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Mu'tazilah is an ancient Islamic theological school of thought that has had a significant influence on the growth of rational and scholarly Islamic thought. This paper aims to examine the historical journey of Mu'tazilah since its emergence after the Tahkim incident following the Battle of Siffin. It explores the dynamics of cross-debate that accompanied it and its contribution to the advancement of science during the Abbasid dynasty, especially during the reigns of Caliphs al-Ma'mun and al-Mu'tasim. Using a descriptive historical approach and conceptual analysis, this study proves that the main concepts of Mu'tazilah, such as al manzilah bayna al manzilatayn and the focus on rationality, not only sparked theological debates but also stimulated the modernization of academic traditions through translation movements and the solidification of educational institutions such as Bait al Hikmah. Although the authoritarian implementation of Mu'tazilah teachings through mihnah regulations led to public resistance and contributed to its downfall, the intellectual legacy of Mu'tazilah is still relevant in the contemporary context. The rational ideas of Mu'tazilah are embodied in the concept of modern Islamic reform, including the views of Harun Nasution in Indonesia and the works of theological figures such as al Jahiz, who made significant contributions to the disciplines of linguistics and sociology. This study confirms that the rational and critical methods of Mu'tazilah still have important value in the development of Islamic theology that is interactive, adaptive, and sensitive to the challenges of the modern era.

This study aims to examine the development of Islam during the Umayyad Dynasty as one of the important periods in the history of Islamic civilization. The main focus of the discussion is directed at the process of the emergence of Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan as the first caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty and his efforts to establish dynastic power after the Islamic Civil War (Fitnah Kubra). The Umayyad Dynasty played a strategic role in the transformation of the Islamic government system from an elective caliphate to a hereditary monarchy, while simultaneously expanding the territory of Islam to various regions. This study uses a literature review method with a historiographic approach, namely examining and analyzing relevant classical and modern historical sources. The results show that during the Umayyad Dynasty, Islam experienced significant developments in the aspects of politics, government administration, military, and culture. However, internal political dynamics, conflicts over the legitimacy of power, and dissatisfaction of certain groups also contributed to weakening the stability of the dynasty. This study also describes the process of decline of the Umayyad Dynasty until its eventual collapse and replacement by the Abbasid Dynasty.

The Umayyad Dynasty (661–750 AD) was the first Islamic dynasty to implement a hereditary monarchy and played a significant role in the massive expansion of Islamic rule. After the end of the Caliphate, power passed to Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan, who founded the dynasty and moved the center of government to Damascus. This study aims to examine the political, social, economic, and religious dynamics during the Umayyad Dynasty through qualitative methods and a literature review approach. The results of the study indicate that the success of the Umayyad expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east was driven by solid military strength, intelligent diplomatic strategies, and an established government administration system. In the economic aspect, the Umayyad Dynasty developed a taxation and currency system that supported the country's financial stability. Infrastructure such as roads, postal services, and communication systems were also improved to support connectivity between regions. In the social and cultural fields, interactions between various ethnicities and religions encouraged the development of science, art, literature, and architecture, including the emergence of a distinctive Islamic architectural style. However, the unequal social system between Arabs and non-Arabs (mawali), as well as discrimination within the government, fueled public dissatisfaction. Furthermore, sectarian conflict between Sunnis and Shiites exacerbated the domestic political situation. Inequities in the distribution of power, nepotism, and authoritarianism were the main causes of the weakening of support for the Umayyad government. Ultimately, this dynasty collapsed after being overthrown by the Abbasid Dynasty in 750 CE. This study emphasizes that the success of a government is greatly influenced by just leadership, an inclusive government system, and the ability to respond adaptively to socio-political challenges.

The Abbasid dynasty was one of the most influential Islamic caliphates and left a long legacy in the development of world civilization. Established in 750 AD and ending in 1258 AD, the Abbasid period is known as the Golden Age of Islam due to its extraordinary progress in various fields, including politics, economics, and science. This study aims to examine how the Abbasid political and economic policies and the development of science that took place during that period were able to contribute significantly to the progress of global civilization. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive-historical approach through the study of relevant literature in the last five years. The results of the study indicate that political stability and a structured bureaucratic system provided a strong foundation for economic growth and intellectual progress. The Abbasid government established a center of knowledge in Baghdad known as Baitul Hikmah (House of Wisdom). Here, scientists from various religious and cultural backgrounds gathered to translate, develop, and disseminate knowledge from Greek, Persian, Indian, and other scientific traditions into the Islamic world. Some of the great figures who emerged during this period included Al-Khwarizmi (mathematics), Ibn Sina (medicine and philosophy), and Jabir Ibn Hayyan (chemistry). Their discoveries and work became the foundation for modern science. However, the glory of the Abbasids slowly declined due to internal conflicts, power struggles, and the weakening of the caliph's authority. The peak of the fall occurred when Baghdad was attacked and destroyed by the Mongols in 1258 AD. However, the intellectual and cultural heritage of the Abbasid dynasty continues to have an important influence on the development of world science and civilization to this day.

This article is written to examine the golden age of Islamic intellectuals, focusing on the development of education during the era of Caliph al-Ma'mun (786–833 AD) of the Abbasid Dynasty, and to explore the factors underlying the progress of science during that period. The research method used is a literature study with a qualitative historical descriptive approach; data were collected through a review of primary and secondary sources (books, journals, historical documents), then analyzed systematically through the process of de-contextualization, coding, grouping, and re-contextualization in order to compile a comprehensive historical narrative. The results of the study indicate that al-Ma'mun's policies including the establishment of BaitulHikmah, the movement to translate foreign scientific works, and political and economic support created an open and inclusive intellectual climate, accelerating the development of science, philosophy, and formal education to the village level. The implications of these findings emphasize the importance of synergy between state support, political stability, and respect for diversity as a foundation for the development of modern educational institutions and cross-cultural knowledge exchange.

This article explores the political, religious, and socio-cultural dimensions of the Fatimid Dynasty's rule in Egypt, highlighting its unique contributions to Islamic civilization. The Fatimid Caliphate, which ruled from 969 to 1171 AD, represented a significant Shi'a Islamic power that challenged the dominance of the Sunni Abbasid Caliphate. The study analyzes the origins of the Fatimid dynasty, its establishment in North Africa, and its eventual relocation of the capital to Cairo, which became a vibrant center of learning and governance. Special attention is given to the administrative reforms, religious tolerance policies, and architectural advancements initiated by Fatimid rulers. Additionally, the article examines the tensions and conflicts both internally and externally that eventually led to the dynasty’s decline. By using historical and historiographical methods, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how the Fatimid Dynasty shaped the political and religious landscape of medieval Egypt and left a lasting legacy that can still be seen in Egyptian culture and architecture today.                  

Islam after the death of the Prophet Muhammad SAW experienced a golden age. The peak of this glory was not seen from the size of its territory, but from the progress of various sectors such as art, culture, building architecture, and education. All of this success was achieved during the Abbasid Dynasty. This dynasty was different from the previous empire, namely the Umayyad, which focused more on expanding the territory of da'wah. In this short and simple article, the development of art, especially architecture, during the Abbasid Dynasty is discussed, which is one indicator of the progress of the Baghdad Caliphate. Architecture is the work of an architect designed to build spaces in a building with certain functions and purposes. The royal palace building is an architectural design that is formed according to the development of the times and contains certain meanings in each of its arrangements. This article aims to explain the architectural style of the Abbasid Caliphate palace, including its types and the influence of other architectural styles in its construction. The method used is a literature study (library research) by collecting data from various relevant literature. The results of this writing are expected to provide a general description of the characteristics of palace architecture during the Abbasid Dynasty.

This study examines the tax policies during the time of Abu Yusuf, a prominent Islamic scholar and economist who significantly contributed to the Islamic financial system through his work Kitab al-Khara. The research aims to analyze Abu Yusuf's taxation concepts, their implementation during the Abbasid Caliphate, and their relevance to modern taxation systems, particularly in Indonesia. This study employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach. The findings indicate that Abu Yusuf favored a proportional tax system (muqasamah) over a fixed tax system (misahah), as it is fairer and more adaptable to economic fluctuations. He also emphasized the importance of tax officials' integrity, transparency in tax administration, and strict supervision of tax collectors to prevent corruption. This study highlights that Abu Yusuf’s taxation principles remain relevant in modern taxation systems, particularly in terms of fairness, efficiency, and fiscal transparency.

Islamic civilization has played an important role in world history, with significant contributions in the fields of science, philosophy, architecture, and culture. Therefore, it is important to study and understand the history of Islamic civilization to understand its significant influence in the modern world. The Abbasid Dynasty was one of the golden periods in the history of Islamic civilization, with significant contributions in various fields. The Abbasid Dynasty was one of the dynasties that had a high civilization in the field of science, of course this was inseparable from the efforts made by the caliphs who led the government. Efforts continued to be made by translating foreign works that had previously experienced civilization in the fields of science and other fields. This article will discuss the history of the Abbasid Dynasty and its contributions to Islamic civilization.

This study aims to examine economic growth during the Abbasid Caliphate and to identify Islamic economic principles that can be adapted to a modern context. Through this study, it is hoped that a more inclusive and equitable economic model can be found. This research employs a literature review method, gathering data from various sources, including historical texts, scientific articles, and economic reports. This approach enables the researchers to comprehensively explore the economic dynamics of the Abbasid era.The study reveals that during the Abbasid period, economic growth was achieved through innovative policies, such as infrastructure development and transparent financial management via the Baitul Mal. The trade sector expanded rapidly with Baghdad as a global trade hub, while fair taxation policies and support for knowledge advancement further strengthened economic stability. The application of Islamic principles, such as social justice and wealth distribution, played a crucial role in creating an inclusive and sustainable economy.

Caliph Harun ar-Rasyid was a successful ruler in his leadership. He made significant efforts to advance Islamic civilization, particularly in the economic sphere, which flourished under his rule. The achievements during his reign left a profound impression on his people. The aim of this research is to examine the economic policies implemented by Harun al-Rasyid concerning welfare and economic justice during his time. This study is a library research, involving the collection of data sources such as books, documents, and historical records about Harun ar-Rasyid. The findings indicate that Harun ar-Rasyid successfully elevated the popularity of the Abbasid dynasty and the Islamic world to its zenith through improvements in the welfare of his people and economic justice, as evidenced by his various contributions to the economy, society, and politics.    

This article explores the role of Bayt Al-Hikmah as a monumental intellectual center during the Abbasid Dynasty. Built during the time of Caliph Abu Ja'far al-Mansur, this center developed into a famous library during the reign of Harun al-Rashid and Al-Ma'mun. It functions not only as a library, but also as an educational institution, astronomical observatory, and translation center, housing a collection of more than 60,000 books from various languages and regions. Important factors influencing the development of Bayt Al-Hikmah included the caliph's love of science, extensive translation activities, use of paper, the presence of scientists from various regions, material support, and enthusiasm for studying Islamic teachings. Despite achieving glory, the summary of the Abbasid dynasty started from internal political conflict to the Mongol attack which resulted in the fall of the city of Baghdad and the destruction of Bayt Al-Hikmah. Even though this intellectual center collapsed, the scientific legacy it produced remains a testament to the glory of science at that time, even though it experienced a tragic end.