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This study aims to examine the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) costs and financial characteristics on tax avoidance practices among publicly listed companies with the largest market capitalization in Indonesia. The study is motivated by Indonesia’s relatively low tax ratio compared to other emerging economies in the ASEAN region, which suggests the persistence of tax avoidance practices, particularly among large corporations. Grounded in legitimacy theory and agency theory, this research empirically investigates the influence of CSR costs, profitability, leverage, liquidity, activity ratio, growth ratio, and operating cash flow on tax avoidance. The research sample consists of 50 companies with the largest market capitalization listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange over the 2020–2024 period, employing a census sampling method and unbalanced panel data. Secondary data were obtained from annual financial reports and analyzed using panel data regression techniques. Tax avoidance is measured using the Book-Tax Differences (BTD) approach, while model selection is determined through the Chow test, Hausman test, and Lagrange Multiplier test. The results indicate that, simultaneously, all independent variables have a significant effect on tax avoidance. Partially, the activity ratio has a negative effect on tax avoidance, whereas the growth ratio and operating cash flow have a positive effect on tax avoidance. Meanwhile, CSR costs, profitability, leverage, and liquidity do not show a significant effect. These findings suggest that asset utilization efficiency tends to restrain tax avoidance behavior, while corporate growth dynamics and strong operating cash flows encourage more aggressive tax management strategies. This study provides empirical evidence from an emerging market context and offers insights for tax authorities and regulators in designing more effective, risk-based tax supervision policies.

This study aims to analyze the effect of capital structure and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) disclosure on the financial performance of industrial sector C IDX-IC companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2021–2023. Capital structure is proxied by the ratio of long-term debt to equity, while financial performance is measured using Return on Assets (ROA). A quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis was employed, and the sample was selected using purposive sampling. The results reveal that capital structure has a significant positive effect on ROA, whereas CSR disclosure has a significant negative effect on ROA. These findings suggest that strategic use of long-term debt can enhance profitability, while the costs and commitments arising from CSR disclosure may reduce financial performance. The study implies that company management should optimize capital structure and carefully balance sustainability strategies through CSR disclosure to avoid diminishing profitability.

This study investigates the effect of environmental costs on the level of environmental information transparency in manufacturing companies in the basic materials subsector, while providing empirical evidence regarding the relationship. Environmental costs are calculated through the ratio of corporate social responsibility (CSR) burden to the organization's net profit. Meanwhile, the company's environmental performance is evaluated using the PROPER rating on an ordinal scale. The level of environmental coverage is measured comprehensively through the Clarkson index which covers various dimensions of existing reporting. A quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis is applied to test the relationship between variables. In selecting the sample, a purposive sampling technique was used by considering the completeness of the data and certain sector criteria, resulting in 35 companies as the final sample that met the analysis requirements. The results of the study revealed that an increase in environmental costs is directly proportional to a significant increase in environmental coverage. This indicates that company investment in environmental programs encourages more transparent reporting practices. In addition, environmental performance as reflected in the PROPER rating is also proven to have a positive and significant effect on the extent of environmental coverage.

This study investigates the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the profitability of businesses in Nigeria, using secondary data from the annual reports and financial statements of ten (10) randomly selected companies over the period from 2019 to 2024. The study aims to explore how CSR practices impact the financial performance of companies, specifically examining the Profit After Tax (PAT) as a measure of profitability. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis is employed to analyze the data and establish the connection between CSR activities and company performance.The findings of the study show that the companies in the sample allocated less than 10% of their annual profits to CSR initiatives. This suggests that while some companies engage in CSR, their contribution remains relatively small in proportion to their overall profitability. The coefficient of determination reveals that changes in CSR activities have a significant impact on the variations observed in the performance of these companies, particularly in terms of PAT. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for stronger regulatory frameworks to enforce CSR practices. It recommends that the Nigerian government introduce laws and regulations that require firms to allocate a portion of their profits to social responsibility, ensure transparency in social accounting, and address social costs effectively. The study emphasizes that by improving CSR engagement, businesses can contribute to national development while enhancing their long-term financial performance.

  Government-regulated Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs are intended to reduce the impact on society and the environment, but CSR cannot be done without the support of good corporate governance (GCG). The purpose of this study is to ascertain and examine previous research on the impact of corporate governance and environmental and social responsibility, or CSR, on corporate value, financial performance, and profits. This research combines qualitative methods with a literature study strategy, which involves using data collected from publications published in national journals to support ideas. Twenty samples of indexed and non-indexed articles were selected by the researchers from Google Scholar. Based on the findings of previous research studies, this study found that the impact of corporate governance (GCG) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) on financial performance and firm value varies. By increasing stakeholder trust, CSR often improves profitability, however, these benefits are not always visible due to high implementation costs. The contribution of corporate governance, including audit committees and independent boards, to business efficiency and transparency varies. Researchers believe that a more thorough study of the impact of GCG and CSR on firm value, financial performance, and profits will be conducted in the future.    

This study aims to analyze the relationship between environmental costs, green accounting, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) on corporate profitability, with company size as a moderating factor. The findings reveal that environmental costs can have both positive and negative impacts on profitability, depending on how these costs are managed. Green accounting has been shown to enhance operational efficiency and transparency, positively affecting profitability. Additionally, CSR offers long-term benefits for corporate image and customer loyalty, though its effects may not always be immediately apparent. Company size moderates these relationships, with larger companies having greater advantages in managing environmental and social aspects compared to smaller companies. This study highlights the importance of strategic management of environmental costs, implementation of green accounting, and execution of CSR to support corporate sustainability and profitability.

This study aims to analyze the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) disclosure, Environmental Costs, and Company Size on the Financial Performance of mining sub-sector manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. In this study using the type of quantitative data with the acquisition of secondary data derived from financial statements. Sampling using Purposive Sampling technique with 32 samples in this study. The method used in this study adopts the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method to analyze the relationship between CSR disclosure, Environmental Costs and Company Size. The results of this study indicate that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has a positive but insignificant effect on financial performance. While Environmental Costs and Company Size have a negative and significant effect on Financial Performance.

The main objective of this research is to analyze the financial reports managed by the Galang Bersama Kami Foundation (YGBK) as a non-profit institution that focuses on raising funds from donors in the form of Zakat, Infaq, Alms and Waqf (ZISWAF) funds. Which is about where the Foundation's funds come from, and how the Foundation provides the allocation flow. For this purpose, the author used quantitative descriptive research methods, with direct observation techniques to related parties, followed by interviews and special documentation during data collection. After conducting interviews, the author found that the entire set of YGBK funds came from 3 things, namely from ZISWAF funds, CSR funds from agencies/companies, and potential businesses from our Joint Business Institutions. The funds raised will be channeled to the Foundation's program and operational funds, the distribution percentage of which is based on BAZNAS regulation Number 1 article 8 of 2016 specifically for ZISWAF funds. The percentage of CSR distribution depends on the Foundation's agreement with the CSR provider company. Meanwhile, the proceeds from our Joint Business will be distributed in full to the Foundation's operational costs. The percentage of the Foundation's financial reports shows a decrease in income from 2022 to 2023 of 49%. All of this is done to provide transparent and open financial management for the people in order to maintain their sense of trust in the Galang Bersama Kami Foundation.

Companies often carry out this tax avoidance strategy in an effort to reduce the amount of tax they have to pay. There are two ways for businesses to lower the taxes they pay. In the first case, the business world can reduce the tax value by implementing tax avoidance while still complying with relevant tax laws. The second alternative is for business actors to reduce the tax value by carrying out tax avoidance activities that violate tax regulations. This research examines the relationship between business strategy, transfer pricing, and capital intenssity on tax avoidance moderated by corporate social responsbility. This research uses a qualitative descriptive research methodology. The data collection method in this research is literature study. The research results show that business strategy, transfer costs, and capital intent have an influence on tax avoidance. As well as business strategy, transfer costs and capital intentions can be mediated by CSR on tax avoidance.

This study aims to examine the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) disclosure and CSR costs on company performance during the pandemic in food and beverage sub-sector manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange with the 2019-2021 research period. The sample in this research is 7 companies taken using purposive sampling technique. The independent variable used in this study is the disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) measured by 91 items according to GRI-G4 and CSR costs are measured by employee welfare costs and community costs, while the dependent variable is company performance measured using ROA, ROE and ROS. The research model used as a test tool is Partial Least Square (PLS) version 3.0. The results of the study show that Disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility has a significant effect with the negative direction on company performance and CSR costs have no significant effect with the negative direction on company performance.