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This study analyzes the minimum age of marriage in Islamic jurisprudence and compares it with the positive law regulations in Indonesia and Malaysia. Using a normative legal method with comparative and conceptual approaches, the study draws on primary sources, including the Qur'an, hadith, Law Number 16 of 2019 on Marriage in Indonesia, and the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 in Malaysia. The analysis focuses on how Islamic legal principles concerning marriage eligibility are interpreted and incorporated into contemporary legal frameworks in both countries. The findings reveal that Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) associates marital readiness with the concept of baligh (puberty) without prescribing a specific numerical age, whereas state law establishes fixed minimum age requirements to safeguard the rights and welfare of women and children. Indonesia sets the minimum marriage age at 19 years for both males and females, while Malaysia prescribes 18 years for males and 16 years for females, with judicial dispensation available in both jurisdictions under certain circumstances. These legal arrangements demonstrate each country's effort to harmonize classical Islamic jurisprudence with contemporary social protection objectives through institutional ijtihad, reflecting a balance between religious principles, legal certainty, and public welfare in regulating marriage.

Judicial digital transformation through the implementation of e-Court and e-Litigation represents a strategic initiative of the Supreme Court of Indonesia to establish a modern, effective, and efficient judiciary. These innovations have successfully transformed various stages of civil case administration and litigation into faster and more transparent processes. However, the success of digitalization in case examination has not been accompanied by similar reforms in the execution of court judgments. This study aims to analyze the regulation of civil judgment execution following the implementation of e-Court and e-Litigation, identify challenges encountered in practice, and formulate a concept of execution digitalization as part of judicial reform. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The legal materials consist of primary legal sources in the form of legislation and Supreme Court regulations, as well as secondary legal sources including scholarly literature and previous studies. The findings reveal that although e-Court and e-Litigation have accelerated dispute resolution processes, the execution of civil judgments remains largely conventional. Consequently, several challenges persist, including delays in execution, lack of transparency, and limited supervision by litigating parties. Therefore, the development of an integrated Digital Execution System linked to existing electronic judicial platforms is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of judgment enforcement and ensure greater legal certainty for justice seekers.

Indonesia is currently experiencing an emergency situation regarding sexual violence, which compromises national social resilience. The enactment of the Sexual Violence Crimes Law (UU TPKS) creates new legal mandates for healthcare professionals. Midwives, serving as frontline providers in primary care and remote areas, act as the first professional contact for survivors, yet they lack adequate legal certainty regarding medico-legal duties and preparedness within the midwifery educational framework. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the regulatory synchronization concerning the limited medico-legal authority of midwives in implementing the UU TPKS and to formulate reconstruction strategies for professional standards and the national midwifery curriculum. Methods: This normative juridical (doctrinal) research utilizes statute, conceptual, analytical, and comparative approaches. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively-normatively through systematic and teleological interpretations, evaluated using coherence and prescriptive frameworks. Results: The study reveals a significant disharmony of norms between the UU TPKS and Minister of Health Regulation (Permenkes) No. 2 of 2025, which imposes bureaucratic barriers on safe abortion access for rape victims. Additionally, the Midwife Professional Standards (Kepmenkes No. 320/2020) fail to integrate basic clinical forensic authorities, compounded by a national techno-centric curriculum that overlooks Trauma-Informed Care (TIC). Conclusions: Legal certainty for midwives and comprehensive justice for survivors can only be accomplished by reconstructing inclusive competency standards, eliminating administrative boundaries through the "Medical First" principle, and integrating primary health law and trauma-sensitive care modules into the national midwifery curriculum.

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has created various digital innovations, but it has also generated new forms of crime through the misuse of deepfake technology. This study aims to analyze the legal liability of social media platforms for the dissemination of AI-based deepfake content and the forms of legal protection for victims of digital fraud, particularly elderly groups, in the case of the “magical money ritual” scam using the identity of Ujang Busthomi. This research employs normative legal research methods using statutory and case approaches. The results show that perpetrators of deepfake fraud can be held criminally liable under Article 28 paragraph (1) in conjunction with Article 45A paragraph (1) of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law and Article 378 of the Indonesian Criminal Code concerning fraud. In addition, social media platforms as Electronic System Providers also bear preventive and repressive responsibilities under the ITE Law, Government Regulation on Electronic Systems and Transactions, and the Personal Data Protection Law to prevent the spread of illegal content. Legal protection for victims is carried out through criminal law enforcement, personal data protection, restitution mechanisms, and the enhancement of digital literacy in society.

Discrimination in the workplace is a problem that can hinder the creation of a fair and inclusive work environment. Discrimination can take the form of differential treatment of employees based on gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors unrelated to individual performance and competence. To address this issue, the law plays a crucial role in providing employee protection to ensure equality and non-discrimination in the workplace. Various legal instruments, both national and international, regulate employee protection from discrimination, including the Employment Law, the Human Rights Law, and conventions issued by the International Labour Organization (ILO). However, the effective implementation of these regulations remains a challenge, particularly in terms of implementation, enforcement, and employee awareness of their rights. This study aims to analyze the role of law in protecting employees from discrimination in the workplace by examining applicable regulations and the challenges in their implementation. The research method used is a normative juridical method, which focuses on the study of relevant laws and legal principles. The analysis is conducted on national legal provisions and international legal instruments as references for protecting workers from discrimination. Furthermore, this study identifies barriers to legal implementation and offers recommendations to improve the effectiveness of legal protection for employees. This analysis is expected to provide insight into the urgency of regulatory reform and strengthening so that the law can play an optimal role in creating a fairer and more discrimination-free work environment.

In contemporary legal systems, social conflict between the state and indigenous communities is a complicated matter, especially when it comes to the acknowledgement and defense of indigenous peoples' rights to land, natural resources, and cultural identity. Indigenous peoples' rights, which before the establishment of the modern state, are frequently disregarded by imbalances in official policies that prioritize development interests. In this context, legal reconciliation is a relevant approach to resolving these conflicts in a just and sustainable manner. Legal reconciliation emphasizes the integration of customary law into the national legal system and the harmonization of state policies and the interests of indigenous peoples to create a more inclusive legal order. The study of legal standards relevant to resolving disputes between the state and indigenous peoples is the main emphasis of this research, which employs a normative juridical approach. The approach used in this research includes an analysis of national legislation, international legal instruments related to indigenous peoples' rights, and relevant legal doctrines. Using a statute approach and a conceptual approach, this research explores how legal reconciliation can be implemented in resolving social conflicts. Furthermore, this research highlights the role of legal principles such as restorative justice, legal pluralism, and recognition of indigenous peoples' rights in developing more effective conflict resolution mechanisms. This analysis is expected to establish a strong legal foundation for promoting more inclusive and socially just legal policies for indigenous peoples.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) has brought a fundamental paradigm reconstruction to the Indonesian criminal justice system through the explicit recognition of the "living law" (hukum yang hidup di masyarakat). This study aims to analyze the legal standing of living law within the Indonesian legal system and examine the juridical and sociological implications of integrating these unwritten norms from the perspective of Article 2 of Law Number 1 of 2023. The research method employed is normative legal research with a statutory approach. The results indicate that the positioning of living law holds a strategic standing rooted in Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and is further reinforced by the Constitutional Court Decision Number 35/PUU-X/2012. Following the promulgation of Law Number 1 of 2023, Article 2 paragraph (1) formally deconstructs the rigidity of the colonial-inherited formal legality principle (Wetboek van Strafrecht) and transforms it toward a material legality principle. Consequently, living law is now recognized as a valid basis for criminal liability and acts as a complement to national law, manifested through additional criminal penalties in the form of fulfilling local customary obligations to support restorative justice. Nonetheless, the state imposes limitations through a codification mechanism into Regional Regulations guided by Government Regulations, which must be aligned with Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, Human Rights, and general principles of law recognized by civilized nations to prevent legal uncertainty and subjective interpretations of the law.

This study examines sarcastic implicatures in the 2024 United States presidential debate between Joe Biden and Donald Trump, with a particular focus on Donald Trump’s utterances. The study aims to identify the forms and types of sarcastic implicatures employed in political discourse during the debate. A qualitative descriptive method with a pragmatic approach was used to analyze how implied meanings are constructed and interpreted within the context of political communication. The data consisted of debate transcripts and video recordings broadcast by CNN, selected based on utterances containing elements of sarcasm. Data analysis was conducted through four stages: identification, classification, coding, and interpretation. The findings reveal that sarcastic implicatures are realized in two main forms, namely indirect non-literal utterances and direct non-literal utterances. In addition, several types of sarcastic implicatures were identified, including undermining, mockery, insult, criticism, and threat. The most dominant type was undermining, which was used to weaken the image and credibility of political opponents. These findings indicate that sarcastic implicatures function as an effective rhetorical strategy in political communication to influence public opinion, shape audience perceptions, and strengthen the speaker’s political position in televised political debates.

This study aims to evaluate the success of the New Southern Policy (NSP) in enhancing security cooperation between South Korea and Indonesia during the administration of President Moon Jae-in (2017-2022). The NSP is South Korea's foreign policy designed to deepen relations with ASEAN countries and India through three main focuses: People, Peace, and Prosperity. This study uses a qualitative approach with a desk study method, relying on data such as journal articles, official government documents, and related academic publications. The analysis was conducted by applying the concepts of policy effectiveness and bilateral security cooperation to assess the extent to which the NSP succeeded in meeting its stated targets. The research findings indicate that the NSP made a significant contribution to strengthening security relations between South Korea and Indonesia through increased strategic security dialogue, collaboration in the defense sector, development of the defense industry, and technology transfer to support national defense. Furthermore, the NSP has enhanced Indonesia's position as South Korea's primary strategic partner in Southeast Asia. Therefore, the NSP can be considered successful in strengthening bilateral security cooperation between South Korea and Indonesia during the research period.

This study examines the systemic transformation of Japan’s refugee and immigration policy from 2021 to 2025, exploring how humanitarian paradigms have been superseded by state security considerations. The research aims to analyze how Japan constructs refugees as an existential threat to legitimize its restrictive reception regime, synthesizing Realism and Constructivism to explore the intersection of securitization, national interest, and identity. Methodologically, this paper employs a qualitative interpretive case study by integrating Ruth Wodak’s Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) and Interpretive Process Tracing (IPT) to examine government texts, policy documents, and parliamentary debates. The findings reveal a profound policy asymmetry driven by intersubjective threat framing and institutionalized topoi (abuse, threat, law and order). Ukrainian displaced persons are positively categorized as evacuees (hinanmin) to align with G7 geopolitics, whereas traditional asylum seekers are pejoratively labeled as "repeated applicants" and framed as threats to public order, social harmony (wa), and ethnic homogeneity (tan’itsu minzoku). This discursive construction successfully legitimizes extraordinary measures within the 2023 amendment of the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act (ICRRA), including the abolition of automatic deportation suspensions and the expansion of a surveillance state via alternative monitoring (kanri sochi). Ultimately, this study demonstrates that international norm compliance is deeply mediated by domestic cultural appropriateness (nihonjinron). It implies the necessity for future ethnographic research on grassroots impacts and suggests transparent asylum evaluation metrics aligned with non-refoulement principles.

This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Trans Banten Program in supporting the development of public transportation in Serang City. The research uses qualitative methods with a case study approach. Data was collected through observation, interviews, documentation and literature study, then analyzed interactively. The research results show that the Trans Banten Program is quite effective in increasing community accessibility and mobility, especially towards areas of education, government and public services. This service also provides economic benefits through reduced transportation costs and is supported by facilities that are relatively comfortable and safe for users. In addition, the increase in the number of passengers shows the public's acceptance and need for public transportation. However, the effectiveness of the program is not yet optimal because there are still obstacles in the form of fleet limitations, inaccurate operational schedules, passenger density during peak hours, and limited service information. Therefore, it is necessary to improve service quality, add fleets, and strengthen information systems to support the sustainability and optimization of the Trans Banten Program as public transportation in Serang City.

This article analyzes the security crisis in Haiti through the lens of constructivist theory in International Relations. Haiti represents one of the clearest examples of a failed state in the Western Hemisphere, where state authority has collapsed and been replaced by armed criminal groups known as gangs. Using a constructivist perspective, this article traces how social constructions, identities, and historically formed norms have shaped the fragility of the Haitian state. The study also integrates the concept of human security to illustrate the real impact of this crisis on citizens' security across seven dimensions: economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political. The main finding suggests that Haiti's state failure is not merely a product of weak formal institutions, but the result of a long process of social construction, encompassing the legacy of colonialism, crippling reparation payments, counterproductive foreign intervention, and the normalization of violence in everyday life. From a constructivist perspective, restoring security in Haiti requires narrative reconstruction, rebuilding social trust, and comprehensive reform of institutional norms.

This study aims to analyze the reconceptualization of national security in the digital era through the case of the 2021 Facebook data breach involving 533 million users across 106 countries. As digital technologies become increasingly integrated into governance, economic activities, and social interactions, cyber threats have emerged as a significant challenge to contemporary security frameworks. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach using library research methods, drawing upon academic literature, official reports, and relevant policy documents. The findings indicate that national security has evolved from a traditional military-centered concept toward a broader and multidimensional framework that includes cyber threats as a form of non-traditional security challenge. The Facebook data breach demonstrates how cyber threats transcend geographical boundaries, involve complex attribution problems, and generate multidimensional impacts on individuals, societies, economies, and states. Through the lens of Securitization Theory developed by Buzan, Wæver, and de Wilde (1998), the incident illustrates how data security has become securitized as a matter of national and international concern. Furthermore, the Human Security framework proposed by UNDP (1994) highlights the vulnerability of individuals whose personal information becomes exposed in the digital environment. This study concludes that cybersecurity should be recognized as a fundamental pillar of national security in the digital age, requiring comprehensive strategies that integrate technological resilience, data protection regulations, human resource development, and international cooperation.

This study aims to analyze the Cambodian government's efforts to address human trafficking from a human security perspective. It employs a qualitative descriptive approach, utilizing secondary data from relevant journals, reports, and academic publications. The findings indicate that human trafficking in Cambodia has evolved into a hub for digital-based fraud linked to transnational cybercrime networks. Victims face not only labor exploitation but are also coerced into participating in online fraudulent activities, such as romance scams. This surge in human trafficking is driven by weak law enforcement, high levels of corruption, low public digital literacy, and the rapid expansion of the online gambling industry and special economic zones, which serve as operational bases for criminal activities. The Cambodian government has implemented various measures regarding prevention, protection, and law enforcement through regulations, international cooperation, victim rescue operations, and anti-fraud campaigns. However, the effectiveness of these policies remains limited due to the state's constrained capacity and the ability of criminal networks to continuously adapt to advancements in digital technology. The study concludes that addressing human trafficking in Cambodia requires strengthened governance, more intensive international cooperation, and improved public digital literacy.

Government procurement plays a strategic role in supporting effective, efficient, transparent, and accountable public administration. To promote procurement reform, the government has implemented an electronic procurement system through the Electronic Procurement Service (LPSE). The implementation of the Electronic Procurement System (SPSE) in Pematang Siantar City aims to improve procurement quality, reduce irregularities, and accelerate the delivery of goods and services. However, several challenges persist, including limited human resources capable of operating the system, technical disruptions, lack of outreach to local vendors, and weak coordination between the Procurement Unit (UKPBJ) and related agencies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of SPSE implementation in Pematang Siantar City. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews with UKPBJ officials and procurement officers from several local government units, direct observation of procurement activities via SPSE, and documentation review. Data analysis employed Duncan’s effectiveness indicators: goal attainment, integration, and adaptation. The results show that SPSE implementation has not been fully effective. In terms of goal attainment, procurement processes follow established procedures, but delays still occur due to system disruptions and limited user competence. In terms of integration, coordination between UKPBJ and technical units remains suboptimal, affecting communication and oversight. Regarding adaptation, although the information technology infrastructure is adequate, human resource capacity is still limited. Therefore, improving human resources, strengthening coordination, and enhancing system reliability are necessary to achieve optimal effectiveness.

This research analyzes the interconnection between energy geopolitics and global security through the case study of Venezuela, the country with the world's largest proven oil reserves. The background highlights that energy has become a strategic commodity driving geopolitical tensions in the international system. The objective is to answer three fundamental questions: why energy is critically needed, how the distribution of the world's oil reserves creates strategic inequality, and how the Venezuela case illustrates resource grabbing mechanisms. The method used is qualitative with a single case study approach, employing neorealism and dependency theory as analytical frameworks, with data sourced from official reports of international organizations (OPEC, IEA, IMF, EIA), news media, and academic literature. The findings reveal that the United States' escalating pressure on Venezuela from economic sanctions, maritime blockades, to military threats reflects a systematic pattern of resource imperialism disguised as counter-narcotics efforts. The impact on Venezuela includes GDP contraction of 4 percent, hyperinflation exceeding 530 percent, and 8 million people displaced. The implications underscore that the current global energy order remains dominated by zero-sum logic, requiring reform of international energy governance to be more just and sustainable.

This study is intended to examine the pivotal function of youth-based organizations as a communication link between society and local governments, along with assessing how the delivery of these aspirations influences the quality of both the policy formulation process and its results at the regional level. A qualitative approach with descriptive analysis was applied in this research, where data were gathered through literature studies, document review, and direct observation of relevant social occurrences. The results highlight that youth institutions play a crucial part in gathering, sorting, and communicating various public demands, necessities, and expectations to the authorities in charge. Their active engagement contributes significantly to positive outcomes, such as enhancing the precision, suitability, and responsiveness of the policies drafted, while ensuring these regulations correspond with real conditions and community requirements. Moreover, involving youth groups reinforces policy validity and fosters greater transparency and accountability within local government administration. This research concludes that maximizing the function of youth organizations is a necessity to realize good governance and public policies that prioritize the common good and public interest.  

This study examines the phenomenon of fatherlessness in Indonesia and its relevance to Human security. Rather than limiting the concept to the physical absence of a father, this research highlights functional fatherlessnes s, where the father is present but does not perform his roles in caregiving, emotional support, and economic responsibility. Using a qualitative approach through literature review and conceptual analysis, this study explores how disruptions in family roles can generate broader social vulnerabilities. The findings indicate that fatherlessness is closely linked to various dimensions of human security, particularly personal, economic, and community security. The absence or dysfunction of paternal roles weakens the family as the primary unit of protection, potentially affecting individual well-being, social stability, and the overall quality of human resources. Furthermore, this study finds that existing state responses tend to be reactive and have not fully addressed the issue of functional fatherlessness as a structural social concern. Therefore, this research argues that fatherlessness should be understood not merely as a private family issue, but as a non-traditional security challenge that requires comprehensive policy attention to strengthen human security in Indonesia.

The escalation of negative sentiment in the digital space towards Rohingya refugees in Indonesia throughout 2023-2026 has reflected a shift in public perspectives, from humanitarian principles to restictive rejection. This study aims to analyze how digital discourse on TikTok dan Instagram platforms frames the Rohingyan refugee issue as a national security threat through the lens of Barry Buzan`s Securitization Theory and Ruth Wodak`s Critical Discourse Analysis (AWK). This study uses qualitative methods with note-taking techniques and filtering hastag-based viral data related to refugee rejection. The results show that the securitization process was successfully driven by three main typologies of netizen narratives: domestic socio-economic jealousy, delegetimization of Internasional authorities (UNHCR) by referring to popular legal discourse on the 1945 Constitution, and demands for an active role for the military (TNI AL) and Polair at maritime borders. The accumulation of speech acts that have gone viral on social media is evidence of the creation of strong horizontal pressure, thus urging the Indonesian goverment to review its policies towards a more restrictive direction (viral-based policy) to prioritize national soverignity and security over global humanitarian commitments.

Climate change is a global issue that not only impacts the environment but also threatens a country's food security. Indonesia, as a country that relies heavily on the agriculture, fisheries, and livestock sectors, faces high vulnerability to climate change. This study aims to analyze the impact of climate change on the agriculture, livestock, and fisheries sectors. This study used a qualitative method with a literature study approach through data analysis derived from scientific journals, books, and institutional reports. The results of the study indicate that climate change has a significant impact on these three sectors through changes in weather, rainfall patterns, and extreme weather. The El Niño phenomenon can reduce agricultural production, reduce livestock productivity, and disrupt fishermen's catches. These conditions can disrupt national food availability and stability and can increase social and economic vulnerability of the community. Therefore, climate change can be seen as a non-traditional threat to Indonesia's food security, requiring sustainable adaptation efforts to maintain food security in the future.