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The increasing intensity of business competition requires companies to maintain strong financial conditions to avoid financial distress that may disrupt business continuity. This study aims to assess the financial stability and predict the potential bankruptcy of PT Sido Muncul Tbk for the 2022–2024 period using the Altman Z-Score model. A descriptive quantitative approach was applied, utilizing secondary data obtained from annual reports published by the Indonesia Stock Exchange and the company’s official website. Five key ratios in the Altman model were used as indicators to evaluate the company’s financial position and resilience. The results show Z-Score values of 4.74 in 2022, decreasing slightly to 4.66 in 2023, and rising again to 4.79 in 2024. These scores are significantly above the safe threshold of 2.675, indicating that the company is in a healthy financial state with a very low risk of bankruptcy. Overall, PT Sido Muncul Tbk demonstrates stable financial performance, supported by a strong capital structure and consistent operational results. The Altman Z-Score model also proves to be an effective early-warning tool for identifying potential financial problems.

The development of digital banks and the operational losses still experienced by PT Bank Aladin Syariah Tbk necessitate a financial health analysis to assess the potential for financial distress. This study aims to assess the potential bankruptcy level of Bank Aladin for the period 2021–2024 using the Modified Altman Z-Score model. The research method is descriptive quantitative with secondary data from annual financial reports and OJK publications, which are analyzed through four main ratios, namely working capital, retained earnings, earnings before taxes, and equity value to total debt. The results show that the Z-Score values are well above the safety threshold, with the highest value of 17.764 in 2021 and the lowest of 9.422 in 2022, mainly driven by high liquidity and equity strength. Thus, it can be concluded that PT Bank Aladin Syariah Tbk is in the Safe Zone category and does not show any potential for bankruptcy during the research period, although an increase in profitability is still needed.

This study aims to determine the relationship between leverage, profitability, and company size on the possibility of financial distress of companies in the textile and garment industry listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2022-2024. Several companies were selected using purposive sampling, based on categories determined by the author, such as the availability of data on each company and other relevant factors. The calculations used to analyze the financial difficulties of companies include the Altman Z-score and Zmijewski models, which will then serve as proxies for the dependent variable of financial distress. The results show that the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable differs between the models applied. The Altman Z-score model showed results that were more consistent with theoretical expectations, indicating a more robust measure of financial distress in this context. These findings highlight the importance of choosing appropriate models for analyzing financial distress in the textile and garment sector.

The purposes of this study analyze financial distress of non-food retail companies registered on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) between 2021 to 2024, as impacted by profitability, liquidity, leverage, and firm size. The sample criteria were as follows: (1) companies operating in the non-food retail sector and listed on the IDX during the specified period; (2) companies that consistently presented complete annual financial statements for each year; and (3) companies whose financial statements indicated that they reported a profit in the current year. Purposive sampling was employed to select the sample, resulting in 25 companies with a total of 100 observations. This research employed a quantitative approach using secondary data. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression in SPSS version 25. The results of the partial test (t-test) revealed that profitability (ROA) and liquidity (CR) had a significant positive effect on financial distress. This suggests that higher profitability and liquidity increase the Altman Z-Score, thereby reducing the risk of a company experiencing financial distress. In contrast, leverage (DAR) and firm size (LN) were found to have no significant effect. These results emphasize the dominant role of internal factors, particularly profitability and liquidity, in shaping the financial condition of non-food retail companies in Indonesia.

This study aims to compare and analyze the accuracy levels of four financial distress prediction models—Altman Z-Score, Springate, Grover, and Zmijewski—in anticipating the potential bankruptcy of companies subjected to delisting from the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX). The delisting phenomenon, which is strongly linked to severe financial deterioration, provided the core motivation for identifying the most reliable predictive instrument, utilizing secondary data from the annual financial reports of delisted companies during the 2019-2023 observation period. Descriptive analysis techniques were employed to calculate the accuracy rate and Type Error for each model. The comparative results consistently indicate that the Springate Model is the most effective, consistent, and accurate model for predicting financial distress in delisted firms, achieving an accuracy rate of 89% in both the first and second years prior to delisting, while the Altman Z-Score model exhibited lower accuracy (68.75% and 62.50%). This key finding emphasizes the superiority of the Springate Model as a crucial diagnostic tool for investors and regulatory bodies in assessing corporate bankruptcy risk.

This study aims to analyze the prediction of financial distress using the Altman Z-Score, Springate, and Zmijewski methods at PT Sri Rejeki Isman Tbk in 2019-2023. This type of research is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. Using secondary data with documentation techniques and literature studies in the form of related company financial reports, books, articles, journals and other publications related to the research topic. The sampling technique was carried out using a purposive sampling method. The sample in this study was obtained using a purposive sampling technique and obtained as many as 5 financial reports from the company PT Sri Rejeki Isman Tbk for the period 2019-2023. The results of the study show that the results of calculations using the Altman Z-Score method indicate that in 2019-2023 PT Sri Rejeki Isman Tbk experienced fluctuations in the company consistently still in the category of bankruptcy, the Springate method shows that the company experienced a decline in its financial performance, and the Zmijewski method shows that companies that experience fluctuations in financial performance conditions, Although there are fluctuations in the X-Score value and improvements in certain years.

This research is motivated by significant fluctuations and a decline in profits for companies in the clothing and luxury goods subsector listed on the IDX for the period 2021-2023, indicating potential financial difficulties. This research aims to evaluate the company's condition using four prediction models, namely Altman-ZScore, Springate, Fulmer, and Taffler, and to determine the most suitable model for the sector. The method applied is quantitative comparative with a purposive sample of 11 companies, using financial statement data from 2021-2023 and analyzed using the formulas for each predictive model. The research findings indicate that the four models produce different predictions regarding the company's financial condition. Additionally, there are differences in the accuracy levels of the four models. The Springate and Taffler models achieved the highest accuracy rate of 85%, followed by Altman at 67% and Fulmer at 64%. The findings of this study confirm that the Springate model is the most reliable tool for early warning for companies and stakeholders, enabling faster preventive measures to prevent bankruptcy.

Research on national banking using the Altman’s Z-Score analysis technique has been relatively extensive, but studies focusing specifically on banks indexed to SRI-KEHATI remain limited. The SRI-KEHATI Index is known as a benchmark for companies with strong sustainability, social responsibility, and good governance practices. This study aims to analyze the health trends of banks listed in the SRI-KEHATI Index during the 2015–2024 period by applying the second modified Altman’s Z-Score model (1993), which is widely recognized as a reliable indicator for assessing a company’s financial stability and risk of bankruptcy. The findings indicate that the overall Altman’s Z-Score trend of major banks within the SRI-KEHATI Index shows stability and a consistently healthy financial condition throughout 2015–2023. However, in 2024 there is a notable decline that requires further examination to determine whether it is caused by market fluctuations, structural challenges, or accounting adjustments. Despite this decrease, the overall financial health of the banks remains categorized as very good according to Altman’s model. The average Z-Score for all four banks analyzed is 6.457, which is well above the threshold of 2.6, indicating no significant bankruptcy risk. When evaluated individually, BMRI stands out as the healthiest with a Z-Score of 13.879, followed by BBNI with 5.971, BBRI with 3.175, and BBCA with 2.801. These results confirm that all four banks remain in a safe financial zone during the 2015–2024 period. Furthermore, the study’s four hypotheses are proven, reinforcing the argument that SRI-KEHATI indexed banks maintain strong financial resilience even amid post-Covid-19 challenges.

Financial distress refers to a company’s persistent inability to meet financial obligations, signaling severe monetary strain that precedes formal bankruptcy or liquidation proceedings. This study investigates the impact of intellectual capital (VAICTM), operational capacity (TATO), capital structure (DER), and operating cash flow (OCF) on financial distress (Altman Z-Score), with profitability (ROA) serving as a mediating variable. The theoretical framework of this research is grounded in signaling theory, agency theory, and resource-based view theory. The study focuses on basic materials companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) between 2019 and 2023. The study utilized criterion-based sampling to select qualified respondents. Secondary datasets were analyzed through panel regression and path analysis, with Eviews 12 as the computational tool. Key findings include: (1) intellectual capital and operating capacity demonstrate a statistically significant positive influence on profitability; (2) capital structure exerts a significant adverse impact on profitability; (3) operating cash flow exhibits no statistically discernible impact on profitability; (4) both operating cash flow and profitability are positively and significantly associated with increased financial distress; (5) capital structure displays a significant inverse relationship with financial distress severity; (6) intellectual capital and operating capacity show no statistically significant associations with direct financial distress prediction; (7) profitability partially mediates the influence of intellectual capital, operating capacity, and capital structure on financial distress; and (8) profitability does not serve as a mediating variable between operating cash flow and financial distress.

Bankruptcy is a condition where a business cannot operate effectively due to severe financial difficulties it is currently experiencing.  This research purposes to analyze the ratio of the Altman, Springate, and Grover models in analyzing bankruptcy in food and beverage corporations listed on the IDX with reference to signaling theory. The data analysis approach used are One Way Anova test and accuracy level test. Using 20 company samples with purposive sampling method. The final proceeds of the research explain that there are significant differences between the Altman and Springate models, significant differences between the Altman and Grover models, and no significant differences between the Springate and Grover models in predicting bankruptcy in food and beverage companies for the period 2019-2023. The very accurate prediction model was achieved by the Grover model.

This study examines the factors that influence financial distress in companies affiliated with Israel, focusing on the roles of profitability, liquidity, leverage, sales growth, and firm size. The research is driven by the phenomenon of boycotts caused by geopolitical conflicts involving Israel, which have impacted the financial performance of several companies, particularly in Indonesia. The study uses a quantitative approach, analyzing a sample of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) that are affiliated with Israel during the 2023-2024 period. The data consists of quarterly financial statements, which are analyzed using the Altman Z-Score bankruptcy prediction model. The findings show that profitability and liquidity have a significant effect on financial distress, while leverage and sales growth have a smaller impact. Firm size is also found to reduce the risk of financial distress. These results suggest that companies linked to Israel are more vulnerable to financial risks due to boycotts triggered by international political tensions.

The curriculum and learning of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) at the Senior High School (SMA) level face significant challenges in line with the dynamics of modern society, especially in strategic areas such as Batam City, which is multicultural and industry-oriented. Curriculum innovation is an urgent necessity to ensure that PAI learning can meet the demands of the times and strengthen students' character. This study aims to identify and develop a relevant and applicable model of curriculum and PAI learning innovation in SMA Batam City. The research method used is qualitative with a library research approach. Data were obtained through a literature review of academic books, scientific journals, and official documents relevant to the theme of curriculum and PAI learning innovation. The analysis was conducted descriptively and analytically on various existing curriculum models and innovation processes. The results of the study show that several innovation models can be adapted in the development of PAI curriculum and learning in high schools, including the R-D-D model (Research, Development, and Diffusion), the Organizational Development model, and the Configuration model. These three models provide a systematic approach to the educational innovation process, from design and implementation to diffusion and routinization within the school environment. In addition, the proposed innovation process follows the dynamic initiation and implementation stages based on the theories of Rogers and Zaltman. In conclusion, the development of curriculum and PAI learning innovation models in SMA Batam City needs to consider the local socio-cultural conditions, teacher readiness, and institutional support. The appropriate implementation of these models is believed to improve the quality of religious education to be more contextual, adaptive, and impactful on the formation of students’ character.

Bankruptcy is a state in which a company is unable to fulfil its financial obligations or a situation where the corporation initially functions but thereafter fails in business management. Bankruptcy is a state in which a firm lacks the money to operate its operation. The objective of the research is to identify the variables contributing to bankruptcy in PT. Garuda Indonesia. This research employs the Altman Z-score methodology using a bankruptcy calculation. This analysis indicates that the firm is at risk of bankruptcy, since its present assets from 2016 to 2019 are insufficient to meet its financial obligations. Companies must use deliberate, clear, and suitable measures to enhance operational cost efficiency. An inadequate business plan and human resources without a clear vision and goal for the organisation contribute to losses. This research seeks to evaluate the financial performance of PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk from 2016 to 2019 using the Altman Z-Score model. The population and sample in this research consist of the complete financial statements of PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk for the years 2016 to 2019. The findings of this research indicate that from 2016 to 2019, the bankruptcy rate at PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk was unfavourable, as shown by a Z-Score below 1.10, signifying a state of bankruptcy. The most pronounced decrease was seen in the Working Capital to Total Asset ratio, particularly in 2019. This results from the annual growth in current obligations.

This research aims to conduct empirical tests regarding the influence of financial distress, profitability, leverage, and liquidity on going concern statement in energy sector companies on the IDX in 2020-2023. This research uses 4 independent variables in the form of financial distress as measured by the Altman z-score, profitability as measured by return on assets, leverage as measured by the debt to asset ratio, and liquidity as measured by the current ratio. The dependent variable is a going concern statement with measurement using a dummy variable. The sampling technique used was a purposive sampling method which was based on certain criteria so that 53 companies were obtained and a total of 212 data. Data testing used logistic regression analysis and IBM SPSS Statistics version 26 software for data processing. The results of this study indicate that the variables of financial distress, profitability, leverage, and liquidity have a simultaneous effect on the going concern statement.

The purpose of this research was to identify the influence of profitability, debt to equity and sales growth on financial distress in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI). The dependent variable tested is financial distress which is calculated using the Altman Z-score. Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) face a number of economic and financial challenges that require careful risk management strategies. One of the main challenges that can threaten business continuity is the risk of financial difficulties. The research applies a purposive sampling method. The research sample consisted of 70 data or the equivalent of 14 companies listed on the IDX in the mining sector for the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS 20 application tools. The results of statistical test research show that profitability has a significant effect on financial distress because the significance value is <0.05, while debt to equity and sales growth have a positive and no effect. significant for financial distress because the significance value is >0.05. The results of the F statistical test show that profitability, debt to equity and sales growth have a significant and equal effect on financial distress because the significance value shows <0.05.

An airline is a company that offers air transportation services for passengers and cargo. This research aims to analyze bankruptcy predictions for airline companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2016-2023 period using the Altman Z-Score (Modified) model and the Springate model. The research population consists of 12 companies operating in the transportation subsector, focusing on the air transportation industry (airlines). The sample used includes 2 airline companies listed on the IDX, namely PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk (GIAA) and PT Jaya Trishindo Tbk (HELI). The data collection technique involves documentation in the form of secondary data, specifically the financial reports of airline companies available on the IDX or each company's website. The results of the study show that PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk demonstrates potential bankruptcy according to the Modified Altman Z-Score with an average Z-Score of 0.568. However, this company is considered healthy by Springate with an average S-Score of 0,913. Meanwhile, PT Jaya Trishindo Tbk (HELI) is in a grey area according to the Modified Altman Z-Score with an average Z-Score of 1,101, but shows potential bankruptcy according to Springate with an average S-Score of 0,806.

Analysis of financial distress is carried out to identify early signs of financial difficulties experienced by the company. Determining the number of samples used the purposive sampling method. The type of data used is secondary data obtained from the source www.idx.co.id. The analytical method used is statistical analysis consisting of descriptive statistical analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, classical assumption testing, and hypothesis testing. The results of partial hypothesis testing stated that liquidity measured by the current ratio had no significant effect on financial distress with a tcount value of 2.010 > ttable 1.70562 and liquidity measured by the quick ratio had no significant effect on financial distress with a tcount value of -0.027 < ttable 1.70562. while profitability measured by return on assets has a significant effect on financial distress with a value of tcount 5.453 > ttable 1.70562 and profitability measured by return on equity has no significant effect on financial distress with a value tcount < ttable or 1.201 < 1.70562. The research results of simultaneous hypothesis testing stated that liquidity and profitability simultaneously had a significant effect on financial distress with a value of fcount > ftable or 16.355 > 2.98. The research results show that the coefficient of determination (Adjusted R Square) is 0.679, which means that the influence of the liquidity and profitability variables on financial distress is 67.9%.

This research aims to determine the level of company bankruptcy using the Altman Z-Score model. Company PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk from 2013 to 2022. This research uses secondary data in the form of quantitative data. The data source used in this research comes from the financial reports of the company PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk which is listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) for the period 2013 - 2022. The Altman Z-Score method uses five variables, namely: Working capital/total assets (X1), Retained earnings/total assets (X2), Profit before interest and taxes/total assets (X3), Market value of equity/book value of debt (X4), and Sales/total assets (X5). The results of this research indicate that the Altman Z-Score model can be implemented in detecting the possibility of bankruptcy in PT companies. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk. The results of the analysis show that the company PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk is predicted to experience bankruptcy in 2019 - 2022. This is indicated by a Z-Score value below 1.8, which means very large financial difficulties and high risk. in 2013 - 2018, those who were predicted to be prone to bankruptcy were marked with a Z-Score value of 1.81 < Z-Score < 2.99.

This research aims to determine the level of company bankruptcy using the Altman Z-Score model. Company PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk from 2013 to 2022. This research uses secondary data in the form of quantitative data. The data source used in this research comes from the financial reports of the company PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk which is listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) for the period 2013 - 2022. The Altman Z-Score method uses five variables, namely: Working capital/total assets (X1), Retained earnings/total assets (X2), Profit before interest and taxes/total assets (X3), Market value of equity/book value of debt (X4), and Sales/total assets (X5). The results of this research indicate that the Altman Z-Score model can be implemented in detecting the possibility of bankruptcy in PT companies. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk. The results of the analysis show that the company PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk is predicted to experience bankruptcy in 2019 - 2022. This is indicated by a Z-Score value below 1.8, which means very large financial difficulties and high risk. in 2013 - 2018, those who were predicted to be prone to bankruptcy were marked with a Z-Score value of 1.81 < Z-Score < 2.99.

This study aims to determine the potential bankruptcy of airline companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange using the Altman Z-Score model. This research uses descriptive quantitative methods. This study aims to determine the potential bankruptcy of airline companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange using the Altman Z-Score model. This research uses descriptive quantitative methods. The sample in this study is the financial statements of 3 airline companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2016-2022 period. The data collection technique used in this study used secondary data. The data analysis technique uses the modified Altman Z-Score method. The results of this study show that PT Garuda Indonesia Tbk is in bankruptcy condition in 2016-2021, and in 2022 the company is different in gray area conditions. PT Air Asia Indonesia Tbk for seven years, namely in 2016-2022, was in bankruptcy condition. PT Indonesia Transport & Infrastructure Tbk was in bankruptcy condition in 2016-2021, and in 2022 the company was in a gray area condition..