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Laparotomy is a major surgical procedure associated with a high risk of acute postoperative pain. According to Gan (2017), if pain is not properly managed, it can progress to chronic pain. (Toro et al., 2018) reported that severe pain on the first postoperative day is still commonly found in laparotomy patients, while (Small & Laycock, 2020) indicated that moderate to severe pain within the first 24 hours following major surgery remains a significant clinical issue. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacological pain management following laparotomy under general anesthesia, specifically to identify the types of opioid analgesics used, analyze their effectiveness in reducing pain intensity, identify side effects, and examine administration techniques and routes. This study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method following the PRISMA guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink databases covering the years 2015–2026. The included studies comprised randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and retrospective studies addressing opioid pharmacological pain management in adult patients following laparotomy under general anesthesia. Study quality assessment was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) instrument. A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results of the systematic literature review indicate that opioids are effective in reducing postoperative pain following laparotomy under general anesthesia. The most commonly used opioids are morphine, fentanyl, and oxycodone. Of all the opioids reviewed, oxycodone provided the best pain control, while intrathecal morphine was most effective in reducing the need for supplemental opioids during the early postoperative period. Other opioids, such as extended-release dinalbuphine sebacate and tegileridine, are also effective, but the number of studies is still limited. The most common side effects are nausea, vomiting, pruritus, sedation, and dizziness. Pharmacological pain management using opioids is effective in reducing the intensity of postoperative pain following laparotomy under general anesthesia. Morphine, fentanyl, and oxycodone are the most commonly used opioids. Oxycodone and intrathecal morphine have shown good results in improving pain control and reducing the need for supplemental opioids. The selection of opioid type, dosage, and administration technique must be tailored to the patient’s clinical condition to achieve optimal analgesia with minimal side effects.

Pneumonia caused by extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is still  clinicaly chalenging, particularly among geriatric patients with neurological comorbidities such as stroke. This report presents a case of XDR P. aeruginosa pneumonia complicated by sepsis in a 73-year-old patient, characterized by persistent leukocytosis until the tenth day of hospitalization despite empirical meropenem therapy. This evidence-based case report aims to analyze clinical outcomes, specifically 28-day and 30-day mortality rates, and to identify mortality predictors in the adult population through a systematic literature search of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for the 2019–2026 period. Synthesized evidence from six core studies indicates that XDR P. aeruginosa infections carry a profoundly high 28-day mortality rate, ranging from 41% to 51% in cohorts receiving antibiotic monotherapy. Key mortality predictors identified include the presence of sepsis or septic shock, a delay in initiating adequate therapy exceeding 52 hours, advanced age, and the requirement for Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. The phenomenon of persistent or worsening leukocytosis during treatment, as observed in this case, serves as a critical clinical indicator associated with antimicrobial response failure and a dismal prognosis. Ultimately, XDR P. aeruginosa pneumonia is associated with poor clinical outcomes, where therapeutic success is strictly contingent upon the timely administration of antibiotic regimens with proven activity against these highly resistant isolates.

Community service is a form of implementation of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education which aims to make a real contribution to society through the application of knowledge and skills possessed by students. The rapid development of the business world requires every company to be able to manage operational activities effectively and efficiently. In carrying out company activities, administration has an important role in regulating various activities related to data recording, document management, and archiving company information. This service activity was carried out at CV. Stara Maju Perkasa with the aim of assisting in the implementation of more orderly and systematic operational administration. The method used is a descriptive method with a participatory approach through observation, interviews, and assistance in operational administration activities. The results of the activity show that the implementation of operational administration can improve the neatness of data recording, document management, and archiving of company archives so as to facilitate the process of searching for information. In addition, this activity also improves employee work efficiency and minimizes errors in administrative management. Thus, the implementation of good operational administration is able to support the smooth running of the company's activities as a whole.

The development of information technology has significantly transformed government administration, enhancing public service efficiency and effectiveness. However, many local government offices still manage population administration manually, leading to delays and data inaccuracies. This community service activity aims to enhance the capacity of Pematang Gubernur Village staff in managing digital-based population administration through the implementation of OpenSID. A qualitative approach was used, consisting of several stages: preparation, socialization, training, mentoring, and evaluation. The results demonstrated that OpenSID facilitated the digitalization of population data, improving the staff's ability to manage administrative services. During the mentoring process, the staff learned to use the system for daily tasks such as managing population data and issuing administrative letters more efficiently. As a result, the village staff were able to deliver faster and more accurate services. This initiative marks the beginning of digital transformation in population administration at the village level, contributing to a more streamlined and effective service delivery system. Overall, the activity not only improved administrative efficiency but also empowered the village staff with the skills necessary for future digital advancements.

Significant changes have occurred in the land administration sector with the introduction of digital land certificates as part of an ongoing digital transformation in public services. However, public understanding of the concept, procedures, and benefits of digital certificates is still relatively limited, leading to uncertainty and hesitation in their adoption. This community service program aims to increase public awareness and knowledge about digital land certificates through interactive education and structured socialization activities. The program includes seminars, guided discussions, and question-and-answer sessions designed to provide clear and practical explanations about how digital certificates function within the land registration system. As a result of these activities, community members become more informed about the advantages of digital certificates, such as greater efficiency, enhanced data security, improved transparency, and reduced risks of document damage or loss. This educational initiative is expected to strengthen public trust, encourage active participation, and support the more effective and sustainable implementation of digital land certificate services in the future.

Significant changes have occurred in the land administration sector with the introduction of digital land certificates as part of an ongoing digital transformation in public services. However, public understanding of the concept, procedures, and benefits of digital certificates is still relatively limited, leading to uncertainty and hesitation in their adoption. This community service program aims to increase public awareness and knowledge about digital land certificates through interactive education and structured socialization activities. The program includes seminars, guided discussions, and question-and-answer sessions designed to provide clear and practical explanations about how digital certificates function within the land registration system. As a result of these activities, community members become more informed about the advantages of digital certificates, such as greater efficiency, enhanced data security, improved transparency, and reduced risks of document damage or loss. This educational initiative is expected to strengthen public trust, encourage active participation, and support the more effective and sustainable implementation of digital land certificate services in the future.

The problem that occurs in stroke patients is damage to the autonomic nervous system that regulates intestinal peristalsis, causing a decrease in the defecation reflex and leading to constipation. If constipation is not treated properly, it will affect the quality of life of stroke patients. Constipation can be treated pharmacologically and non-pharmacologically. One non-pharmacological treatment is abdominal massage. Abdominal massage can stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, which can increase digestive system motility, reduce tension in the abdominal muscles, and have a relaxing effect on the sphincter. The design used in the preparation of the final scientific paper for the nursing study was a one-group pretest-posttest case study with abdominal massage intervention on three respondents who had experienced constipation for ≥ 72 hours. Abdominal massage was given once a day for 10-15 minutes for three consecutive days. The constipation scores using the Constipation Assessment Scale (CAS) were as follows: respondent 1, Mrs. L, from 13 to 6; Mrs. W, from 12 to 11; and Mrs. W, from 15 to 11. There was a decrease in the CAS score before and after the abdominal massage was administered, but it was not yet able to significantly alleviate constipation in stroke patients. The application of this EBP is expected to provide additional information on the administration of abdominal massage to stroke patients experiencing constipation for ≥72 hours.

Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are required to establish well-organized bookkeeping and administrative systems to enhance competitiveness and readiness for international expansion. However, Iluh Craft MSME continues to face challenges related to unstructured financial record-keeping and traditional administrative practices, which hinder effective financial monitoring and the preparation of business documentation. This community service activity aims to implement an efficient bookkeeping and administrative system to improve recording accuracy, operational efficiency, and the readiness of Iluh Craft MSME to expand into international markets. The implementation employed a descriptive participatory approach involving interviews, observations, and documentation, followed by system design, phased implementation, mentoring, and joint evaluation with the partner. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in the accuracy of financial records, a reduction in transaction recording errors to below 5%, administrative time efficiency gains of approximately 25–30%, and improved document organization with faster data retrieval. In addition, more than 90% of staff members were able to operate the system independently. Overall, the implementation of an efficient bookkeeping and administrative system proved effective in supporting more professional business management and enhancing the readiness of Iluh Craft MSME for international market expansion.

Advances in technology and research in the field of pharmacy have driven innovation in drug formulation and administration methods to improve the effectiveness and safety of therapy. One of the most widely developed dosage forms is suspension injections, which are sterile preparations containing particles of active ingredients that are insoluble in the carrier fluid. This study aims to review the effects of various administration routes, such as intra-articular, intramuscular, and subcutaneous, on the efficacy and safety of suspension injections. The method used is a literature study analyzing various scientific journals from databases published in the last ten years. The results of the review show that the route of administration has a significant effect on the therapeutic effect, where the intra-articular route provides a strong local effect with low systemic risk, the intramuscular route produces long-term effects and is relatively easy to perform, while the subcutaneous route provides stable drug release over a long period of time. Overall, the choice of injection route for suspension injections should be tailored to the characteristics of the drug, the patient's condition, and the therapeutic goals to achieve optimal, safe, and comfortable treatment outcomes for the patient.

This study aims to examine the activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on metabolism and digestion through a laboratory experimental approach. Metabolism and the digestive system play a crucial role in maintaining physiological balance, and disturbances in these systems can affect nutrient utilization and overall health. Ginger has long been used as a traditional herbal remedy and is known to contain bioactive compounds such as gingerol, shogaol, and zingerone, which are believed to support digestive and metabolic functions. The research was conducted using ginger extract prepared through an extraction process under controlled laboratory conditions. Observations focused on changes in metabolic responses and digestive activity following the administration of ginger extract. The study employed a descriptive experimental design to provide an objective overview of ginger’s biological activity. The results indicated a gradual improvement in digestive activity and metabolic responses after treatment with ginger extract. These changes suggest that ginger extract has the potential to enhance digestive efficiency and support metabolic processes. The findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of ginger as a natural ingredient in maintaining metabolic and digestive health and may serve as a preliminary reference for further research using quantitative and clinical approaches.

Patient safety is often viewed exclusively as the responsibility of clinical personnel. However, administrative errors occurring during the admission process and documentation stages constitute major contributors to medical risk. This study aims to explore the strategic role of administrative staff in strengthening patient safety culture and mitigating medical risks through effective communication coordination. A narrative literature review was conducted extensively using the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, covering publications from 2014 to 2024. Data were analyzed using a thematic synthesis approach. The findings identify four main themes: administrative staff as information gatekeepers, the role of health information technologies (HIS/EMR) in bridging communication gaps, collaboration barriers arising from hierarchical structures, and the need for an Interprofessional Shared Governance framework. Administrative accuracy in the early phases of care is proven to be critical in preventing latent errors with potentially fatal consequences. Strengthening patient safety culture requires the integration of administrative staff through cross-departmental training, standardized communication protocols, and non-punitive incident reporting systems. Administrative staff are not merely bureaucratic support personnel but are key actors within the modern hospital patient safety ecosystem.