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This study aims to examine the factors influencing tax avoidance, with debt (leverage) acting as a mediating variable. The independent variables include internal audit compliance, sales level, capital intensity, firm political connections, and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The sample consists of 306 manufacturing firms from the consumer goods, basic materials, and industrial sub-sectors listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange during the 2019–2021 period, selected using purposive sampling.The study employs multiple linear regression and robust regression to compare results across each year of observation. The findings indicate that capital intensity and political connections of the board of directors have a significant effect on tax avoidance, particularly when leverage (Debt to Asset Ratio) serves as a mediating variable. This suggests that firms with high capital intensity and strong political connections tend to use debt strategically to reduce their tax burden. In contrast, internal audit compliance, political connections of the board of commissioners, and sales levels do not show a significant impact on tax avoidance under either regression method. Overall, the results highlight the importance of monitoring leverage usage and political connections to prevent excessive tax avoidance practices.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of liquidity, asset efficiency, and capital structure on profitability in pharmaceutical manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, using Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) as an investment-based profitability indicator. This research employs secondary data from the annual financial statements of pharmaceutical manufacturing companies over a specific period, with multiple linear regression analysis and robust models to ensure model feasibility. The results indicate that liquidity has no effect on profitability. Asset efficiency has a significant negative effect, reflecting the characteristics of the pharmaceutical industry with its high asset intensity. Capital structure has a significant positive effect on profitability, suggesting that measured use of debt can enhance the company’s return on investment. These findings provide theoretical contributions by enriching the literature on investment-based profitability determinants and practical implications for corporate management, investors, and stakeholders in understanding internal factors that influence the financial performance of pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia.

Tobacco is a leading commodity that forms the foundation of the rural economy, but its cultivation faces challenges in the form of labour intensity, significant capital requirements, and farmers' lack of understanding of systematic cost structures. This study aims to analyse the production cost structure and evaluate the economic efficiency of tobacco farming managed by the Batu Daun Farmer Group in Batuan Village, Sumenep Regency. The research method used a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection through in-depth interviews with the head of the farmer group, field observations, and analysis of financial documents as secondary data. The analysis focused on identifying fixed and variable costs, as well as evaluating economic performance using the Break Even Point (BEP) and Revenue-Cost Ratio (R/C) indicators. The results showed that the total production cost was IDR 28,597,500 (fixed costs of IDR 3,450,000 and variable costs of IDR 25,147,500) for the production of 2,800 kg of tobacco with a gross income of IDR 70,000,000. The R/C ratio value of 2.44 (>1) indicates that the business is operating efficiently and profitably, while the BEP of 215.4 kg shows that actual production far exceeds the break-even point, meaning that the business is in an economically safe zone. The results of the study conclude that the tobacco farming business of the Batu Daun Farmer Group is economically viable and efficient.

The increasing intensity of business competition requires companies to maintain strong financial conditions to avoid financial distress that may disrupt business continuity. This study aims to assess the financial stability and predict the potential bankruptcy of PT Sido Muncul Tbk for the 2022–2024 period using the Altman Z-Score model. A descriptive quantitative approach was applied, utilizing secondary data obtained from annual reports published by the Indonesia Stock Exchange and the company’s official website. Five key ratios in the Altman model were used as indicators to evaluate the company’s financial position and resilience. The results show Z-Score values of 4.74 in 2022, decreasing slightly to 4.66 in 2023, and rising again to 4.79 in 2024. These scores are significantly above the safe threshold of 2.675, indicating that the company is in a healthy financial state with a very low risk of bankruptcy. Overall, PT Sido Muncul Tbk demonstrates stable financial performance, supported by a strong capital structure and consistent operational results. The Altman Z-Score model also proves to be an effective early-warning tool for identifying potential financial problems.

This study aims to present evidence on the effect of capital intensity, inventory intensity, and leverage disclosure on tax avoidance. This research utilizes secondary data from financial statements sourced from www.idx.co.id and the official websites of companies in the property and real estate sectors using quantitative research. The proxy used in measuring tax avoidance is using the effective tax rate (ETR) as the dependent variable and the independent variables used include capital intensity, inventory intensity, and leverage. Multiple linear regression analysis is the analysis technique used. The property and real estate sector listed on the IDX in the period 2021 to 2024 is the population in this study and the number of samples collected is 85 data obtained using the purposive sampling method. The findings of this research indicate that capital intensity, inventory intensity, and leverage significantly influence tax avoidance positively. These findings suggest that the higher the level of investment in fixed assets, inventory, and debt-to-equity ratio, the greater the tendency of a company to engage in tax avoidance.

This study aims to examine the effect of Thin Capitalization, Sales Growth, and Capital Intensity on Tax Avoidance, with Institutional Ownership as a moderating variable in coal sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2019–2023 period. The background of this study is based on the importance of tax management as a company efficiency strategy, while maintaining compliance with tax regulations. The coal industry was chosen because of its capital-intensive characteristics, fluctuating sales growth rates, and the tendency of companies to engage in aggressive tax planning. The research method uses a quantitative approach with a purposive sampling technique, resulting in 50 company samples during the observation period. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with the help of E-Views 13 software to test the direct relationship between variables, and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) to test the role of Institutional Ownership as a moderating variable. The results show that Thin Capitalization has no significant effect on Tax Avoidance, which indicates that high debt ratios are not always utilized by companies to reduce tax burdens. Capital Intensity also had no significant effect on Tax Avoidance, indicating that the size of fixed asset investments does not directly influence tax avoidance practices. Conversely, Sales Growth had a significant positive effect on Tax Avoidance, indicating that high sales growth tends to encourage companies to optimize tax-saving strategies. Furthermore, the results of the moderation test revealed that Institutional Ownership did not moderate the relationship between Thin Capitalization, Sales Growth, or Capital Intensity on Tax Avoidance. This finding suggests that the supervisory role of institutional shareholders is ineffective in limiting or influencing tax avoidance strategies in coal companies. This research provides implications for regulators and investors to consider non-financial factors and governance mechanisms in efforts to control tax avoidance practices in strategic sectors like coal.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Corporate Governance with the proxy of the Number of Board of Commissioners, Percentage of Independent Commissioners, Total Compensation of the Board of Commissioners and Directors, and Capital Intensity Ratio on Tax Management in Manufacturing Companies in the Consumer Goods Industry Sector for the period 2018-2021. The population of this study includes all manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2018-2021 period. The sampling technique used purposive sampling technique. Based on the predetermined criteria obtained 11 companies. The type of data used is secondary data obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange website. The analytical method used is panel data regression analysis. The results showed that Number of Board of Commissioners, Percentage of Independent Commissioners, and Total Compensation of the Board of Commissioners and Directors did not affect tax management. Capital Intensity Ratio has a positive effect on tax management and Number of Board of Commissioners, Percentage of Independent Commissioners, Total Compensation of Board of Commissioners and Directors, and Capital Intensity Ratio together have an effect on Tax Management.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Inventory Intensity and Capital Intensity Ratio on Tax Management in Manufacturing Companies in the Consumer Goods Industry Sector for the period 2018-2021. The population of this study includes all manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2018-2021 period. The sampling technique used purposive sampling technique. Based on the predetermined criteria obtained 11 companies. The type of data used is secondary data obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange website. The analytical method used is panel data regression analysis. The results showed that Inventory Intensity did not affect tax management. Capital Intensity Ratio has a positive effect on tax management. Inventory Intensity and Capital Intensity Ratio together have an effect on Tax Management.  

This study aims to examine the effect of corporate social responsibility and capital intensity on tax evasion by using research samples of mining sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019 - 2020. The taxes levied by the state function as the main source aiming to finance public expenditures and function as a tool to regulate and implement policies in the social and economic fields and to be used for the greatest prosperity of the people and the people. The phenomenon of tax avoidance in Indonesia can also be seen from the tax ratio (Tax Ratio). Tax collection performance can be seen from the ratio of taxes collected by the state. Tax avoidance is a saving on the amount of tax payable, individual and corporate taxpayers use the weak points of existing tax rules, in carrying out their tax management. Tax avoidance is also associated with tax planning, both of them use legal means to reduce or even eliminate tax obligations, but from a tax policy point of view, neglecting tax avoidance practices can result in injustice and reduced efficiency of a tax system. . The results obtained from this study are that corporate social responsibility has a negative effect on tax evasion. Meanwhile, capital intensity has no effect on tax evasion. This study uses a quantitative approach. This test is done with linear regression

Numerous businesses are capable of implementing a wide range of tax planning techniques. Tax avoidance, or legally lowering taxes, is one tax planning tactic. Tax avoidance strategies typically use loopholes in the tax code without breaking any of them. In addition, they use tax law gaps to perpetrate tax evasion. While this tax evasion tactic is legal, the corporation using it is still receiving funding from the state. In 2013, 832 foreign investment companies were suspected of engaging in tax fraud in Indonesia due to their five consecutive years of loss reporting and nonpayment of taxes. This study aims to investigate and evaluate the effects of capital intensity, profitability, leverage, and majority share ownership on tax evasion. The Current Effective Tax Ratio is used in this study to generate tax avoidance. Mining businesses that are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period of 2017–2021 make up the population and sample for this study. With 37 observational data points, 7 mining companies make up the research sample. A multiple linear regression model is the research methodology employed in this study. Version 22 of the IBM Statistical Package for Social Science was used to process the data for this study. The study's findings demonstrate that tax evasion is not much impacted by profitability or leverage. Conversely, capital intensity and majority share ownership have a detrimental impact on tax evasion.    

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh return on investment, debt ratio, dan capital intensity ratio terhadap perubahan laba bersih. Perubahan laba bersih dihitung dengan mengurangkan laba bersih satu periode kedepan dengan laba bersih periode berjalan dan kemudian dibagi dengan laba bersih periode berjalan. Variabel independen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah return on investment, debt ratio dan capital intensity ratio, sedangkan variabel dependennya adalah perubahan laba bersih. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah perusahaan food and beverage yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2009- 2012. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Berdasarkan metode purposive sampling, diperoleh sampel sebanyak 12 perusahaan. Metode analisis yang digunakan untuk menguji pengaruh variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen adalah regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: 1) return on investment tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap perubahan laba bersih secara parsial karena nilai thitung -0.668< ttabel 2.021 dan nilai signifikan 0.507 > 0.05. 2) debt ratio berpengaruh signifikan terhadap perubahan laba bersih karena nilai thitung 2.146 > ttabel 2.021 dan nilai signifikan 0.037< 0.05. 3) capital intensity ratio berpengaruh signifikan terhadap perubahan laba bersih karena nilai thitung 2.187>ttabel 2.021dan nilai signifikan 0.034 < 0.05. 4) return on investment, debt ratio dan capital intensity ratio secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap perubahan laba bersih karena nilai Fhitung 3.026 > Ftabel 2.820 dan nilai signifikan 0.039< 0.05.

This study aims to examines and analyze the effect of firm size, leverage, profitability, capital intensity ratio, and independent commisioner on the effective tax rate. The population of this study were 42 mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2017-2020 period, after using purposive sampling, 92 data observed were sampled. The data analysis method used is descriptive statistics, clasical assumptions, and multiple linear regression analysis processed with SPSS program. The results of this study are company size, leverage, profitability, and independent commisioner have a negative insignificant effect on Effective Tax Rate; and the Capital Intensity Ratio has a positive insignificant effect on the Effective Tax Rate.

Taxes are very important because taxes make a large contribution to state revenue. This study aims to analyze the effect of independent commissioners, audit committees, and institutional investors. The sample of this research is state-owned companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2019 so that in this study 66 data were used. Descriptive statistical test and multiple regression test with SPSS 26 were used to analyze the data. This study shows that the independent commissioner variable has no effect on the effective tax rate, the audit committee has a significant negative effect on the effective tax rate, institutional investors have no effect on the effective tax rate. On the other hand, size, leverage, profitability have no effect on the effective tax rate, and the ratio of capital intensity has a positive effect on the effective tax rate.