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This project is motivated by the increasing rate of deforestation in Indonesia, which has led to ecosystem degradation and the threat of extinction for endemic species, as well as the relatively low environmental awareness among young people due to the abstract and systematic presentation of data. The main objective of this work is to produce a 5-minute 2D animation that effectively raises awareness among adolescents aged 14–24 about the threat of environmental extinction caused by deforestation in Indonesia. This is achieved through a three-act narrative approach using a first-person perspective of the Javan surili, positioned as a narrative “lens” and a representation of a victim of a damaged ecosystem, allowing abstract issues to be understood in a more personal, emotional, and empathetic way. The method includes pre-production (research, concept development, and scriptwriting), production (development of dialogue, monologue, and visual direction based on a three-act structure), and post-production (narrative evaluation and script refinement). The result is an educational animation script titled “Jaga Alam, Cegah Kepunahan,” which integrates scientific data, visual storytelling techniques, and multimedia learning principles to deliver messages in an informative and emotional manner. The three-act structure successfully constructs a systematic storyline from introduction, conflict, to resolution with a call to action. The conclusion shows that 2D animation with a personal narrative approach is effective in transforming environmental issues into accessible messages, increasing empathy, and encouraging audience awareness and participation in environmental conservation.

The issue of forest degradation caused by illegal logging in Indonesia poses a serious threat to ecosystem balance and the survival of wildlife. This condition highlights the need for effective visual communication media to deliver environmental education messages in a communicative and easily understandable manner. This study aims to design a 2D educational animation that illustrates the impact of illegal logging on forest ecosystems from the perspective of an endemic animal, the surili. The method used is a qualitative approach with animation production stages consisting of pre-production, production, and post-production. The pre-production stage includes idea development, research, scriptwriting, storyboard creation, and visual design. The production stage involves the creation of visual assets, backgrounds, and animation processes to construct the storyline. The post-production stage includes visual editing, audio integration, and rendering as the final output. The result of this study is a 2D animation entitled “Jaga Lingkungan Hindari Kepunahan Alam,” which presents a structured narrative to effectively convey educational messages. The implications of this work indicate that animation as an educational medium can enhance public awareness of the impacts of illegal logging and emphasize that forest destruction affects not only wildlife but also humans as part of the ecosystem.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an obligate intracellular bacterium that affects the skin, peripheral nerves, upper respiratory mucosa, and eyes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a comorbidity that can worsen the course of leprosy. The female patient, Mrs. D, aged 55 years came to the emergency room of Cut Meutia Hospital with the main complaint of red bumps accompanied by pain on the face, hands, chest, and back since 3 days ago and additional complaints such as fever, joint pain, and numbness and loss of feeling in the legs, weakness, frequent thirst, and frequent urination. Dermatologic status is obtained in the facial region in the form of erythema nodules with firm boundaries with numular size, multiple. Laboratory examination showed anemia and leukocytosis. The therapy given was MDT MB package, ferrous sulfate 1x325 mg and PRC transfusion 3 kolf. Complaints arose acutely after the patient resumed taking MDT (multidrug therapy) leprosy drugs which had previously been stopped for more than 3 months. Based on the time of onset of symptoms, history of leprosy treatment, and the manifestation of systemic inflammatory lesions with signs of neurotropism, it can be suspected that the patient is experiencing a type 2 leprosy reaction or Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL).

This study aims to analyze the in silico profile of the compound orientin derived from the water hyacinth plant (Eichhornia crassipes) as a potential antioxidant candidate. Orientin was selected based on its chemical structure data registered in PubChem, which provides complete information regarding molecular identity, physicochemical properties, and 2D and 3D structural representations. The prediction of biological activity was conducted using PASS Online, which indicated that orientin possesses a promising likelihood of exhibiting antioxidant activity according to relevant probability values. Furthermore, the safety assessment of the compound was carried out through ProTox-II to identify potential toxicity, including toxicity class, possible hepatotoxic effects, and other predicted safety parameters. To determine its pharmacokinetic profile, pkCSM was employed to predict ADMET characteristics such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and additional toxicity risks. The results of these analyses show that orientin demonstrates favorable potential as an antioxidant candidate, supported by predicted pharmacological properties and relatively low toxicity levels according to in silico evaluations. Therefore, orientin has promising potential for further development in subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies.

The development of multimedia-based interactive games requires a system capable of effectively managing game logic, character behavior, and the integration of visual and animation elements. This study aims to implement GDScript in the development of a 2D RPG game using the Godot Engine. The research method was carried out through the design of scene and node structures, the implementation of game logic using GDScript, and the application of Finite State Machine (FSM) to regulate enemy behavior. GDScript is used to control character movement, animation systems, and interactions between players and objects in the game. The implementation of FSM allows enemies to have dynamic behavior through state settings such as idle and wander. Functional testing results show that the game system can run according to the design and is capable of producing responsive interactions. In addition, the use of modular architecture in the Godot Engine facilitates system development and maintenance. Based on the research results, the Godot Engine and GDScript are considered effective for developing multimedia-based interactive games.

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a severe inflammatory form of psoriasis characterized by widespread sterile pustular eruptions. Pro-inflammatory mediators released during chronic inflammation may contribute to comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A 65-year-old woman presented with pustular eruptions over almost the entire body for seven days, accompanied by burning sensation and pruritus. Some pustules coalesced forming “lakes of pus,” while others appeared as erythematous plaques with coarse white scales. The patient had a history of T2DM. Based on clinical findings, the patient was diagnosed with GPP. She was hospitalized for seven days and followed up weekly until week 10. Inflammatory mediators such as Th-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-17, and IL-23 in psoriasis may inhibit insulin receptor signaling and glucose uptake, leading to insulin resistance and increased blood glucose levels. The duration of treatment until remission in psoriasis patients with T2DM tends to be longer than in non-diabetic patients. In patients with comorbidities, low-dose methotrexate (5–7.5 mg/week) was administered. The coexistence of GPP and T2DM may lead to more severe exacerbations, prolonged treatment duration, and reduced quality of life, posing challenges in management.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires comprehensive management beyond pharmacological therapy, including sustainable lifestyle-based interventions. Yoga asana, as a form of mind–body intervention, integrates physical postures, breathing techniques, and relaxation practices that may influence metabolic and psychosocial pathways relevant to T2DM. This article aimed to synthesize evidence regarding the physiological mechanisms, clinical effectiveness, and healthcare implementation context of yoga asana in T2DM management, as well as to discuss the role of physicians in integrating this complementary therapy, including within health tourism settings. A narrative literature review was conducted using scientific databases, focusing on publications addressing yoga asana, mind–body interventions, T2DM, and clinical integration. The findings indicate that yoga asana is associated with improved glycemic control, including reductions in fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose, and HbA1c, alongside modulation of stress-related physiological parameters and psychological well-being. Beyond clinical outcomes, yoga asana shows potential for community-based and health tourism contexts as part of chronic disease lifestyle management. Physicians play a central role in clinical assessment, patient education, coordination with complementary therapy providers, and ongoing monitoring to ensure safe, evidence-based integration. Although current evidence suggests consistent beneficial trends, methodological heterogeneity highlights the need for more standardized and mechanistic research.  

The increasing volume and complexity of data have made traditional 2D visualization methods insufficient for effectively exploring and understanding high-dimensional datasets. Immersive Virtual Reality (VR) presents a promising solution by providing an interactive 3D environment that enhances spatial understanding, task efficiency, and user satisfaction. This research aims to evaluate the user experience (UX) and interaction design quality of immersive VR interfaces for 3D data visualization in complex environments. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining usability testing, UX questionnaires, and task-based performance analysis. Participants interacted with VR prototypes designed to visualize complex data and were assessed on their ability to manipulate and explore the data efficiently. The findings show that immersive VR interfaces significantly improve spatial comprehension, reduce cognitive load, and increase task performance efficiency compared to traditional 2D systems. Additionally, user satisfaction was notably high, with participants appreciating the intuitive and engaging interaction methods. The study concludes that immersive VR can provide substantial benefits in real-world data visualization applications, particularly in domains requiring the exploration of complex and high-dimensional data. However, further research is needed to optimize VR interfaces and address challenges such as motion sickness and interaction complexity.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health problem characterized by increased blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for 90-95% of all diabetes cases and is characterized by insulin resistance. Persistent hyperglycemia in patients with T2DM increases the risk of various complications, including renal dysfunction. Therefore, monitoring HbA1c levels is important for assessing long-term glycemic control and preventing complications, one of which is impaired kidney function that can be detected through increased blood creatinine levels. To analyze the relationship between HbA1c levels and blood creatinine levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at RSUD ODSK North Sulawesi Province. This study used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. This study was retrospective using secondary data in the form of medical record data for the period February 2024-August 2025. This study used a total sampling method with 71 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The findings showed that the majority of patients had HbA1c levels >6,5%, while most blood creatinine levels were within the normal range. Based on the results of the Spearman-Rank correlation test, a significance value of 0.040 (p-value <0.05) was obtained. There is a significant relationship between HbA1c levels and blood creatinine levels, with a negative correlation strength in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at RSUD ODSK North Sulawesi Province.

This study investigates the levels of asprosin and irisin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN), and evaluates their relationships with insulin resistance, glycemic control, and renal function. Additionally, it explores their diagnostic performance as potential non-invasive biomarkers for the early detection of DN using ROC curve analysis. A controlled prospective study was conducted involving 130 participants, categorized into healthy controls, T2DM patients, and T2DM with DN. Serum asprosin, irisin, and insulin levels were measured using ELISA, while biochemical and renal parameters such as fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, creatinine, urea, and eGFR were assessed using standard spectrophotometric techniques. ROC analysis was employed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of asprosin and irisin. Asprosin levels were significantly elevated, while irisin levels were markedly reduced in DN patients compared to T2DM and control groups (p < 0.001). Moreover, DN patients exhibited higher levels of fasting glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, creatinine, and urea, with lower eGFR, indicating substantial renal dysfunction. ROC analysis revealed that asprosin had an AUC of 0.910 (95% CI: 0.839–0.981), with 90.0% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity at a cutoff value of 11.27 ng/mL. Irisin showed an AUC of 0.886 (95% CI: 0.812–0.960), with 95.0% sensitivity and 71.1% specificity at a 158.25 ng/mL cutoff. Asprosin and irisin are strongly associated with insulin resistance and renal impairment in patients with T2DM and DN. Their high diagnostic performance supports their utility as promising non-invasive biomarkers for the early detection and monitoring of diabetic nephropathy progression.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a global health problem with continuously increasing prevalence, covering the majority of diabetes cases worldwide. Persistent hyperglycemia in T2DM progressively damages the kidneys. Early assessment of kidney function, especially through the examination of urea levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values, is important to predict CKD prognosis and guide therapeutic intervention. To discover the profile of urea levels and eGFR values in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients at ODSK Hospital, North Sulawesi Province. This study is a descriptive quantitative observational study with a cross-sectional design, conducted retrospectively using secondary data from the medical records of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients at ODSK Hospital, North Sulawesi Province during the period February 2024–August 2025 who met the inclusion criteria. From a total sample of 658 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients, the majority of patients had high urea levels (53.3%). Based on sex, the proportion of high urea levels in males (57.2%) was higher compared to females (50.5%). Meanwhile, the distribution of eGFR values showed that the G1 category was the most frequent (23.9%). However, the majority of other patients (75.1%) were already in categories G2 to G5, which indicates a decrease in kidney function. This decrease in kidney function was slightly more detected in male patients (76.1%) compared to female patients (74.4%). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients at ODSK Hospital, North Sulawesi Province, have high urea levels and the majority have decreased eGFR values.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, inflammation, and neoangiogenesis, largely driven by dominant T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) immune responses. Psoriasis is associated with metabolic, psychological, cardiovascular, and arthritic comorbidities. Vitamin D plays an important role in the management of psoriasis. Calcitriol (1,25(OH)₂D₃), regulates keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Vitamin D supports the formation of the cornified envelope as well as epidermal lipid and ceramide production, also acts synergistically with the epidermal calcium gradient to maintain barrier function. In addition to its epidermal effects, vitamin D exerts immunomodulatory actions by enhancing regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-10, IL-4, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)), while suppressing Th1/Th17 activity and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)). These mechanisms highlight its potential role in psoriasis therapy. Topical vitamin D₃ analogues are effective for mild to moderate disease due to the high expression of vitamin D receptors in psoriatic keratinocytes. Oral supplementation has also been explored for its systemic immunomodulatory effects, although findings remain inconsistent.  

The calculation of work volume and construction costs is a fundamental aspect of project management, as errors in the estimation process can directly affect the preparation of the project budget. Many projects still use conventional methods for estimation, which are based on 2D working drawings with the assistance of Microsoft Excel, as seen in the Sungai Raya Religious Court Building project. This method is considered prone to calculation errors and less efficient due to the considerable amount of time required. With the advancement of technology, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has emerged, enabling automatic and integrated calculation of work volumes and construction costs through a three-dimensional digital model. This study aims to examine the implementation of BIM in the Sungai Raya Religious Court Building project and to compare the results of work volume and construction cost calculations between the BIM method using Autodesk Revit and the conventional method based on the project’s Bill of Quantity (BoQ). The research method was conducted by modeling the structural elements of the building, including pile caps, tie beams, columns, beams, floor slabs, and reinforcements. The results of work volume and construction cost calculations obtained from Autodesk Revit were then compared with the project’s BoQ as the conventional method. Based on the analysis, an average difference of 6.3% in work volume and 5.6% in construction cost was found, with the Autodesk Revit calculations showing slightly lower values compared to the project’s BoQ.