on Forgiveness Therapy and Resilience Training. Activities are carried out through three stages: problem identification and coordination with the prison, intervention implementation, and evaluation of results. Participatory methods are used to build active involvement of prisoners, with techniques such as group discussions, positive affirmations, Butterfly Hug, and emotional journal writing. The results showed an increase in participants' understanding of mental health, ability to forgive themselves, and resilience in dealing with life pressures. In conclusion, this intervention is effective in supporting the emotional recovery of prisoners and has the potential to become a model of psychosocial services that can be replicated in other correctional institutions.

Female prisoners at Class IIA Gowa Correctional Facility face complex psychological challenges, such as guilt, trauma, and social isolation, which have the potential to reduce awareness of the importance of mental health. This community service program aims to increase mental health awareness through an educational and therapeutic approach based on Forgiveness Therapy and Resilience Training. Activities are carried out through three stages: problem identification and coordination with the prison, intervention implementation, and evaluation of results. Participatory methods are used to build active involvement of prisoners, with techniques such as group discussions, positive affirmations, Butterfly Hug, and emotional journal writing. The results showed an increase in participants' understanding of mental health, ability to forgive themselves, and resilience in dealing with life pressures. In conclusion, this intervention is effective in supporting the emotional recovery of prisoners and has the potential to become a model of psychosocial services that can be replicated in other correctional institutions.

Children in conflict with the law (ABH) are part of a vulnerable group that requires a special legal approach and social protection. The development of the concept of the juvenile criminal justice system in Indonesia has undergone a significant transformation since the enactment of Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System (SPPA). This law emphasizes the importance of a restorative justice approach and the resolution of juvenile cases from the formal justice system to a more humane and rehabilitative form. The Correctional Center (BAPAS) as an institution tasked with carrying out guidance and supervision of correctional clients including children, plays a central role in this process. Starting from the pre-adjudication, adjudication, to post-adjudication stages, BAPAS is responsible for ensuring that children's rights are protected and children receive guidance in accordance with the principle of the best interest of the child. However, in practice, there are still many challenges in implementing the role of BAPAS. Starting from limited resources, lack of coordination between institutions, to delays in the preparation of community service and child assistance. Therefore, it is necessary to review the effectiveness and challenges in implementing the BAPAS function within the framework of child rehabilitation and reintegration.

The development of self-reliance among correctional inmates faces challenges in terms of surveillance effectiveness and order within correctional institutions. One of the main issues encountered is the lack of an optimal surveillance system, which can hinder the rehabilitation process and increase the risk of rule violations. To address this issue, a socialization program for the installation of additional CCTV cameras in the Self-Reliance Development Room at Banyuwangi Class IIA Correctional Facility was conducted. The program aimed to enhance surveillance effectiveness, create a safer rehabilitation environment, and encourage behavioral changes among inmates. The methods used in this community service project included needs analysis, coordination with correctional authorities, conducting socialization sessions for officers and inmates, and evaluating the impact of CCTV installation. The results indicate that the installation of CCTV contributes to improving inmate discipline, reducing rule violations, and strengthening transparency and accountability in the rehabilitation process. Additionally, this program fosters the emergence of local leaders among inmates who play a role in maintaining order. These findings align with social control and social learning theories, which emphasize that effective surveillance can shape individual behavior and promote compliance with established norms. In conclusion, the implementation of surveillance technology in the correctional system can serve as a strategic step in supporting inmate rehabilitation and social reintegration.