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The purpose of this study is (1) to describe the characteristics of a good mobile learning application to improve computational thinking and learning independence of high school students. (2) to produce a mobile learning application that is oriented towards computational thinking skills and student learning independence with good quality. The quality of the development results is determined based on Nieveen's criteria, namely valid, practical, and effective. This study is a research and development (R&D) that uses the Borg & Gall development model with 8 development steps, namely preliminary study, planning, initial product development, small group trials, main product revision, limited scale trials, operational product revisions and large-scale trials. The subjects in this study were 36 students from one class at SMA Negeri 1 Gamping, Sleman Regency. The instrument used to measure the validity of the mobile learning application is the expert validation sheet. The instrument to measure the practicality of the mobile learning application is the student response questionnaire. The instrument to measure the effectiveness of the application is the computational thinking test and the student learning independence questionnaire. Validity and practicality data analysis was conducted by converting quantitative data into qualitative form in the form of four standard scale values, while effectiveness data analysis based on test and questionnaire results was conducted using paired sample t-test. The results of the study showed that (1) Mobile learning applications have the characteristics of being easy to apply, flexible to time, lightweight and easy to carry anywhere and also implementing each computational thinking indicator in each stage of the material. (2) The results of expert validation showed that the developed mobile learning application met the valid criteria as seen by the Aiken's validity test score for media experts of 0.83 and 0.68 for material experts. The practicality of the mobile learning application is included in the very good category as seen from the average results with an average percentage of student responses of 87.17%. The effectiveness of the computational thinking test obtained a t-value of 47.22 greater than t (35,0.05) with a score of 1.69, the effectiveness of the learning independence test based on the t test obtained a t-value of 4.85 greater than t (35,0.05) with a score of 1.69. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the developed mobile learning application meets the criteria of validity, practicality and effectiveness.

This research aims to comprehensively examine students' computational thinking skills through applications as existing learning media. This research uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method to draw conclusions from the results of research examining mathematical problem solving skills in terms of student self-efficacy. SLR research aims to identify, review, and make conclusions from all research results related to the research topic. Literature collection that becomes research data is done by tracing the results of research published in journals online using the Publish or Perish search engine on Google Scholar and based on inclusion criteria. The results of the literature study that has been carried out, can be concluded that the ability of students' computational thinking through applications as learning media is quite good. The researcher recommends that further research be conducted on existing applications that can help students in learning.    

Cultural development in Indonesia, driven by science and technology, places education as the key to achieving national goals. Focusing on the practice stage in educational technology provides practical experience at SMA Negeri 8 Maros. Informatics learning involves programming, artificial intelligence, and computer networks. Research at SMA Negeri 8 Maros involved 35 class X.5 students with a focus on Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Strengthening the Teaching Profession (P2K) from 4 September to 30 October 2023, creating innovative learning tools for the integration of office applications. Students are required to master office applications and online communication skills. The Pancasila student profile emphasizes critical thinking skills, independence and creativity. The results of implementing Informatics learning using the PBL model show a positive impact on student motivation, increasing enthusiasm, and building critical thinking skills. Students who apply PBL produce higher grades. Informatics learning classification is important for understanding computational thinking and computer systems. The application of the PBL model has a positive impact making students more creative and independent in creating projects using Microsoft Office.