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Low Birth Weight (LBW) refers to infants born with a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams and remains an important issue in neonatal health due to its association with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality. To analyze the determinants of LBW based on primary studies published from 2021 to 2026. A literature review was conducted using the PRISMA approach. Article searches were performed through PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest using the keywords low birth weight, determinant factors, risk factors, BBLR, and faktor risiko with Boolean operators AND/OR. The inclusion criteria were primary studies, full-text availability, publication in Indonesian or English, and publication years from 2021 to 2026. A total of 20 articles were included, consisting of 15 international articles and 5 national sources. The review showed that LBW is influenced by interrelated maternal, nutritional, obstetric, and sociodemographic factors during pregnancy. The most dominant factors included multiple pregnancy with an adjusted OR of 21.74, maternal food insecurity with an AOR of 6.85, maternal hemoglobin level <11 g/dL with an AOR of 5.21, lack of iron-folic acid supplementation with an AOR of 4.17, maternal age ≤20 years with an AOR of 3.42, pregnancy interval <1 year with an adjusted OR of 2.92, missed antenatal care visits with an AOR of 2.74, smoking during pregnancy with an OR of 2.18, and maternal hypertension with an AOR of 1.94. LBW is influenced by multiple interrelated factors; therefore, efforts to reduce its incidence should focus on evidence-based interventions, particularly through optimizing antenatal care services, improving maternal nutritional status, and early detection of pregnancy.

Low Birth Weight (LBW) infants are a group of neonates who are highly susceptible to thermoregulation disorders, particularly hypothermia, due to limited subcutaneous fat reserves, a relatively large body surface area, and the immaturity of the temperature regulation system. Untreated hypothermia can lead to serious complications such as hypoxia, sepsis, hypoglycemia, apnea, and failure to gain weight, which ultimately contribute to increased neonatal morbidity and mortality. One of the non-pharmacological nursing interventions that can be used to prevent hypothermia is nesting care, a positioning technique using supportive materials to create a comfortable environment that resembles the intrauterine position.This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of nesting care in LBW infants as an  effort to increase body temperature in infants experiencing hypothermia. The method used was a descriptive case study with a nursing process approach involving three participants. The intervention consisted of nesting care administered for three days, with a duration of 30 minutes once daily using the quarter-prone or semi-prone position. The results showed that after the nesting intervention, two out of three participants experienced an increase in body temperature approaching normal values on the third day. Improvement in the infants' condition was also indicated by reduced crying and longer periods of calm sleep compared to the condition before the intervention. Body temperature measurements and observations of the infants’ condition were conducted periodically to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention, with an average temperature increase of approximately 0.2°C at the end of the intervention. In conclusion, nesting care can be used as an effective non-pharmacological nursing intervention to help increase body temperature in LBW infants experiencing hypothermia.

ABSTRACT Background: Pregnancy complications are one of the causes of morbidity and mortality in women. Data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (SDKI) showed that 28% of pregnant women in Indonesia are at risk of experiencing complications during pregnancy. Preeclampsia is a condition characterized by the onset of hypertension followed by organ dysfunction either with or without proteinuria at a gestational age above 20 weeks. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and outcomes of neonates born to mothers with preeclampsia. Method: This type of research is a quantitative descriptive study using secondary data and using a total sampling of 261 medical records. Results: The results of the study were as follows: preeclampsia occurs mostly in young adults 73.95%, Primigravida 60.15%, Islam 50.50%, working mothers 62.45%, secondary education 80.07%, and first marital status 76.62%. The description of neonatal outcomes in mothers giving birth with preeclampsia was obtained with neonatal outcomes in good condition, namely 47.14% born at term gestational age with 43.67% non-LBW conditions, experiencing asphyxia 37.94% and being treated without respiratory support 65.52%. Conclusion: the outcomes of neonates born to mothers with preeclampsia quite often experience asphyxia. Early detection, prevention and treatment of complications, especially in cases of preeclampsia, are necessary so that neonatal outcomes can be maintained without complications and produce a good level of health for both mothers giving birth and newborns.

Anemia in pregnant women is a health problem that contributes significantly to Low Birth Weight (BBLR), a serious issue in Indonesia with a prevalence exceeding 15% according to WHO, and is a major contributor to the high Neonatal Mortality Rate. This study aims to examine the relationship between anemia in pregnant women and the incidence of BBLR at the Sungai Durian Health Center, Sintang Regency. Using a case control analytical research design with secondary data from medical records in 2024, the sample used was 116 respondents, consisting of 58 pregnant women with BBLR babies as the case group and 58 pregnant women with normal birth weight babies (BBLN) as the control group, which were taken by total sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out using the Chi-Square test and the Odds Ratio (OR) with a significance level of 95%. The results of the study show that the incidence rate of BBLR at the Sungai Durian Health Center in 2024 is 25.8%, and the incidence of anemia in pregnant women is 46.6%. Statistical tests showed a significant relationship between anemia in pregnant women and the incidence of BBLR (p < 0.05). Pregnant women with anemia had a 21.758 times greater risk of giving birth to a BBLR baby compared to non-anemic mothers (OR=21.758; CI 95% = 1.45–7.08). The study concluded that there was a relationship between the nutritional status of pregnant women and the incidence of preeclampsia at the Sungai Durian Sintang Health Center.

Low Birth Weight (LBW) is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and contributes to an increased risk of growth and developmental disorders in later life. Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and the utilization of antenatal health services are important factors influencing fetal growth and development. Pregnant women with poor nutritional status are at higher risk of delivering low birth weight infants due to insufficient intake of essential nutrients required during pregnancy. In addition, inadequate utilization of antenatal care services may result in delayed detection and management of pregnancy-related complications. This study aimed to determine the relationship between maternal nutritional status and the utilization of health services with the incidence of LBW. The research employed an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population consisted of all women who delivered in the working area of Puskesmas X in 2026. A total of 80 respondents were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected from maternal and child health (MCH) books and medical records and analyzed using the Chi-square test. The results showed a significant relationship between maternal nutritional status and the incidence of LBW (p=0.002), as well as between the utilization of health services and the incidence of LBW (p=0.004). It can be concluded that maternal nutritional status and compliance with antenatal visits are significantly associated with LBW, highlighting the need to improve nutritional monitoring and the quality of antenatal care services.

Kangaroo mother care is a treatment for low-birth-weight infants that involves direct skin-to-skin contact between the infant and the mother (skin-to-skin contact). This provides health and psychological benefits, particularly in providing warmth to the infant, enhancing maternal bonding, increasing maternal trust and satisfaction, and reducing stress. The difference in body temperature of low-birth-weight infants treated with kangaroo mother care for one hour and three hours. Research Method: The research design used was a quasi-experimental, pre-post test with control group design, which involves administering treatment or intervention to the experimental group and then measuring and analyzing the effects of the treatment. The sample size for this study was 30 people. Bivariate analysis was conducted using the independent t-test and paired t-test. The results showed that the infant's body temperature before the kangaroo mother care intervention was in the below-normal. The infant's body temperature after the intervention was in to normal range. The infant's body temperature after the kangaroo mother care intervention in the one-hour had a p value = 0,000 or <0,05). The infant's body temperature after the intervention was in to normal range. The infant's body temperature after the kangaroo mother care intervention in the three-hour had a p value = 0,000 or <0,05). The infant's body temperature after the kangaroo mother care intervention in the one-hour had a p value = 0,000 or <0,05). The infant's body temperature after the kangaroo mother care intervention in the three-hour had a p value = 0,000 or <0,05).

Stunting is one of the growth disorders that occur in childhood under two years. Stunting events can be influenced by two factors, namely direct factors and indirect factors. Based on data from the Tual City Health Office, the number of stunting cases in Tual City was recorded in 2021 as many as 308 cases and 74 cases in North Dullah District. The purpose of this study is to find out the picture of risk factors for stunting events in children aged 9-24 months in the puskesmas work area in North Dullah District of Tual City for the period 2021. This research is quantitative research, a type of observational descriptive research with a cross sectional design. The sample in this study was children aged 9 months to 24 months who experienced stunting and domiciled in North Dullah District for the 2021 period as many as 71 children and then given questionnaires to be filled out.  The data obtained is presented in the form of a table accompanied by explanations and arranged and grouped according to the purpose of the research. The results showed that in the North Dullah Health Center of Tual City, as many as 71 children aged 9-24 years experienced stunting, as many as 47 stunting children (66.2%) aged 9-24 months did not experience BBLR (not at risk), the sex of stunting children aged 9-24 months who were most found was male, namely as many as 47 children (66.2%), most children did not get exclusively breast milk, namely as many as 45 children (63.4%) and most children were immunized as many as 41.  children (57.7%). The most maternal education level is high school as many as 32 people (45.1%) and many parents' incomes are in the low category of 68 cases (95.8%).  

Low Birth Weight (LBW) is a condition in which a newborn weighs less than 2.5 kg, generally caused by premature birth (<37 weeks) or intrauterine growth restriction. LBW increases the risk of health problems such as growth delays, cognitive impairments, infections, respiratory disorders, cardiovascular issues, gastrointestinal problems, kidney disorders, and higher rates of infant morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to identify factors associated with LBW in the working area of Rosalina Munthe Clinic. The study used an analytical design with a cross-sectional approach, and data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate methods with SPSS. Results showed that 33.3% of respondents had LBW infants. Mothers with unsafe age were 39.7%, those with unsafe pregnancy intervals were 61.9%, low socioeconomic status was found in 66.7%, and low educational level in 81%. Analysis revealed a significant association between maternal age and LBW incidence. However, pregnancy interval, anemia, and socioeconomic status showed no significant association with LBW. This study highlights that maternal age plays a key role in LBW occurrence, while other factors require further investigation to understand their contribution to the risk of delivering low birth weight infants.

Low birth weight (LBW) is a major concern in Indonesia due to its impact on neonatal health and growth. One of the contributing factors is maternal anemia during pregnancy, which limits oxygen and nutrient supply to the fetus. This study aimed to determine the relationship between maternal anemia and the incidence of LBW in the working area of the Cimerak Health Center, Pangandaran Regency. This research used a retrospective case-control design involving 124 mothers, divided into 62 cases and 62 controls. The results of the chi-square test showed a significant relationship between maternal anemia and the incidence of LBW (p = 0.000). It is concluded that maternal anemia is associated with a higher risk of LBW, thus emphasizing the need for improved maternal care and anemia prevention strategies.

Stunting is a major health concern in many developing countries, including Indonesia, with profound long-term effects on children’s physical, cognitive, and emotional development. This condition is primarily influenced by factors such as malnutrition, infections, and inadequate care during the first few years of life. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with stunting in children under five years old within the working area of Puskesmas Tilamuta. An analytical survey design was employed, using a cross-sectional approach to examine 54 children, who were selected using accidental sampling. Data collection involved assessing factors such as exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding practices (MP-ASI), and low birth weight (BBLR). Statistical analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square test with Fisher's exact test to determine the association between these factors and stunting. The results revealed that exclusive breastfeeding had a significant impact on the occurrence of stunting, with a p-value of 0.002, suggesting that children who were exclusively breastfed were less likely to experience stunting. Similarly, the provision of complementary feeding (MP-ASI) was significantly associated with stunting (p = 0.043), highlighting the importance of timely and adequate complementary feeding to prevent stunting. However, the factor of low birth weight (BBLR) was found to have no significant effect on stunting (p = 0.202), indicating that other factors, such as nutrition and feeding practices, may have a more direct influence on stunting in the studied population. This study underscores the critical role of exclusive breastfeeding and proper complementary feeding practices in preventing stunting. It also suggests that addressing these factors, along with other local health interventions, may help reduce the incidence of stunting in children under five years old in the area.

Stunting is a major health concern in many developing countries, including Indonesia, with profound long-term effects on children’s physical, cognitive, and emotional development. This condition is primarily influenced by factors such as malnutrition, infections, and inadequate care during the first few years of life. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with stunting in children under five years old within the working area of Puskesmas Tilamuta. An analytical survey design was employed, using a cross-sectional approach to examine 54 children, who were selected using accidental sampling. Data collection involved assessing factors such as exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding practices (MP-ASI), and low birth weight (BBLR). Statistical analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square test with Fisher's exact test to determine the association between these factors and stunting. The results revealed that exclusive breastfeeding had a significant impact on the occurrence of stunting, with a p-value of 0.002, suggesting that children who were exclusively breastfed were less likely to experience stunting. Similarly, the provision of complementary feeding (MP-ASI) was significantly associated with stunting (p = 0.043), highlighting the importance of timely and adequate complementary feeding to prevent stunting. However, the factor of low birth weight (BBLR) was found to have no significant effect on stunting (p = 0.202), indicating that other factors, such as nutrition and feeding practices, may have a more direct influence on stunting in the studied population. This study underscores the critical role of exclusive breastfeeding and proper complementary feeding practices in preventing stunting. It also suggests that addressing these factors, along with other local health interventions, may help reduce the incidence of stunting in children under five years old in the area.

Overview: Low Birth Weight (LBW) is a significant health problem in Indonesia because it is at risk of increasing neonatal mortality and morbidity. Objective: This study aims to analyze the risk factors associated with the incidence of LBW in newborns at Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto Hospital. Research Method: The method used is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. A sample of 200 mothers and babies was obtained through purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected from medical records and analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression. Research Results: showed that prematurity had a partial effect on LBW with a sig value of 0.000 <0.05, and showed that if the incidence of prematurity increased by one percent, assuming the value of other variables remained constant, it would increase the incidence of LBW by 2.769 percent. Variables parity, maternal age, anemia, twin pregnancy, hydramnios, PEB, Placenta Previa, KPD, prematurity, fetal pregnancy simultaneously affected LBW. Conclusion: parity, maternal age, anemia, twin pregnancy, hydramnios, PEB, Placenta Previa, KPD, prematurity, fetal pregnancy simultaneously affect LBW.

Pregnant women with poor nutritional status or Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) are at risk of health complications for both the mother and fetus, such as low birth weight (LBW). This study aimed to determine the relationship between pregnant women with CED and the incidence of LBW at RSUD Sultan Muhammad Jamaludin I. The study used a descriptive correlational design with a retrospective approach using secondary data from medical records. The population consisted of 330 respondents, selected by total sampling technique. Univariate and bivariate analyses (Chi-square test) were performed. Most respondents were under 35 years old (66.4%), primigravida (62.0%), in their third trimester (100%), and had tertiary education (54.2%). Most did not have LBW infants (91.8%), and most were not diagnosed with CED (24.1%). Chi-square analysis showed a significant correlation (p=0.001) with an Odds Ratio of 11.566, indicating that CED significantly influences the likelihood of LBW.

Background: Low Birth Weight Infants (LBW), defined as babies born weighing less than 2,500 grams, are one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality in Indonesia. The lack of postpartum mothers’ knowledge about LBW care contributes to the low survival rate of these infants. WHO data (2022) shows that 15% of babies worldwide are born with LBW, while in Indonesia, the figure reaches 7.1% (Ministry of Health RI, 2023). Objective: This activity aims to enhance postpartum mothers' capacity in caring for LBW infants through structured and practice-based health education. Methods: The community service was conducted on May 7, 2025, at RSUD Padjonga Dg Ngalle, Takalar. The method included a pre-test, delivery of educational material, practical sessions, and a post-test. Thirty postpartum mothers participated under the guidance of lecturers and health professionals. Evaluation focused on participants' knowledge, practical skills, and behavioral changes.Results: The results showed a significant increase in participants’ knowledge (from 26.7% to 83.3% answering more than 80% of the post-test questions correctly). Around 90% of participants were able to correctly perform kangaroo mother care techniques. Moreover, 85% of participants reported increased confidence in caring for their LBW babies at home after the session. Conclusion: This health education activity was effective in improving the knowledge, skills, and confidence of postpartum mothers in caring for LBW infants. The program supports efforts to reduce neonatal mortality and empowers mothers as the primary caregivers in home-based neonatal care.

Background: Infants born with Low Birth Weight (LBW) are a significant factor contributing to stunting in children under five. Therefore, a system is needed for early detection of LBW. To develop an accurate system, accurate variables are necessary. Descriptive research on the determinants of LBW based on maternal history is crucial. Objective: To identify the determinants of LBW from maternal history as a basis for developing Fuzzy Logic Method technology. Method: This quantitative study employs a descriptive analytic approach. Results: SPSS data analysis indicates a relationship between LBW and gestational age (p-value: 0.001), parity (p-value: 0.008), Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) (p-value: 0.758), hemoglobin levels (p-value: 0.021), and pregnancy risk (p-value: 0.001). Conclusion: The independent variables significantly associated with LBW are gestational age, parity, anemia status from hemoglobin data, and pregnancy risk status. Conversely, MUAC is not significantly associated with LBW.

Development care is an effort to modify the environment and respond to changes in the behavior of newborns, especially in infants Low Birth Weight, The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of training on developmental care on nurses' ability to care for babies with low birth weight. The design of this study used "quasi experiment pre and post test control", which involved 19 nurses in the perinatology room of Al Islam Bandung Hospital. The results showed a significant increase in the mean score of nurses' knowledge, attitudes and actions after the intervention (p value = 0,000, α = 0.05). This training is effective in increasing nurses' knowledge and attitudes. The recommendation of this study is the need for socialization to all health workers supported by the hospital policy to implement development care and evaluate the implementation of development care in LBW care.  

Indonesia termasuk negara dengan prevalensi Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah (BBLR) tertinggi di dunia, dengan angka kejadian mencapai 10,2% pada tahun 2012, dan di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat sebesar 12,2%. BBLR merupakan masalah kesehatan serius karena berdampak pada peningkatan risiko morbiditas dan mortalitas bayi, baik dalam jangka pendek maupun panjang. Berbagai faktor dapat memengaruhi kejadian BBLR, di antaranya adalah kurang energi kronis (KEK) selama kehamilan, anemia, usia ibu saat hamil, pemeriksaan antenatal care (ANC), jarak kelahiran, tinggi badan ibu, serta faktor sosial ekonomi seperti pendidikan dan status pekerjaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara status KEK pada ibu hamil dengan kejadian BBLR di RSUD Bima. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah observasional analitik dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan rancangan case control. Data diperoleh dari catatan rekam medis bayi yang lahir tahun 2018, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 162 bayi (54 kasus BBLR dan 108 kontrol BBLN), yang dipilih menggunakan simple random sampling. Analisis bivariat dilakukan dengan uji Chi Square, dan analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ibu hamil dengan KEK memiliki risiko 5,4 kali lebih besar melahirkan bayi BBLR. Faktor risiko signifikan lainnya adalah usia kehamilan (OR=10,2), tinggi badan ibu (OR=2,6), anemia, dan tingkat pendidikan ibu. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah status KEK merupakan faktor risiko utama kejadian BBLR.

Husband support has a huge influence on wives when choosing the best course of action from pregnancy, childbirth to the post-pregnancy period so that it affects the occurrence of low birthweight. In addition, SEZ in pregnant women can cause problems not only in the mother, but also in the fetus including babies born with low birth weight. The purpose of this study was to analyze the support of husbands and SEZs in pregnant women with BBLR incidence in the working area of Telaga Biru Health Center. Quantitative research design with cross sectional approach, the population of all infants aged 0-24 months as many as 57 babies, the number of samples 57 infants using purposive sampling techniques in this study and the data were analyzed with chi-square statistical tests. The results of the study obtained that the majority of husband support was categorized as good as 46 respondents (80.7%), SEZs in pregnant women were mostly categorized as non-SEZ pregnant women as many as 44 respondents (77.2%) and the majority of BBLR events were not BBLR as many as 42 respondents (73.7%), and husband support was obtained with the incidence of BBLR p = 0.000 <α 0.05) and SEZ in pregnant women with the incidence of BBLR p = 0.000 <α 0,05. It can be concluded that there is a relationship between the support of husbands and pregnant women in SEZs with the occurrence of BBLR in the working area of the Telaga Biru Health Center.  

Background: LBW babies face difficulties adapting to life outside the womb because their organs, such as the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver and digestive system, are not fully mature. The neonatal period is the most vulnerable period for a baby's survival, and one of the causes of newborn deaths is asphyxia. One of the complementary therapy techniques that can be used to increase saturation and hemodynamics in LBW babies is music therapy and murrotal therapy. Research method: The research method used in the intervention is a case report using the intervention method. The research was carried out in the NICU room at Tjitrowardojo Regional Hospital, Purworejo, when the research was carried out on 01-05 May 2024. The research participants were one neonate patient with a diagnosis of LBW accompanied by asphyxia. Oxygen saturation measurements were carried out before and after Murottal Surat Ar-Rahman Therapy was given. Results: After being given the Murotal Al-Qur'an Surah Ar-rahman therapy intervention within 30 minutes for five days, there was an increase in oxygen saturation in LBW babies with asphyxia on the first day from 88% to 93%, and on the fifth day there was an increase in oxygen saturation from 99 % becomes 100%.Conclusion: Murottal Al-Qur'an Surah Ar-Rahman therapy has a positive effect on oxygen saturation in patients with LBW accompanied by asphyxia

Background: BBLR refers to a disruption in the respiratory system of a baby caused by unstable physiological functions, including temperature, pulse, and oxygen saturation. One strategy for managing the condition is the implementation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), a non-invasive technique. Developmental care further reinforces the efficacy of CPAP. One specific effort in providing developmental care is to modify the position of newborns to a comfortable state via nesting. Objective: This scientific paper seeks to examine the effects of nesting therapy and pronation posture on the hemodynamic status of low weight newborns in the BBLR population. CPAP is installed in the Perinatology Room of RSUD Kabupaten Tangerang. Method: Provision of Nursing Care Intervention and innovation in the application of nesting and pronation position against hemodynamics. Results: Based on case studies in managed patients, there were changes in hemodynamic status such as pulse, breathing and temperature in patients before and after treatment.