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He rapid advancement of digital technology has significantly transformed human life, particularly in the way information is accessed, processed, and distributed. While this development brings numerous benefits, it also generates serious challenges such as information overload, misinformation, and the decline of critical thinking skills among digital users. This study aims to examine the relevance of the philosophical thought of Al-Kindi on intellect (aql) and knowledge in addressing these contemporary issues within the digital era. The research employs a qualitative approach through library research, analyzing classical philosophical texts and contemporary scholarly works related to epistemology and digital literacy. The findings show that Al-Kindi positions intellect as the primary faculty of human beings in understanding truth and organizing knowledge systematically and rationally. According to Al-Kindi, knowledge must be grounded in logical reasoning to achieve certainty and clarity. In the context of the digital era, this perspective is highly relevant as individuals are required to critically evaluate vast and unfiltered information circulating in digital spaces. This study concludes that Al-Kindi’s rational philosophy provides a strong intellectual foundation for developing digital literacy, strengthening critical thinking skills, and promoting responsible engagement with technology in modern society.

This article examines pneumatological methods and spiritual practices across three Pentecostal seasons: Classical Pentecostalism, Charismatic, and Neo-Charismatic. It highlights the importance of these three movements within the framework of the development of the Pentecostal-Charismatic Church in Indonesia. This research begins with the observation that scholars continue to use the terms Pentecostal, Charismatic, and Neo-Charismatic overlappingly, despite their unique theological and practical emphases. This article presents a critical-comparative literature review on baptism in the Holy Spirit, speaking in tongues and spiritual gifts, forms of spirituality, interdenominational relations, theological risks, and ecclesiological implications. The research finds that Classical Pentecostalism emphasizes baptism in the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues as the primary evidence, Charismatics extend Spirit-led activities toward cross-denominational renewal, while Neo-Charismatics place additional emphasis on power, miracles, healing, spiritual warfare, and success in life. The contribution proposed in this article is a theological typology that can be used for critical reading of Pentecostal-Charismatic practices in Indonesia while still appreciating the richness of the experience of the Spirit. This typology can help churches consider experience, Scripture, Christian character, and ecclesiastical institutional accountability in a more balanced way.

This study aims to analyze the regulation and implementation of the authority to test laws and regulations (judicial review) in the Indonesian state system based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study applies a normative juridical method using three main approaches, namely the statute approach, the conceptual approach, and the historical approach. The legal data collected includes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which are then reviewed through qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that normatively the division of judicial review authority between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court has been expressly regulated in Article 24A paragraph (1) and Article 24C paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The Supreme Court is given the authority to test regulations under the law against the law, and the Constitutional Court is given the authority to test laws against the 1945 Constitution. This division of authority is a manifestation of the principle of separation of powers and the mechanism of checks and balances after the third amendment to the 1945 Constitution. However, in practice, this two-roof judicial review system tends to give rise to conceptual and practical problems, such as overlapping authority and differences in decisions between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court which have the potential to create legal uncertainty and reduce public trust in the judicial institution. Therefore, it is necessary to reorganize the authority of judicial review by strengthening coordination between institutions or unifying the authority of judicial review which is centered on one institution only in order to guarantee legal certainty, harmonization of norms, and supremacy of the constitution in the Indonesian state system.  

This article examines the legal ambiguities surrounding the status of civilians actively engaged in hostilities (civilian combatants) within the framework of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL). While the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1998 Rome Statute establish a clear demarcation through the distinction principle, the phenomenon of direct participation in hostilities (DPH) poses a significant legal challenge, as civilians forfeit their protected status upon taking part in combat. Using a normative-legal approach, this study analyzes how acts of violence committed by armed civilians can be categorized as war crimes, crimes against humanity, or gross human rights violations. The findings demonstrate that civilian status does not grant impunity for individuals who commit atrocities. Under the principle of individual criminal responsibility, the International Criminal Court (ICC) and national tribunals possess the jurisdiction to prosecute offenders, regardless of their formal military standing. Such legal enforcement is paramount to upholding the integrity of humanitarian principles and ensuring justice for victims within the landscape of modern armed conflict.

This article examines the theological thought of Saint Cyprian of Carthage, one of the third-century Church Fathers, within the context of the Church’s situation in his time, which was marked by profound struggles of faith, particularly the experience of persecution. The focus of the discussion is directed toward the historical and pastoral conditions that shaped Cyprian’s views on the unity of the Church, episcopal authority, and the validity of the sacrament of baptism. Accordingly, this article raises several key questions: What historical background formed Cyprian’s thinking on these three concepts? What were the central ideas he developed regarding ecclesial unity, episcopal authority, and baptism? And how are his ideas relevant to the Church’s teaching, especially in light of the Second Vatican Council? Using a historical and hermeneutical approach, this article traces Cyprian’s life background as well as his pastoral-theological responses to the concrete situations faced by Christians in his time. In the context of the post-persecution crisis, Cyprian played a significant role in addressing internal divisions within the Church, particularly debates concerning the readmission of the lapsi (those who had apostatized). From these struggles, it becomes evident how Cyprian firmly articulated the role of bishops as successors of the apostles and emphasized the sacrament of baptism as the legitimate gateway into ecclesial communion. Based on the historical background of Cyprian’s thought and these three central themes, the article then examines the contribution of Cyprian’s theology to the teachings of the Church as formulated in the Second Vatican Council. Thus, Cyprian’s thought is understood not only as a foundation of early ecclesiology, but also as a living source of faith reflection that remains relevant for the contemporary Church in responding to the dynamics and challenges of the modern age Keywords: Cyprian of Carthage, ecclesiology, unity of the Church, episcopal authority, sacrament of baptism, Second Vatican Council.