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Literary works are the author's reflection of real life. This paper aims to determine the intrinsic elements contained in the short story "Killing a Crazy Person" in the short story collection "A Pair of Old Shoes" by Sapardi Djoko Damono with an objective approach. The results of the study indicate that the short story "Killing a Crazy Person" has intact intrinsic elements which include theme, characters and characterization, plot, setting, point of view, style of language, and moral. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive analysis with an objective approach in literary works. Data analysis techniques include reading the short story, observing the short story, collecting data, describing, and drawing conclusions. The conclusion of this study is the integrity of the intrinsic elements contained in the story. The results show that this short story has intact intrinsic elements that support each other and enrich the meaning of the story. The method used is qualitative descriptive analysis with the steps of reading, observing, collecting data, describing, and drawing conclusions. This study provides a deeper understanding of how the intrinsic elements in the short story "Killing a Crazy Person" work together to form a complete and meaningful story.

The short story "Gubrak" by Seno Gumira Ajidarma is an interesting short story to analyze. This research analyzes the intrinsic elements of the short story 'Gubrak' by Seno Gumira Ajidarma which aims to determine the important elements used in the short story 'Gubrak' by Seno Gumira Ajidarma. The problem that will be answered in this research is what elements are in the short story "Gubrak" by Seno Gumira Ajidarma. The aim of this research is to determine the intrinsic elements of short stories. The research method used is a qualitative method because it is descriptive and leads to analysis by presenting an analysis of the intrinsic elements of the short story. The results of this research show that there are elements found in the short story 'Gubrak' by Seno Gumira Ajidarma including theme, characters,  plot, setting, point of view, and message. This analysis is useful for finding out what elements are in the short story 'Gubrak' by Seno Gumira Ajidarma. The benefit of this research is that it allows viewers of literary works to feel the emotions contained in the literary work, especially literary works in the form of writing, so that the intrinsic elements can reflect individual expressions and are a means of depicting the atmosphere of the story. And literary works become more beautiful and do not abandon the aesthetic value of a literary work.

The short story Laki Sejati by Putu Wijaya is one of the works of Indonesian literature that depicts the dynamics of human life and internal conflicts. This research aims to analyze the intrinsic elements in the short story, including themes, characters and characterization, plot, setting, point of view, and mandate. Through this analysis, it is revealed how these intrinsic elements are used by the author to build a story that is evocative and full of meaning. The results of the analysis show that the main theme of this short story is the search for identity and the true meaning of "masculinity". The main character, who has an inner struggle in understanding the values of masculinity, is shown with a deep complexity of character. The progressive storyline with intense conflict takes the reader on the emotional journey of the main character, while the physical and social setting reinforces the realism of the story. A limited third-person perspective is used to explore the main character's perspective, revealing the inner dynamics that are the main focus of the story. The mandate contained in this short story invites readers to reflect on the true meaning of identity, courage, and happiness in life. This study concludes that the intrinsic elements in the short story Hukum Hukum are  used very effectively to describe the struggle of human beings in understanding their identity. This short story is not only a literary work, but also a philosophical reflection on life and the meaning of masculinity.

"Improvement of Short Story Writing Ability Through the Personal Experience of Class VIII Unismuh Junior High School Makassar". Thesis of Indonesian Language and Literature Education Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Makassar Muhammadiyah University.This type of research is a Class Action Research (Class Action Research) which aims to describe the improvement of short story writing skills through the personal experience of students of class Class VIII Unismuh Junior High School Makassar and describes the process of improving the ability to write short stories through the personal experience of the MA class Class VIII Unismuh Junior High School Makassar. The instruments used in data collection were tests, observation guidelines, interview guidelines, and the data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The data in this study are in the form of tesp there are 24 students and the results of observations in the learning process.The results showed that quantitatively there was an increase in the learning outcomes of short story writing through the personal experience of 24 students, namely on the pretest results, an average score of 56.63%. In the first cycle the average score of student learning outcomes was 68.13%, while the second cycle of student learning outcomes writing short stories through personal experience was 81.74%. In the first cycle, students who finished 9 students or 46.48% and categories of incomplete were 15 students or 53.52%. While in the second cycle category there were 21 students or 89.96% and the incomplete category were 3 people or 10.04% meaning that there was an increase of 13.61%.Based on the results of the research above, it can be concluded that the results of learning to write short stories through the personal experience of students of class XI MA Darul Istiqamah Maccopa Maros Regency can be improved through students' personal experiences.

This research aims to examine how feminist values ​​are represented in the short story Kunang-Kunang in Bir by Djenar Maesa Ayu. Using descriptive qualitative research methods.  Feminist literary criticism allows for in-depth analysis of themes, characters, and symbols related to issues of gender and inequality. In the analysis of this short story, gender inequality, social norms and symbolism were found. The results of this research show women's struggle in facing patriarchal norms and injustice that prevent women from achieving happiness. The symbolism used increases public criticism of ongoing gender inequality. It is hoped that this research can contribute to feminist literary studies and encourage awareness of the importance of women's freedom in making life decisions.

The purpose of this study is to determine the extrinsic elements of the short story entitled “Kado istimewa” karya Jujur Prananto. Short stories or often called short stories are material from the course of appreciation and study of prose. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method in the form of words. The data obtained in this study are in the form of extrinsic elements sourced from the short story by Dinda Yuni Sari. The results of the analysis are based on the background of society, the background of the author, and the values ​​contained in the short story.

Deixis is a field of pragmatic study that discusses the relationship between language structures. and where the language is spoken. The use of the term "deixis" is being observed or noticed in this context. Most often seen in daily conversation is in the form of spoken language. Found in character dialogue in literary works such as films. The study entitled "Variations of Charm Deixis and Time Deixis in the Short Story Smokol by Nukila Akmal" examines the use of various charm deixis and time deixis by Nukila Akmal. Person and time deixis are part of the variety of deixis studied in this research. Researchers use analytical methods in the form of pragmatics with qualitative techniques to analyze the data that has been collected. The data used in this research include fragments of speech from short story conversations, both words and phrases that contain deixis, including: charm deixis and time deixis. The reading-note method of capturing data, recognizing, categorizing, analyzing, formulating and presenting data are the stages of analysis in this research. Data analysis illustrates that a short story written by Nukila Akmal with the title Smokol has a deixis of charm and time.

One of the literary works "Dodolitdodolitdodolitbret" by Seno Gumira Ajidarma is a story about spirituality, which is told in an ironic way and balances the real and the sign. As a spiritual story experienced by a character named Guru Kiplik. He was very sure that "right prayer is the secret of happiness" But everything changed when he met the nine sons of the island-children. Teacher Kiplik always doesn't accept that their morals are not right, but they can walk on water. The background of this research is the depth of analysis of the intrinsic elements of short stories. Part of the background to the research provided is based on the need for in-depth analysis of the intrinsic elements in the short story so that researchers understand the moral message and social criticism conveyed by the author. The problem in this research is how the intrinsic elements, namely theme, character, plot, setting, point of view, language style and message, work together to produce the meaning of the story. This research uses a structural approach with qualitative descriptive methods. The data used is secondary data obtained through reading and note-taking techniques, then analyzed using the relevant theories. The research results show that this short story has a main theme regarding true belief and opposing principles in carrying out prayer. Kiplik's teaching figures as well as the island's inhabitants reflect the difference between formality and spiritual sincerity. The forward plot, reflective setting, omniscient point of view, and symbolic language style support the delivery of the moral message that sincerity is more important than technical mores. This research recommends further exploration of Seno Gumira Ajidarma's works in the context of social criticism and spirituality, and the use of these short stories as teaching material for understanding humanist values ​​in literature.

The short story "Mata yang Indah" by Budi Darma explores themes of guilt, and the human quest for redemption. This analysis examines the narrative structure, character development, and the symbolic significance of the "beautiful eyes" motif. Using a qualitative approach, this study finds that the story employs a complex interplay of memory and reality to evoke existential questions about human frailty and divine judgment. The findings contribute to understanding Indonesian literary narratives in exploring moral and spiritual conflicts. Keywords: Short story analysis, Indonesian literature, morality, symbolism, Budi Darma

The use of effective sentences has a strong influence on the quality of the content of a work. In cerpen writing, it is necessary to use effective language so that both the written and the implied meanings of cerpen can be well conveyed. The study aims to describe the forms of error in the use of sentences effectively in the formation of content quality on cerpen, as well as to present a comprehensive analysis of the linguistic aspects in the cerpen anthology "Back the Window of Ibnu Abbas" as a source of reading for students of 8th grade high school. The study uses qualitative descriptive methods through a language analysis approach by evaluating the quality of the content and effectiveness of the sentences in the book. This research data is a sentence quotation in a cerpen in which there are written errors in the use of effective sentences. Data collection techniques are done with reading and recording techniques. The results of this study found: (1) repetition of verbs, (2) inappropriate dictionary selection, (3) passing sentences, and (4) ambiguous sentences in a cerpen. Such errors make sentences less effective and affect the quality of the cerpen content. The findings of this study provide an in-depth understanding of how the structure of sentences, the meaning of words, the context of language usage, and the form of words influence the understanding and experience of readers of a literary work.

Language use in everyday life is often incorrect, particularly in informal conversations. The correct and proper use of language also impacts an individual's reading process. Quality writing is characterized by the use of good and correct language conventions. However, many still encounter language errors in texts. Analyzing syntactic errors in short stories is necessary to identify and explain them. The aim of this study was to analyze language errors in the short stories "The Ceded Storm" and "The Red Forest" by Fauzia, as part of an intensive reading program for Indonesian language and literature students at Semarang State University. The study employed deductive methods and theoretical approaches, conducting analyses by identifying language errors in the short stories. A qualitative descriptive approach was used as part of the methodology, while language error analysis incorporated a theoretical framework. Data collection techniques included reading and note-taking. The data collection process involved three steps: (1) data collection, (2) data analysis, and (3) data presentation. Researchers examined the short stories "The Ceded Storm" and "The Red Forest" by Fauzia. The research highlighted numerous potential errors, including capitalization, punctuation, word choice or diction, usage of strong words, and conjunctions. The study aimed to identify factors contributing to the short stories' lack of quality and provide insights through a detailed analysis.

This study examines social norms in the short story "Good Morning, Unemployed!" by Seno Gumira Ajidarma using a literary sociology approach. This work describes the dynamics of the life of an unemployed person who is often the target of community stigma. Social norms, such as the pressure to be economically independent and the hope of success, are examined through the narratives and characters in this short story. The study reveals the psychological impact of stigma, unfair access to opportunities, and the importance of solidarity amid social pressure. This analysis shows the role of short stories as a medium of reflection and criticism of social reality that is often overlooked. With a qualitative descriptive approach, this study emphasizes the relevance of social issues in literature as a reflection and driver of public awareness.

This study analyzes the intrinsic elements in the short story "Senyum karyamin" by Ahmad Tohari. This analysis aims to reveal the depth of meaning contained in the short story "Senyum Karyamin" through the study of its intrinsic elements. By focusing on themes, characterization, plot, setting, viewpoints, language style, and mandate, this research seeks to understand how Ahmad Tohari manages to present a portrait of a simple but meaningful life through the character of Karyamin. This research uses a descriptive analytical method to explain how the intrinsic elements in the short story "Senyum Karyamin" by Ahmad TohariThis research uses an objective approach, which is an approach that specializes in the literary work in a structured, systematic manner. The research method used in analyzing the short story "Senyum Karyamin" by Ahmad Tohari is using a qualitative descriptive research method which is to analyze thoroughly, broadly, and in-depth. In this study, the author analyzes the intrinsic elements of the short story "Senyum Karyamin" by Ahmad Tohari which has results, namely themes, characters, characterization, plot, point of view, setting, language style, and mandate. The benefits of this research can help to understand the content and message conveyed by the author to the reader. By using easy-to-understand words, a very touching story conflict, this short story allows me to better understand what the short story is about.

The short story "Gerobak" by Seno Gumira Ajidarma reflects the complexity of social inequality and the impact of structural poverty in urban society. Using a structuralism approach, this study analyzes the theme, plot, characters, setting, point of view, and moral message in this short story. The analysis reveals the coherence between intrinsic elements that provides a profound critique of social injustice and environmental degradation. This work highlights the importance of collective moral responsibility in creating social justice and maintaining environmental balance.

Gender representation is not only important in understanding characterization and dynamics of stories, but also in identifying narratives that govern and influence public perceptions of gender roles. The study aims to analyze gender representation in "Sampan Zulaiha" by analyzing the character of women faced with and responding to existing gender norms and efforts to resist gender injustice. This research is a qualitative study of library studies (library research) with methods of data collection using documentation methods, i.e. collection of books and journal articles. Winsgoal adalah slot mahjong gacor dengan fitur scatter hitam winrate kemenangan tinggi. Daftar dan nikmati fitur situs jackpot terbesar hari ini! As for the primary data source comes from the Book "Sampan Zulaiha" by Hasan Al Banna and the secondary source of data comes from several books and journals articles. This study uses analytical descriptive analysis. This research produces a variety of representations of the narrative presented on the Zulaiha Sampan cerpen that corresponds to the gender situation in the surrounding society. Many gender inequities and various traditional customs narrow the women's movement to develop themselves. Further research could explore gender representation in literature influencing gender identity construction and gender role in society..

Short stories are a form of literary work that reflects life in society with characters that dominate the storyline. The research is based on the researcher's interest in the personality of the characters in the story. The qualitative method in this study focuses on the narration, description, and interpretation of the character's personality in the short story collection "Menghardik Gerimis" by Sapardi Djoko Damono based on Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis theory. The data collected by the researcher is used as an object of analyzing the character's personality structure which includes id, ego, and superego. The method in collecting data, namely literature, reading, recording, data classification, and interpretation of the analyzed data. In the analysis, there are several aspects found, such as id (satisfaction, fantasy, curiosity, discomfort, and sexual urges), ego (delaying desires, accepting reality, rejecting desires, and making decisions, superego (religious awareness and manners). The conclusion of the research shows a deep understanding of the psychological aspects of the characters in the short story through Freud's psychoanalysis with a qualitative approach that emphasizes narration and interpretation, so as to provide deep insight into the personality aspects of the characters in literary works..

Architectural criticism is not only used on physical buildings but can also be found in literary works, one of which is in the short story entitled Architecture of Silence by Sunggung Raga. The aim of this research is to find architectural criticism contained in short stories using descriptive methods which is a way of solving problems using analyze and read carefully the architectural aspects contained in the short story. Take several short story quotes and explain them into aspects of descriptive criticism, namely static, dynamic and process aspects

The aim of this research is to describe and determine the social values ​​contained in the short story collection Surat untuk Bapak by Nidhom Khoeron. This research uses two approaches, namely a qualitative descriptive approach and literary sociology. The data collection technique used in this research is listening and taking notes. The data analysis technique used in this research is qualitative. This research data presentation technique uses informal techniques. The results of the research show that there is social value in the short story collection Surat untuk Bapak by Nidhom Khoeron. There are three types of social values, namely compassion, responsibility and harmony of life. The first is the form of the Social Value of Love which includes Devotion, Help, Caring, Kinship and Loyalty. The two forms of Social Responsibility Values ​​include the values ​​of a sense of belonging, Discipline and Empathy. The three forms of social values ​​are harmony of life which include justice, tolerance and cooperation, democracy.

The purpose of this research is to describe the value of the struggle of two friends, namely Ben and Jody, in a literary work by Dee Lestari entitled the philosophy of coffee. This short story tells the story of Ben and Jody's successful struggle to make their dreams come true. The struggle makes two friends, Ben and Jody, ambitious in brewing coffee to gain profit and turnover. From this novel it can be seen that struggle and consistency can make someone achieve success. The method used is descriptive method. The source of this research uses data from the literary work used entitled Dee Lestari's Coffee Philosophy. The theory in this research is based on Joyomartono's theory, there are five types of struggle values, namely the values ​​of willingness to sacrifice, unity, respect, patience, and the spirit of never giving up, cooperation.

The syntax is a grammar that can decipher the relationship of language elements to form sentences. The function of syntax is as a container in a syntactic structure that contains certain categories. It can be called subject (S), Predicate (P), Object (O), Complement (COMP), and Adverb (ADV). Phrase analysis in short story texts in Indonesian language books for fourth-grade elementary school independence curriculum. This analysis is a qualitative descriptive analysis of the short story text in the Indonesian language book for the fourth grade of the Independent Curriculum. Phrases are syntactic units cobining of two or more words and do not have clauses that occupy one function. Many do not understand how to divide groups of phrases and the causes of errors. Therefore, this research to classify phrases based on their types, and the causes of phrase errors in short stories texts in Indonesian language books for fourth-grade elementary school independence curriculum. Listening and then recording is a technique that can be done when data collection. The results of this study indicate that there are noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, numeral phrases, and errors in the use of phrases in short stories sentences. This analysis is expected to better understand and be able to develop the use of phrases in short stories.