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Digital Down Conversion (DDC) is a fundamental process in software defined radio (SDR) and digital communications, which transforms intermediate frequency (IF) signals into baseband signals. In conventional DDC designs, multipliers and look-up tables are generally employed, both of which tend to increase hardware size and power consumption. In this paper we present a Dual-Mode CORDIC-Based DDC architecture which uses the CORDIC (Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer) algorithm to eliminate multipliers. This novel architecture combines a CORDIC-based Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO), a CORDIC mixer, and a Cascaded Integrator-Comb (CIC) filter with a finite impulse response (FIR) com pentation filter. The NCO provides two precision modes - an 8-stage low-latency mode for speed and a 16-stage high precision mode for accuracy, giving runtime reconfigurability according to design requirements. Simulations and analysis show that the design gives highly accurate frequency translation, is efficient in hardware utilization and fully eliminates the use of digital signal processing (DSP) blocks. Overall, the architecture proposed offers a low-power, low-cost, and recon figural solution ideal for modern SDR-based applications and flexible digital signal processing systems.

Chronic Kidney Diseases (CKD) is a disease condition where there is a decrease in kidney function, no longer able to carry out its function of filtering the blood, removing toxins and unable to remove waste products from the blood effectively, characterized by the presence of protein in the urine and a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. Hemodialysis is a kidney replacement therapy method that is often used to manage CKD. The prevalence of CKD in Indonesia continues to increase every year with some patients undergoing hemodialysis. CKD patients undergoing HD are susceptible to anemia. Anemia in CKD patients can be caused by blood loss during dialysis procedures, and disturbances in iron metabolism. The aim of the study was to analyze changes in hemoglobin levels in CKD patients after undergoing hemodialysis. The research was carried out in a descriptive observational manner through an initial screening stage, an examination stage by measuring hemoglobin levels before and after the hemodialysis session and readings using a Mindray BC-5830. The examination results showed that the hemoglobin levels of CKD patients increased after undergoing HD. Hemoglobin levels in male CKD patients were higher than female patients both before and after undergoing HD. The conclusion of this study is that HD has an effect on increasing hemoglobin levels in CKD patients, both female and male patients.