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Hydrocephalus is defined as active distension of the brain’s ventricular system, resulting from inadequate flow of cerebrospinal fluid from its site of production to its site of absorption into the systemic circulation. Hydrocephalus can affect anyone at any age; pediatric hydrocephalus affects 1 in 1,000 live births and is the most common cause of brain surgery in young patients. Hydrocephalus is a pathological condition characterized by abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) due to increased production, impaired flow, or reduced absorption. Ventricular enlargement occurs in response to increased CSF volume and can lead to structural damage to the brain parenchyma. This condition can be congenital or acquired. One key point in prenatal diagnosis is the differentiation between fetal hydrocephalus and non-hypertensive ventriculomegaly. The former qualifies for intrauterine treatment with good outcomes. However, the latter can result in either favorable or catastrophic outcomes due to a damaging etiology, as seen in viral infections such as Zika virus. For an accurate diagnosis, fetal MRI is performed to detect brain anomalies, in addition to fetal ultrasound (to detect common complications), karyotype testing, and TORCH testing (toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex). Obstetric management of fetal hydrocephalus depends on the gestational age at diagnosis and the presence of other anomalies. Treatment options include termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable, placement of a ventriculoamniotic shunt, cephalocentesis before delivery, and/or cesarean section.

Melasma is a chronic acquired hyperpigmentation disorder affecting sun-exposed facial areas and associated with ultraviolet exposure, hormonal influences, and genetic predisposition. This review aims to describe the mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and safety of topical depigmenting agents in melasma management. Hydroquinone remains the traditional gold standard through tyrosinase inhibition, while triple-combination therapy with retinoids and corticosteroids demonstrates superior reduction in Melasma Area Severity Index scores compared with monotherapy. Non-hydroquinone agents such as tranexamic acid, azelaic acid, niacinamide, cysteamine, and thiamidol show comparable efficacy with improved tolerability. Common adverse effects include erythema and irritation, with rare ochronosis linked to prolonged hydroquinone use. In conclusion, individualized multimodal strategies with strict photoprotection are essential for effective and sustained melasma control.

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has brought about significant changes in higher education, particularly in how students acquire, understand, and manage academic information. This study aims to deeply understand students' experiences using AI as a learning tool and explore how they interpret the technology's role in supporting academic activities. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used, with three informants selected purposively from various study programs actively using AI. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observation, and documentation, then analyzed using data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results show that students view AI as an effective tool for improving learning efficiency, deepening conceptual understanding, and motivating them to be more independent and creative. However, challenges were also identified, including dependence on technology, doubts about the accuracy of information, and concerns about academic ethics violations such as digital plagiarism. Student experiences also demonstrate that AI plays a dual role as both a learning tool and a cognitive partner in the modern learning process. Therefore, the use of AI needs to be directed wisely and accompanied by strong digital literacy to balance technological convenience and the development of critical thinking skills. These findings emphasize the importance of adaptive, humanistic, and ethical learning strategies in the era of digital higher education transformation.

This training aims to equip students of to enhance the graphic design skills of students at SMK XI DKV Pangeran Antasari through Adobe Photoshop training. This activity is conducted in response to the growing need for graphic design proficiency among students in the digital age. This service adopts a practical qualitative research method with a direct approach, enabling participants to immediately apply the acquired knowledge. The methods employed include interactive workshops, practical demonstrations, and skills evaluation. The results of the activity demonstrate a significant improvement in students' abilities, with 85% of participants capable of producing simple designs independently. It is therefore expected that upon completion of this training, participants will be able to enhance their creativity in learning, particularly in the field of graphic design, as a primary foundation for becoming professional designers in the workforce."

Nosocomial infections, also known as Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), are infections acquired by patients during their stay in healthcare facilities. These infections remain a serious problem because they can increase morbidity and mortality rates, prolong the length of hospital stay, and raise healthcare costs. One classical yet highly relevant approach to preventing nosocomial infections is Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory. This theory emphasizes the importance of maintaining a clean environment, adequate ventilation, proper lighting, effective sanitation, and good personal hygiene to support patient recovery and reduce infection risks. Nightingale believed that environmental factors play a crucial role in improving patient health outcomes and preventing disease transmission. In modern nursing practice, the principles of Nightingale’s theory are still widely applied through infection prevention and control programs, environmental cleanliness standards, and patient-centered care. Therefore, understanding and implementing environmental management in healthcare settings remain essential strategies to reduce nosocomial infection rates and improve the overall quality of healthcare services.

This study discusses the judge’s considerations in granting permission for polygamy to a husband who had committed adultery, as stated in the Religious Court Decision of Tanjung Karang Number: 737/Pdt.G/2024/PA.Tnk. Generally, Law No. 1 of 1974 in conjunction with Law No. 16 of 2019 on Marriage upholds the principle of monogamy but allows polygamy under certain conditions with court approval. This case is particularly interesting because the court granted permission for polygamy to a husband who was proven to have engaged in an affair and committed adultery resulting in a child born out of wedlock. The study aims to identify the legal considerations of the judge and the legal implications regarding the marriage and joint property. The research employs an applied normative legal method with a qualitative approach, using primary data from interviews and secondary data from legislation and legal literature. The results show that the judge considered granting permission for polygamy as a means of legalizing the existing relationship to maintain public morality and prevent continuous sinful behavior, although it conflicts with moral values. Legally, the second wife has no rights over the joint property acquired before the polygamous marriage, as stipulated in Article 65 paragraph (1) letter b of the Marriage Law

Amaliyah tadris or teaching practice is an activity in the form of teaching practice carried out by someone in a guided manner to acquire skills in giving lessons and taken within a certain time as one of the requirements for fulfilling the program. Amaliyah tadris is an important program that is taught to students to improve student competence in order to become professional teachers, and as a provision to prepare for the delivery of their knowledge to students or the public, especially in terms of education. Based on the problems above, this study has 3 objectives related to the research focus of the Implementation of the Amaliyah Tadris Program to Improve Student Competence in Teaching Class XI at MAN 5 Jombang. The research objectives are 1) to describe and explain the implementation of the amaliyah tadris program at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 5 Jombang. 2) To describe and explain efforts to improve student competence in teaching at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 5 Jombang. 3) To describe and explain the supporting and inhibiting factors for implementing the amaliyah tadris program to improve student competence in teaching Class XI at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 5 Jombang. The type of research used in this research is field research. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Data collection was carried out using interviews, observation techniques, and documentation. Informants in this study consisted of Deputy Head of Student Affairs, Head of the Amaliyah Tadris Program, Madrasah Teachers where the Amaliyah Tadris program was implemented, Students. The data collected for observation and interviews were analyzed using data source triangulation analysis techniques. Based on the results of the study it was found that: Micro teaching at MAN 5 Jombang is packaged in the form of the Amaliyah Tadris program or teaching practice. For this program conceptualized by group division. Each group consists of 8 members and is placed in 18 TPQ Institutions. Placement at the TPQ institution also has conditions with a distance of 5-7 km from MAN 5 Jombang.  

This study examines the binding force of the WHO Patient Safety Rights Charter (2024) as a soft law instrument within the Indonesian legal system and evaluates the potential application of its principles in the formulation of national health policies. The research employs a normative juridical method with descriptive, analytical, and comparative approaches toward international norms, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the Global Patient Safety Action Plan (2021–2030), as well as relevant national regulations. The findings indicate that although the WHO Charter is not legally binding, it possesses substantial normative and moral authority derived from the ethical legitimacy of the World Health Organization and its alignment with the principles of the right to health. In Indonesia, several principles of the Charter have been partially reflected in Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health; however, normative gaps remain, particularly regarding patients’ participatory rights and medical justice. Soft law acquires its normative strength through moral legitimacy, broad acceptance, and integration into domestic policy frameworks. The study concludes that strengthening legal protection for patient safety in Indonesia requires the explicit incorporation of the WHO Charter’s principles into implementing regulations, thereby fostering a health law system that is equitable, accountable, and grounded in human rights.

Because it directly impacts revenue, customer loyalty, and long-term business sustainability, customer churn is a critical issue for the e-commerce industry. High churn rates indicate that a business is unable to retain existing customers, which means it is more expensive to acquire new customers. Therefore, a precise analytical approach is needed to identify customer behavior patterns that are likely to churn. Using machine learning methods, this study analyzes and predicts customer churn. For this study, the E-Commerce Customer Churn 2025 dataset, obtained from Kaggle, was used. This dataset consists of 10,000 customer data and contains fifteen variables covering transaction behavior, customer characteristics, and churn status. Data preprocessing, descriptive analysis, exploratory data analysis (EDA), and classification model development using Logistic Regression and Random Forest algorithms were part of the research project. Model evaluation was conducted using a Confusion Matrix and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve to evaluate the model's accuracy and ability to distinguish between churned and non-churned customers. The results showed that the Random Forest model performed better than Logistic Regression, with an ROC-AUC of 1.00. Furthermore, feature importance analysis revealed that the days_since_last_purchase variable was the most dominant factor in predicting customer churn. These findings are expected to help e-commerce companies design more effective, data-driven customer retention strategies.  

Rapid technological change in the digital era has reshaped the nature of organizational innovation, requiring firms not only to innovate but also to align their innovation activities with technological developments and market dynamics, a capability referred to as Techno-Resonance Innovation Capability (TRIC). Although Knowledge Management (KM) has been widely recognized as a driver of innovation, studies that explicitly link KM to the development of techno-resonant innovation remain limited. This study aims to address this gap by systematically reviewing the literature to examine how KM contributes to innovation capability and how this relationship evolves toward TRIC through absorptive capacity. Using the systematic literature review methodology proposed by Tranfield et al., this study follows three stages planning, conducting, and reporting the review to identify, evaluate, and synthesize relevant studies on KM, absorptive capacity, innovation capability, and techno-resonance. The findings indicate that innovation capability emerges from interconnected KM processes, including knowledge acquisition, sharing, storage, and application, which form the organizational infrastructure for innovation. Absorptive capacity is identified as a key bridging mechanism that enables organizations to transform managed knowledge into innovative outcomes by enhancing their ability to acquire, assimilate, transform, and exploit technological knowledge. This study concludes that integrating KM and TRIC through absorptive capacity extends conventional innovation capability models and provides a stronger theoretical explanation of innovation in technology-driven and digitally dynamic environments.

The phenomenon of pseudoexpertise on social media, namely the tendency to feel knowledgeable without adequate scientific grounding due to exposure to unrestricted information, has become a serious challenge for Islamic religious education. This study employs a phenomenological method through in-depth interviews with two Master's students of Islamic Education (PAI) at UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, who come from different social backgrounds teaching at Islamic boarding schools in rural Bogor and urban South Jakarta to obtain diverse perspectives on how social context influences the emergence of pseudoexpertise. The selection of master's-level informants is based on their academic qualifications and teaching experience, which are considered capable of providing representative insights. Secondary sources include scientific articles and relevant literature. The findings indicate that globalization and pseudoexpertise constitute obstacles that are difficult for religious teachers to control, as students acquire much of their religious knowledge from outside the school without verification. Therefore, contextual Islamic Education (PAI) learning and teachers who serve as knowledge validators through healthy communication are required, enabling students to filter information and develop more mature religious literacy.

Inclusive education requires learning approaches that are not solely oriented toward academic achievement but are also capable of supporting the psychomotor and emotional development of students with special needs, including those with mild intellectual disabilities. Students with mild intellectual disabilities commonly experience limitations in motor coordination, emotional regulation, and attention focus, which necessitate adaptive, holistic, and experiential learning strategies. This study aims to describe the implementation of contemporary dance as an art therapy approach in supporting the psychomotor and emotional development of students with mild intellectual disabilities in an inclusive school setting. The study employed a quantitative approach using a Single Subject Research (SSR) method with an A–B–A design. The research subject was one ninth-grade student with mild intellectual disability at SMPN 1 Karangtengah. Data were collected through systematic observation during the baseline-1 (A-1), intervention (B), and baseline-2 (A-2) phases, using indicators of psychomotor and emotional development. The results showed improvements in motor coordination, movement fluency and balance, imitation ability, attention focus, and emotional expression during the intervention phase. In the baseline-2 phase, most of the acquired abilities were maintained despite the termination of the intervention, indicating stability in behavioral changes. These findings suggest that contemporary dance as an art therapy approach has the potential to serve as a relevant and effective pedagogical-therapeutic strategy in supporting the psychomotor and emotional development of students with mild intellectual disabilities. The implications of this study indicate that contemporary dance can be integrated into arts learning or Individualized Education Programs as a humanistic learning alternative oriented toward students’ developmental needs within inclusive education contexts.

Odoo training at PT Tamaddun Inti Perkasa aims to improve existing business processes within the company through process integration, data transparency, and operational efficiency. Odoo implementation can improve the Company's operational efficiency and also increase HR capacity through mentoring and training to acquire digital skills relevant to the development of Industry 4.0. The training was conducted through participatory practices to improve digital skills through real company data. The training stages included identifying company problems, general socialization of Odoo usage, training, mentoring, evaluation, and feedback. The training participants consisted of 9 people from several departments and was held on December 8, 2025. A pre-training questionnaire proved that the company's employees are aware of the importance of integrated data management. This training activity successfully improved digital competency through the use of Odoo and respondents agreed that using Odoo can help simplify their work. The use of a flexible integrated system according to company needs such as Odoo is one solution. The use of six modules: Manufacturing, Inventory, Sales, Purchasing, Accounting, and Point of Sales (POS) is considered very important and must be understood by the company as a starting point for further development.