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This study analyzes normative conflicts in the evolution of local government regulations from Law No. 22 of 1999 to Law No. 23 of 2014, along with the changes following the Job Creation Law. The research background is grounded in the phenomenon of policy pendulum swings, which indicate a shift from radical decentralization toward structured centralization, as well as the disruptions caused by the omnibus law approach. The research aims to identify and classify vertical and horizontal normative conflicts and formulate recommendations for regulatory harmonization. The method used is normative legal research with a legislative and conceptual approach, employing Hans Kelsen’s theory of antinomy as an analytical tool. The research findings identified two main forms of normative conflict: first, a vertical conflict between Law No. 22/1999, which advocates for the broadest possible autonomy, and Law No. 23/2014, which strengthens central control through the concepts of absolute affairs and NSPK, creating a paradox of centralization within decentralization. Second, a horizontal conflict following the Job Creation Law, which centralizes regional licensing authority through the OSS system and revives Article 251 regarding the annulment of regional regulations that have been declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court. The implications of this research recommend revising problematic articles and strengthening the role of regions within a just decentralization system.

This study analyzes normative conflicts in the evolution of local government regulations from Law No. 22 of 1999 to Law No. 23 of 2014, along with the changes following the Job Creation Law. The research background is grounded in the phenomenon of policy pendulum swings, which indicate a shift from radical decentralization toward structured centralization, as well as the disruptions caused by the omnibus law approach. The research aims to identify and classify vertical and horizontal normative conflicts and formulate recommendations for regulatory harmonization. The method used is normative legal research with a legislative and conceptual approach, employing Hans Kelsen’s theory of antinomy as an analytical tool. The research findings identified two main forms of normative conflict: first, a vertical conflict between Law No. 22/1999, which advocates for the broadest possible autonomy, and Law No. 23/2014, which strengthens central control through the concepts of absolute affairs and NSPK, creating a paradox of centralization within decentralization. Second, a horizontal conflict following the Job Creation Law, which centralizes regional licensing authority through the OSS system and revives Article 251 regarding the annulment of regional regulations that have been declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court. The implications of this research recommend revising problematic articles and strengthening the role of regions within a just decentralization system.

This study explores the influence of career factors and economic independence on the phenomenon of late marriage in early adult women (aged 25-35 years) in Indonesia, especially in urban areas of North Sumatra such as Medan. Adopting a mixed-methods design, the study involved a quantitative survey of 250 career female respondents (with age criteria above 25 years old, unmarried, and a minimum income of the city UMR) using the Likert scale to measure career priorities as well as the financial independence index, complemented by logistic regression analysis to test causal relationships. Semi-structural interviews with 20 key informants uncovered an in-depth narrative about the trade-offs between professional ambitions (such as job promotion and income stability) and traditional marriage expectations. Key findings show that women with a bachelor's degree and above and an income of 1.5 times UMR tend to postpone marriage until the average age of 31.4 years, driven by the desire to achieve economic independence (regression coefficient β=0.42, p<0.01) as well as the flexibility of living without partner dependence. However, moderator factors such as Batak or Malay cultural pressures in Medan create internal conflicts, with 68% of respondents reporting social stress from family. Theoretically, the results support role conflict theory in modern family dynamics, while implications include recommendations for work-life balance-based pre-marital counseling programs and corporate policies to support high-quality marriages. This research contributes to the Indonesian family relations literature by highlighting the paradigm shift from patriarchal norms towards gender equality.

This study examines the changes in the authority of the Professional Disciplinary Council (Majelis Disiplin Profesi, MDP) under Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health and their implications for legal certainty for medical and health professionals. Although these changes are intended to improve the professional disciplinary system, they have resulted in the centralization of authority under the Ministry of Health, including the appointment of members, institutional formation, and the process of judicial review of MDP decisions. Furthermore, MDP recommendations can now serve as a basis for criminal investigations against medical and health personnel, which contradicts the original function of the MDP as an institution for enforcing ethics and professional discipline based on due process of ethics. This research employs a normative juridical method with a descriptive-analytical and case study approach, supported by expert interviews in health law. Theoretical frameworks used include the Theory of Legal Certainty, the Theory of Human Rights, and the Theory of Legal Protection. Findings indicate that the centralization of authority under the Ministry of Health has created a power imbalance in professional oversight. This has negative implications for legal protection, increasing the risk of conflict of interest, abuse of authority, and weakening legal certainty for medical and health professionals. Therefore, it is necessary to revise Law No. 17 of 2023 and Government Regulation No. 28 of 2024 to restore the independence of the MDP and ensure a proportional redistribution of authority within the health professional oversight system.

This study examines the interplay between administrative ethics and bureaucratic decision-making within the governance landscape of Pulang Pisau Regency through a structured literature analysis. Anchored in the theoretical frameworks of Administrative Ethics Theory, Bureaucratic Decision-Making Theory, and Good Governance, this research synthesizes classical and contemporary scholarly works to identify the determinants, challenges, and institutional dynamics that influence ethical decision processes in local bureaucracy. The method employs a qualitative narrative literature review, involving systematic identification, screening, quality assessment, and thematic extraction of relevant academic sources published in the last two decades. Findings indicate that ethical norms, integrity, organizational culture, leadership morality, and institutional control mechanisms significantly shape the rationality, consistency, and legitimacy of bureaucratic decisions. Furthermore, the literature reveals that external pressures, conflict of interest, inadequate regulatory enforcement, and limited administrative capacity remain persistent barriers to the implementation of ethical governance in regional administrations. The study also highlights the essential role of participatory governance, digitalization, and internal accountability frameworks in strengthening ethical consistency across bureaucratic processes. These insights position administrative ethics as a crucial foundation for promoting transparency, fairness, and public trust in local government institutions. The paper concludes that strengthening administrative ethics requires integrated institutional reforms, long-term commitment, and the internalization of ethical values at both organizational and individual levels. The implications of this research extend to policy formulation, bureaucratic capacity-building, and future empirical studies on ethical governance in decentralized contexts.

Student discipline is a crucial aspect in the world of education that directly affects the effectiveness of the learning process. This study aims to analyze the implications of punishment on student discipline using a behaviorist learning theory approach. In this theory, punishment functions as a consequence that reduces unwanted behavior, while positive reinforcement aims to encourage expected behavior. A case study of Mrs. Supriyani, a teacher accused of committing violence against students, is the focus of this study. The results of the study indicate that punishment given appropriately and consistently can build a deterrent effect and increase student discipline. However, excessive or unfair punishment tends to have negative impacts, such as emotional resistance and damaged teacher-student relationships. To achieve more effective discipline, a combination of educational punishment and positive reinforcement is needed so that students not only understand the bad consequences of violations but are also motivated to demonstrate good behavior. Prospects for further development of this research include the implementation of restorative justice methods in conflict resolution and strengthening the role of teachers as learning facilitators who educate without having to cause fear.

This study analyzes the impact of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law (Perppu) No. 2 Year 2022 on Job Creation, particularly in the plantation sector, on the rights of Masyarakat Hukum Adat (MHA). The initial purpose of this Perppu was to increase investment through simplification of regulations and acceleration of licensing, but the formulation of existing norms and regulations can threaten the existence of MHA. This research is a normative research and uses a legislative approach by analyzing primary and secondary legal materials, and using John Rawls' Theory of Justice and Mochtar Kusumaatmadja's Theory of Development Law. The results show that there are significant changes in the application of Perppu No. 2 Year 2022 on Job Creation compared to Law No. 34 Year 2014 on Plantations, including changes in land area limitations, elimination of environmental permits, and elimination of criminal sanctions related to permits and the environment. The implications of the implementation of this Perppu are that it exacerbates the marginalization of Indigenous Peoples, ignores customary rights, and causes overlapping land tenure, as well as ecosystem and environmental damage. This research suggests several strategic steps: accelerating the inventory of customary land and the granting of customary rights certificates, requiring MHA to be involved in every stage of decision-making through FPIC mechanisms, and passing a special law for MHA. Investment policies should also focus on sustainable development with stricter environmental standards than at present.

The study focuses on the construction conflict of the Bendungan Bener in Desa Wadas. The aim of the study is to provide an overview of the Desa Wadas community as well as to analyze the conflict taking place using conflict theory by Ralf Dahrendorf. This research is carried out using a qualitative approach that aims to provide a description of the theoretical analysis of a phenomenon in a holistic and in-depth manner. Research data is obtained using documentation study techniques and library studies supported by relevant sources. Based on the analysis of Ralf Dahrendorf's conflict theory, the results of this study explain that the Bendungan Bener construction conflict is an inter-class conflict in which the society as an impotent group is harmed and the government as a powerful group has hidden interests. This research can have implications both internally and externally. Internally, this research can be research material for researchers in analyzing inter-class conflict in society. Externally, it can be a reference for relevant parties who have the same subject of research.

This research discusses the impact of EU energy protectionism in the face of global challenges such as the Covid-19 pandemic and the energy crisis due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Those two major events reveal the risks of over-dependence on foreign suppliers and the lack of diversification in the EU supply chain. As a solution, the EU has implemented various policies, including RePowerE, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), and Green Deal Industrial Plan (GDIP), to reduce dependence on energy imports and increase domestic renewable energy production. Through the analysis of neoliberalism and Game Theory approaches, particularly the Prisoner's Dilemma concept, this article explores the implications of protectionist policies on international trade stability. The analysis shows that while protectionist policies can strengthen the EU's energy independence and domestic security, they also have the potential to trigger international trade tensions and protectionist retaliation from other countries.

This research discusses the implications of functional conflict theory reviewing the thoughts of Lewis A. Coser in MIS Al-Azhar Jember. The functional conflict theory perspective in schools does not always have a negative impact, but also has a positive function for students socially. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with data sources obtained through in-depth interviews, documentation and literature study. The observations made by the researcher involve implications for handling strategies based on functional conflict theory. This research aims to find out the implications of functional conflict theory regarding the thoughts of Lewis A. Coser in MIS Al-Azhar Jember. The research results show that there are sources and strategies for handling conflict as well as the implications of functional theory. The results of the collaboration strategy service carried out by the school show that there is cooperation involving both parties participating in resolving the conflict.  

This study aims to explore an in-depth understanding of Kim Ji Young's personality in the film "Kim Ji Young, Born 1982" in the context of patriarchal culture using Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The research method used is a qualitative method using note-taking technique. We used Sigmund Freud's theory, specifically concepts such as id, ego, and superego, to help us understand the inner conflict experienced by the main character. We also analyzed various events in the film that depict Kim Ji Young's experience as a woman in a society dominated by patriarchal values. The results of this study show that Kim Ji Young experiences complex internal conflicts while performing her role as a woman in a patriarchal culture. Freud's theory helps us understand how these conflicts arise and affect her personality. In addition, this study also emphasizes the important role of family environment, society, and childhood experiences in shaping Kim Ji Young's personality. This research has important implications in understanding the role of women in a patriarchal society and how psychoanalytic theory can be used to analyze characters in works of art such as films.

This study aims to explore an in-depth understanding of Kim Ji Young's personality in the film "Kim Ji Young, Born 1982" in the context of patriarchal culture using Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The research method used is a qualitative method using note-taking technique. We used Sigmund Freud's theory, specifically concepts such as id, ego, and superego, to help us understand the inner conflict experienced by the main character. We also analyzed various events in the film that depict Kim Ji Young's experience as a woman in a society dominated by patriarchal values. The results of this study show that Kim Ji Young experiences complex internal conflicts while performing her role as a woman in a patriarchal culture. Freud's theory helps us understand how these conflicts arise and affect her personality. In addition, this study also emphasizes the important role of family environment, society, and childhood experiences in shaping Kim Ji Young's personality. This research has important implications in understanding the role of women in a patriarchal society and how psychoanalytic theory can be used to analyze characters in works of art such as films.

This research explores the role of emotions in intercultural communication through an ethnographic study of a multicultural community. Findings show significant variations in patterns of emotional expression across different ethnic groups and cultures, where cultural norms play an important role. Emotions such as joy, anger and disappointment are expressed differently based on cultural background, with examples such as East Asian holistic approaches compared to North American individual focus. Emotion regulation strategies also vary, influenced by the situation, individual disposition and cultural adaptations. Cultural values, norms and beliefs impact emotional experiences, with the interaction of gender and culture shaping the perception and expression of emotions.  Emotions play a key role in the dynamics of intercultural interactions, influencing relationship formation and the potential for conflict. Practical implications emphasize the importance of culturally sensitive communication for effective diversity management in organizations, improving team efficiency, and supporting organizational change. The research contributes theoretically by offering insights into the complexity of emotional processes in culturally diverse environments, enriching intercultural communication theory and the psychology of emotion. These results confirm the importance of an in-depth understanding of cultural diversity in emotions to promote more harmonious and effective interactions in multicultural environments.