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He rapid advancement of digital technology has significantly transformed human life, particularly in the way information is accessed, processed, and distributed. While this development brings numerous benefits, it also generates serious challenges such as information overload, misinformation, and the decline of critical thinking skills among digital users. This study aims to examine the relevance of the philosophical thought of Al-Kindi on intellect (aql) and knowledge in addressing these contemporary issues within the digital era. The research employs a qualitative approach through library research, analyzing classical philosophical texts and contemporary scholarly works related to epistemology and digital literacy. The findings show that Al-Kindi positions intellect as the primary faculty of human beings in understanding truth and organizing knowledge systematically and rationally. According to Al-Kindi, knowledge must be grounded in logical reasoning to achieve certainty and clarity. In the context of the digital era, this perspective is highly relevant as individuals are required to critically evaluate vast and unfiltered information circulating in digital spaces. This study concludes that Al-Kindi’s rational philosophy provides a strong intellectual foundation for developing digital literacy, strengthening critical thinking skills, and promoting responsible engagement with technology in modern society.

This article examines pneumatological methods and spiritual practices across three Pentecostal seasons: Classical Pentecostalism, Charismatic, and Neo-Charismatic. It highlights the importance of these three movements within the framework of the development of the Pentecostal-Charismatic Church in Indonesia. This research begins with the observation that scholars continue to use the terms Pentecostal, Charismatic, and Neo-Charismatic overlappingly, despite their unique theological and practical emphases. This article presents a critical-comparative literature review on baptism in the Holy Spirit, speaking in tongues and spiritual gifts, forms of spirituality, interdenominational relations, theological risks, and ecclesiological implications. The research finds that Classical Pentecostalism emphasizes baptism in the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues as the primary evidence, Charismatics extend Spirit-led activities toward cross-denominational renewal, while Neo-Charismatics place additional emphasis on power, miracles, healing, spiritual warfare, and success in life. The contribution proposed in this article is a theological typology that can be used for critical reading of Pentecostal-Charismatic practices in Indonesia while still appreciating the richness of the experience of the Spirit. This typology can help churches consider experience, Scripture, Christian character, and ecclesiastical institutional accountability in a more balanced way.

This study aims to analyze the regulation and implementation of the authority to test laws and regulations (judicial review) in the Indonesian state system based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study applies a normative juridical method using three main approaches, namely the statute approach, the conceptual approach, and the historical approach. The legal data collected includes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which are then reviewed through qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that normatively the division of judicial review authority between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court has been expressly regulated in Article 24A paragraph (1) and Article 24C paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The Supreme Court is given the authority to test regulations under the law against the law, and the Constitutional Court is given the authority to test laws against the 1945 Constitution. This division of authority is a manifestation of the principle of separation of powers and the mechanism of checks and balances after the third amendment to the 1945 Constitution. However, in practice, this two-roof judicial review system tends to give rise to conceptual and practical problems, such as overlapping authority and differences in decisions between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court which have the potential to create legal uncertainty and reduce public trust in the judicial institution. Therefore, it is necessary to reorganize the authority of judicial review by strengthening coordination between institutions or unifying the authority of judicial review which is centered on one institution only in order to guarantee legal certainty, harmonization of norms, and supremacy of the constitution in the Indonesian state system.  

This article examines the legal ambiguities surrounding the status of civilians actively engaged in hostilities (civilian combatants) within the framework of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL). While the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1998 Rome Statute establish a clear demarcation through the distinction principle, the phenomenon of direct participation in hostilities (DPH) poses a significant legal challenge, as civilians forfeit their protected status upon taking part in combat. Using a normative-legal approach, this study analyzes how acts of violence committed by armed civilians can be categorized as war crimes, crimes against humanity, or gross human rights violations. The findings demonstrate that civilian status does not grant impunity for individuals who commit atrocities. Under the principle of individual criminal responsibility, the International Criminal Court (ICC) and national tribunals possess the jurisdiction to prosecute offenders, regardless of their formal military standing. Such legal enforcement is paramount to upholding the integrity of humanitarian principles and ensuring justice for victims within the landscape of modern armed conflict.

This article examines the theological thought of Saint Cyprian of Carthage, one of the third-century Church Fathers, within the context of the Church’s situation in his time, which was marked by profound struggles of faith, particularly the experience of persecution. The focus of the discussion is directed toward the historical and pastoral conditions that shaped Cyprian’s views on the unity of the Church, episcopal authority, and the validity of the sacrament of baptism. Accordingly, this article raises several key questions: What historical background formed Cyprian’s thinking on these three concepts? What were the central ideas he developed regarding ecclesial unity, episcopal authority, and baptism? And how are his ideas relevant to the Church’s teaching, especially in light of the Second Vatican Council? Using a historical and hermeneutical approach, this article traces Cyprian’s life background as well as his pastoral-theological responses to the concrete situations faced by Christians in his time. In the context of the post-persecution crisis, Cyprian played a significant role in addressing internal divisions within the Church, particularly debates concerning the readmission of the lapsi (those who had apostatized). From these struggles, it becomes evident how Cyprian firmly articulated the role of bishops as successors of the apostles and emphasized the sacrament of baptism as the legitimate gateway into ecclesial communion. Based on the historical background of Cyprian’s thought and these three central themes, the article then examines the contribution of Cyprian’s theology to the teachings of the Church as formulated in the Second Vatican Council. Thus, Cyprian’s thought is understood not only as a foundation of early ecclesiology, but also as a living source of faith reflection that remains relevant for the contemporary Church in responding to the dynamics and challenges of the modern age Keywords: Cyprian of Carthage, ecclesiology, unity of the Church, episcopal authority, sacrament of baptism, Second Vatican Council.

This article examines the meaning of repentance and baptism in the Acts of the Apostles through an eschatological theological approach. Repentance and baptism are considered two important aspects in the journey of salvation and the development of the Christian faith. The methodology used in this research is qualitative with a literature study to explore the meaning, application and relationship between repentance and baptism from an eschatological theological perspective. Research findings reveal that repentance is a transformation of the heart that prepares a person to receive baptism as a symbol of new birth and the washing away of sins by the Holy Spirit. These two concepts complement each other and have significant theological consequences in the teaching and practice of the church's faith today. This research provides in-depth insight into the role of repentance and baptism in the context of gradual and eschatological salvation.

The role of the Holy Spirit is one of the central aspects of Christian theology, particularly within Evangelical theology, which seeks to uphold a balance between biblical truth and spiritual experience. This study aims to examine the understanding of the Holy Spirit in Evangelical theology, with a specific focus on the relationship between biblical pneumatology and the expressions of contemporary charismatic movements. The approach used is a theological–descriptive study through an analysis of biblical literature, classical Evangelical theological works, and contemporary research on charismatic movements in Indonesia and around the world. The findings indicate that Evangelical theology understands the Holy Spirit primarily as a divine person who works in regeneration, sanctification, and ministry empowerment based on the authority of Scripture. Meanwhile, the charismatic movement emphasizes more phenomenological aspects of the Holy Spirit’s work, such as Spirit baptism, spiritual gifts (charismata), and manifestations of supernatural power. Theological tension arises when charismatic experiences do not always align with the strict Evangelical hermeneutical principles applied to Scripture. Nevertheless, both approaches offer important contributions: biblical pneumatology preserves a healthy doctrinal foundation, while charismatic spirituality reminds the church of the importance of the Holy Spirit’s dynamic power in contemporary ecclesial life. This study concludes that integrating biblical foundations with openness to the work of the Holy Spirit can enrich the understanding and praxis of the contemporary Evangelical church. The church needs to develop a balanced pneumatology that is rooted in Scripture yet responsive to the movement of the Holy Spirit within the changing contexts of time and culture.

This study aims to explore the symbolic meaning of the siraman ceremony in Javanese culture and interpret its values ​​in light of the Catholic faith, particularly regarding the sanctity and blessings of the sacrament of marriage. The siraman tradition is understood not merely as a cultural ritual, but as a process of physical and spiritual purification imbued with spiritual symbolism, such as the use of water from seven springs and the granting of parental blessings. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method through analysis of Church documents, Javanese anthropological literature, and relevant research. The results indicate that the meaning of purification in siraman is closely related to the symbolism of baptismal water in the Catholic tradition, while the prayer of parental blessing aligns with the concept of blessing as a manifestation of God's grace in the family. Through the inculturation perspective emphasized in Gaudium et Spes and Ecclesia in Asia, siraman can be understood as a form of harmonious dialogue between faith and culture without compromising the purity of Church teachings. This study concludes that the siraman ceremony can enrich the experience of the sacrament of marriage for Javanese Catholics, while strengthening their identity as individuals of faith and culture.

This journal explores the role of the Church Unity Body in strengthening the unity of Christian faith. The Church, as the body of Christ composed of various members from diverse backgrounds and traditions, is called to unite in one faith, one teaching, and one way of life aligned with the teachings of Christ. This unity is crucial for maintaining harmony within the community of believers and for addressing social and theological challenges in the modern world.The role of the Church Unity Body is evident through Bible teaching based on enduring truth, participation in sacraments such as Holy Communion and Baptism, as well as collaboration among churches in social service and mission. In this context, the church functions not only as a place of worship but also as a community that supports spiritual growth and the well-being of its members. The unity of Christian faith requires mutual respect, forgiveness, and humility among church members. By strengthening this unity, the church can provide a clearer testimony to the world, demonstrating that in Christ, differences can be reconciled in love that transcends all. This article also highlights the importance of the church’s role in building a unity of faith that goes beyond denominational boundaries, within the framework of ecumenism, to realize the wholeness of the body of Christ and bring about transformation in the world.

This journal explores the role of the Church Unity Body in strengthening the unity of Christian faith. The Church, as the body of Christ composed of various members from diverse backgrounds and traditions, is called to unite in one faith, one teaching, and one way of life aligned with the teachings of Christ. This unity is crucial for maintaining harmony within the community of believers and for addressing social and theological challenges in the modern world.The role of the Church Unity Body is evident through Bible teaching based on enduring truth, participation in sacraments such as Holy Communion and Baptism, as well as collaboration among churches in social service and mission. In this context, the church functions not only as a place of worship but also as a community that supports spiritual growth and the well-being of its members. The unity of Christian faith requires mutual respect, forgiveness, and humility among church members. By strengthening this unity, the church can provide a clearer testimony to the world, demonstrating that in Christ, differences can be reconciled in love that transcends all. This article also highlights the importance of the church’s role in building a unity of faith that goes beyond denominational boundaries, within the framework of ecumenism, to realize the wholeness of the body of Christ and bring about transformation in the world.

Fasting blood sugar screening is a crucial step in the early detection of metabolic risks, including prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This examination is useful for identifying at-risk individuals before clinical symptoms appear. Screening activities are carried out using the Plan–Do–Check–Act (PDCA) approach and the Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) tool. The examination was carried out on adult participants, followed by education using leaflets containing information about blood glucose control and the importance of physical activity. A total of 62 participants underwent the examination aged 23–76 years. Most participants were women (74.2%). Fasting blood sugar values ranged from 67.0 to 333.0 mg/dL with a median of 90.0 mg/dL. A total of 75.8% were in the normal category, 16.1% were pre-diabetic, and 8.1% were diabetic. Fasting blood sugar screening revealed a proportion of participants with impaired glucose regulation. These results emphasize the importance of early detection and health education, especially about physical activity which plays a role in increasing insulin sensitivity and lowering blood glucose levels. The combination of screening and education can be a preventive strategy to reduce the risk of diabetes.

The sacraments of baptism and the Lord’s Supper are the two main sacraments in the Christian tradition, both carrying profound theological and spiritual significance. A sacrament contains two essential elements: an outward sign (such as water, bread, and wine) and a spiritual reality (namely, the grace of God given through the sign). A sacrament is not merely a symbol, but a means of communion with Christ that strengthens faith and bears witness to God’s grace. In Christian theology, a sacrament is broadly defined as a rite or religious ceremony performed to symbolize or help bring about a transformation in the lives of those who participate in it. The Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper is one of the key sacraments in the Christian tradition, symbolizing the fellowship of believers with Christ through the shared consumption of bread and wine. Its meaning is profound, as it is not only a remembrance of Jesus Christ’s sacrifice on the cross, but also an expression of faith and a deep reflection on the saving love of God. The Lord’s Supper also contains an eschatological meaning, pointing believers toward the future. In each celebration of the Lord’s Supper, the people of Christ anticipate the heavenly banquet at the end of the age.  

Uric acid is the final product of purine metabolism, which can increase due to high purine intake or impaired renal excretion. Accumulation of uric acid in the body is at risk of causing joint inflammation and other metabolic disorders. Early detection and dietary education are strategic steps to prevent complications of hyperuricemia. This activity uses the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) approach by examining uric acid levels using POCT and education on managing purine consumption. The examination was carried out on 62 adult participants. Educational leaflets were delivered directly and individually to each participant. All participants had uric acid levels in the normal range (median 4.2 mg/dL), with the lowest value of 3.5 mg/dL and the highest 6.5 mg/dL. Most participants were women and were in the middle to elderly age group. Although no cases of hyperuricemia were identified, preventive education remains essential to maintain uric acid levels within optimal ranges and reduce future metabolic risks. Lifestyle interventions focusing on diet and hydration are critical for sustainable uric acid control and long-term health outcomes.   Keywords: Uric Acid, Purine, Hyperuricemia, Diet, Nutrition Education

This abstract discusses the characteristics of the true church according to Christian views, emphasizing the importance of faithfulness to the Word of God as the primary foundation. The true church is a community that faithfully proclaims the Gospel of Christ purely, without addition or subtraction from the teachings of the Bible. This faithfulness serves as the basis for the church’s existence as the living body of Christ, functioning to spread salvation to all people. Besides faithfulness to the Word, the proper administration of the sacraments is also an important characteristic of the true church. Sacraments such as baptism and the Lord’s Supper are conducted according to Christ’s commands and serve as means of grace that strengthen the faith of the congregation. The spiritual discipline practiced within the church maintains the holiness of the members and encourages repentance and restoration, so that the community continues to live in truth and love. Unity and holiness reflect the church’s calling to live in love and truth, while the apostolic nature shows its adherence to the teachings of the apostles. Catholicity affirms that the true church is universal and transcends cultural and geographical boundaries.

This research examines the crucial role of the Holy Spirit in the spiritual growth and ministry of contemporary Christians, considering that many have not actively experienced His involvement, resulting in low spiritual quality. Its objective is to re-examine the Holy Spirit's influence for a clearer understanding. Employing a qualitative library research method with textual analysis of the Bible and theological literature (hermeneutics), this study finds that the Holy Spirit is a divine person actively guiding, transforming character, and serving as Creator, Reconciler, and Redeemer. The Pentecost event demonstrates initial empowerment. Spiritual gifts are an expression of His role, which, though debated, function to equip ministry, strengthen community, and facilitate evangelism. The Holy Spirit is also a source of character transformation and empowerment for mission. Baptism in the Holy Spirit becomes a moment of life change and sanctification. The implication is that a clear understanding and open attitude towards the Holy Spirit are essential for unity, church growth, and glorifying Christ.

Total cholesterol and HDL assessments are fundamental initial steps in evaluating the risk of cardiovascular disease. The ratio between total cholesterol and HDL is considered a sensitive indicator in predicting atherosclerotic events. Screening activities were carried out using the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) approach in adult participants. The examination was carried out using the Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) tool to assess total cholesterol and HDL levels from blood samples. Education was provided through leaflets containing information about lipid profiles and the importance of dietary changes. A total of 62 participants took part in this activity, with an age range of 23 to 76 years and the majority were female. Most participants had total cholesterol levels in the normal category, but almost all participants had HDL levels that were classified as low or very low. This lipid profile imbalance indicates a significant potential cardiovascular risk. The screening results underscore the need for continuous education on healthy dietary habits as a primary prevention strategy. Nutritional interventions emphasizing reduced intake of saturated fats, increased fiber consumption, and controlled sugar intake can help restore lipid balance and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and long-term cardiovascular complications.

Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels are fundamental hematological screening parameters that are relevant for identifying potential erythropoiesis disorders. An imbalance in these two parameters often reflects undiagnosed anemia, especially in adults and the elderly. The activity was carried out at the Cengkareng Baptist Foundation using the Plan–Do–Check–Act (PDCA) approach. The examination was carried out using the capillary method based on Point-of-Care Testing (POCT). Nutrition education was provided using leaflets containing information about the importance of micronutrients for blood formation. A total of 62 participants took part in this activity, with an age range of 23–76 years. Most participants were female (74.2%). Hemoglobin values ​​ranged from 7.4 to 17.3 g/dL, with a median of 11.9 g/dL. A total of 64.5% of participants had anemia. Hematocrit values ​​ranged from 22.0 to 51.0%, with a median of 35.0%. The high prevalence of anemia identified through this screening underscores the importance of preventive efforts through targeted nutritional education. Emphasis should be placed on the adequate intake of iron, vitamin B12, and folate to promote behavior change and reduce anemia risk in the community.

Effective church service is rooted in spiritual education from an early age, especially through Sunday School. II Timothy 3:15–17 emphasises the role of Scripture in shaping character and readiness for every good deed. This study aims to examine the effect of the Sunday School curriculum based on this verse on the interest of the congregation in serving the Jakarta Baptist Citra Indah City Jonggol Church. A theologically strong and pedagogically planned curriculum is believed to be able to transform the faith of children and teenagers into concrete actions in ministry. In Christian education, teaching is not only informative but also transformative, integrating faith and action. A Bible-based Sunday school curriculum can serve as a means of shaping character, faith, and awareness of a call to ministry from an early age. The interest in service itself is an internal drive that encourages a person's active involvement in service activities in response to God's calling. This study is expected to provide practical contributions to local churches in designing relevant and applicable spiritual curricula, as well as being able to foster a generation of ministers who are militant, loving, and ready to carry out their roles in the church and society.

This research aims to analyze how the church in the old and new testaments. The approach used in this research is descriptive qualitative, which aims to understand the structure so that it has a major influence on contemporary Christianity. From a conceptual perspective, the Church in the Old Testament is understood as a community of God's chosen people whose identity is attached to the ethnic unity of the Israelites and attachment to the law within the framework of the covenant. While in the New Testament, the understanding of the Church undergoes a transformation into a universal, inclusive, and spiritual community of faith, consisting of all people who believe in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior, without ethnic or legal restrictions. In terms of structure and leadership, the Old Testament features a leadership system based on heredity and institutional positions such as priests and prophets who mediate the people's relationship with God; whereas in the New Testament, leadership is no longer hereditary, but based on the gift of the Holy Spirit, with a collegial, functional and participatory service model and Christ as the Head of the Church, emphasizing the dimensions of relationships and service in the community.In terms of sacraments, religious practices in the Old Testament such as religious celebrations functioned as symbols of obedience and identity of the people's covenant with God, but in the New Testament, so the sacramental meaning is renewed through baptism and holy communion which are spiritual and Christocentric, marking new fellowship in Christ in the context of grace. This study concludes that the New Testament cannot be understood as a break with or an abolition of the traditions and practices that existed in the Old Testament. Instead, the New Testament represents a theological fulfillment and essential transformation of the entire narrative and system that had been built in the Old Testament.

The design of a data processing information system is currently in great demand. By designing a data processing information system, the community, especially the congregation and administrators at the Sumba Christian Church (GKS) Lambanapu, can be facilitated in the process of data processing and providing information quickly, precisely and accurately, so that efficiency and effectiveness of church work are achieved. In this study, the author uses various writing methods including data collection techniques, waterfall methods, and system development methods. Creating an information system in church data processing that should be able to improve service performance and be able to provide fast and accurate information. So that it can help the process of church member data collection and can be a means of conveying information to church members. Creating a web-based system used for congregation or congregation data at the Sumba Christian Church (GKS) Lambanapu which contains applications for member registration, baptism registration, marriage blessing registration, sidi registration, registration for borrowing worship facilities and infrastructure, as well as downloading member documents, and news about church activities.