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The increasing number of children facing the law in Indonesia indicates that the repressive legal approach has not been fully effective in addressing juvenile crime. Children, as subjects of law, have social and psychological characteristics that differ from adults, so law enforcement against them must consider humanitarian and educational aspects. This research aims to analyze the factors causing children to commit criminal acts and formulate a model for addressing them based on developing a legal culture rooted in Pancasila values. This research employs a normative juridical method with conceptual and legislative approaches, and analyzes data qualitatively thru literature review and positive legal norms. The research findings indicate that the causes of children committing criminal acts are multidimensional, encompassing family factors, social environment, education, economics, and psychological factors. Therefore, mitigation efforts cannot be done partially, but must be thru a preventive, educational, and restorative approach. This research offers a model for overcoming challenges thru the development of a legal culture based on five main pillars: family, education, society, the state, and the legal system. This model emphasizes the importance of synergy between law enforcement and moral development in accordance with the values of Divinity, Humanity, Unity, Deliberation, and Social Justice. Thus, the development of Pancasila legal culture is expected to realize a child criminal justice system that is humanistic, substantively just, and oriented toward social rehabilitation in accordance with the legal ideals of a Pancasila state of law.

This research analyzes the legal status of zakat within the state financial system and explores its potential integration as a sharia-based fiscal instrument in Indonesia through a comparative study with Malaysia. In Islamic law, zakat functions both as a religious obligation and as a mechanism for wealth redistribution aimed at achieving social justice. However, under Indonesia’s positive law framework, zakat is still treated as a socio-religious institution outside the formal state fiscal system, as stipulated in Law Number 23 of 2011 on Zakat Management. In contrast, Malaysia has successfully integrated zakat into its Islamic fiscal policy through the authority of the State Islamic Religious Council (MAIN), which holds legal legitimacy as a regional public body. This study adopts a normative and comparative legal approach by examining statutory regulations, Islamic legal doctrines, and zakat institutional practices in both countries. The findings indicate that the integration of zakat into Indonesia’s fiscal system is constitutionally permissible and does not conflict with Article 23A and Article 34 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, as it aligns with welfare state principles and the state’s responsibility toward poverty alleviation. The legal implications of such integration include the establishment of lex specialis regulating zakat as a sharia fiscal instrument, harmonization with state finance laws, and the strengthening of institutional legitimacy and accountability in zakat management. Therefore, zakat holds significant potential to become a core pillar of Islamic economic law that supports economic equity and enhances national fiscal resilience.

This research aims to analyze collaboration strategies in educational services and identify the challenges and implications of implementing collaborative governance at the District Education and Culture Regional Coordinator Office (Korwilcambidik) in Bener District, Purworejo Regency. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques including interviews, observation, and document study. The research findings indicate that cross-sector collaboration between government, educational institutions, and the community serves as an adaptive strategy for improving the effectiveness of public services in the field of education. Although the collaboration has been successful, there are still obstacles such as the lack of a formal legal basis, low levels of trust between agencies, and differences in interests and limited resources. Factors such as collaborative leadership, open communication, and community participation play an important role in maintaining the sustainability of cross-sectoral cooperation. This research concludes that the implementation of collaborative governance in the education sector has the potential to become an effective, transparent, and sustainable model of government governance if supported by institutional commitment and a trust-based work culture.

The development of information technology has given rise to a new form of business transaction: the electronic contract. This contract form replaces the traditional process that requires a physical meeting between the parties. However, questions arise regarding the validity of e-contracts from the perspective of Indonesian civil law, specifically based on Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and the provisions of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (UU ITE). This research aims to analyze the validity of electronic contracts as legally binding agreements and to assess the extent to which the ITE Law can serve as their legal basis. Using a normative juridical legal research method, the research results show that e-contracts are valid and binding as long as they meet the requirements for the validity of an agreement under Article 1320 of the Civil Code, namely consent, capacity, a specific object, and a lawful cause. The ITE Law expands the recognition of electronic evidence and digital signatures as valid evidence in civil law. Thus, electronic contracts have the same legal force as conventional contracts, as long as they meet the principles of free will and the integrity of a reliable electronic system.

This article examines the limitation of transparency within the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR) during the formulation of the Job Creation Act (Law No. 11 of 2020) and its implications for legislative performance and public participation. Transparency represents a fundamental requirement in a democratic legal system as it ensures accountability, public oversight, and the legitimacy of legal products. However, the legislative process of the Job Creation Act demonstrated significant procedural issues, including inconsistent draft versions, restricted access to essential documents, accelerated deliberation, and the marginalization of meaningful public participation. This study highlights how these limitations hinder the public’s constitutional rights, weaken legislative oversight, and create asymmetrical power relations that enable elite dominance in policymaking. The lack of transparency also led to procedural defects acknowledged by the Constitutional Court, reflecting a systemic decline in democratic legislative practices. Using a normative juridical method supported by legislative analysis and doctrinal studies, this paper argues that the absence of transparency not only reduces the quality of participation but also erodes the legitimacy and accountability of the DPR. The findings emphasize the urgent need for open access to legislative documents, inclusive public consultation, and strengthened accountability mechanisms to ensure democratic and lawful policy making.  

The development of information technology has produced a significant transformation in election administration mechanisms, including within the City of Palangka Raya. The digitalization of various services and information systems requires the General Elections Commission (KPU) to enhance transparency while simultaneously ensuring the security of voter data and election results. This study aims to examine the key challenges faced by the Palangka Raya KPU in balancing the need for information openness with data protection in the digital era. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method through literature review, direct observation, and structured interviews with KPU staff, election supervisors, and relevant stakeholders. The findings indicate that digitalization improves the effectiveness of public information dissemination, including through the use of Sidalih and Sirekap, yet it also introduces vulnerabilities such as potential voter data breaches, cyberattacks, and the spread of disinformation through social media. Moreover, limitations in human resources with technological expertise serve as constraints in optimizing digital security. Conversely, the implementation of data security standards and improvements in voter digital literacy contribute to strengthening public trust in the election process. Thus, the Palangka Raya KPU needs to reinforce cybersecurity infrastructure, enhance internal technical capacity, and broaden public education programs to safeguard electoral integrity amid increasing transparency demands and digital risks. Collaboration among government, academia, and the community is a strategic element in maintaining the quality of democracy in the digital era.

The agrarian conflict in the Kendeng Mountains, Central Java, arose due to the construction of a cement factory by PT Semen Indonesia, which was supported by the state through the issuance of environmental permits, even though several permits had been revoked by court decisions. The local community rejected the project because it threatened their water sources, environment, and livelihoods. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the state, corporations, and civil society in the agrarian conflict in Kendeng, as well as the role of civil society movements in responding to this conflict. The research uses qualitative methods with a literature study of journals and related news reports. Using Karl Marx's theory of conflict and Charles Tilly's theory of social movements, the study finds that the state tends to side with corporate interests, while civil society continues to build resistance through collective action, legal advocacy, public campaigns, and ecofeminist movements. The Kendeng conflict reflects the imbalance of power relations and the weakness of substantive democracy in natural resource management. The need for increased transparency in licensing, community participation, and ecological protection are the main solutions.

The execution of mortgage rights on land is a crucial element in the property security legal system in Indonesia, which allows creditors to obtain debt repayment if the debtor defaults. However, the implementation of parate executie as a non-litigious mechanism based on Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning Mortgage Rights has sparked constitutional debates, particularly regarding the debtor's right to fair legal protection. This study analyzes the legal considerations of the Constitutional Court in Decision No. 10/PUU-XIX/2021, which rejected the constitutional review of the mortgage execution norms, and evaluates the legal execution procedures post-decision. Using the normative legal research method, this article examines the approach of contractual freedom, the principle of justice, and the protection of property rights in the context of creditor-debtor relationships. The study results show that the Court views parate executie as constitutionally valid, as long as it is carried out with the principles of transparency, proportionality, and the availability of legal recourse for the debtor. Therefore, legal protection within the mortgage system is not eliminated, but must be implemented through accountable and just practices. These findings provide an important normative basis for policymakers and economic actors in ensuring that the execution of guarantees runs effectively while still upholding the constitutional rights of the parties involved.

This paper examines the anatomy of extremism in Pakistan by analyzing its ideological, socio-economic, and geopolitical dimensions, as well as assessing the efficacy of the state’s counter-extremism responses. Extremism in Pakistan has evolved from sectarian and jihadist origins into a multidimensional threat fueled by ideological radicalization, socio-economic disparity, digital propaganda, and regional instability following the Taliban’s resurgence in Afghanistan. Despite significant tactical successes through military operations such as Zarb-e-Azb and Radd-ul-Fasaad, the state’s strategy remains constrained by weak policy coordination, limited ideological reform, and insufficient civilian engagement. The paper argues that Pakistan’s counter-extremism framework must move beyond reactive security measures toward proactive socio-political transformation. It proposes a reimagined strategic approach centered on five pillars: (1) reframing the National Action Plan (NAP 2.0) with stronger institutional coordination, (2) comprehensive education and madrassa reforms, (3) youth engagement and socio-economic reintegration, (4) digital resilience to counter online radicalization, and (5) regional cooperation through multilateral platforms such as the SCO. The study concludes that enduring resilience against extremism requires a whole-of-nation approach that integrates ideological pluralism, governance reform, and regional diplomacy to transform Pakistan’s counter-extremism policy from containment to long-term stability and inclusive national identity.

The dynamics of the positions of DPR members cannot be separated from the political activities of lame ducks. However, the lame duck era became problematic because the DPR's legislative activity suddenly increased rapidly towards the end of its term. This increase was accompanied by the controversial passing of a number of bills. This study will examine the urgency of the need for change and the formation of new laws during the lame duck era and the dynamics of the legislative process during the lame duck era of political leadership in Indonesia, using doctrinal research with a legislative and conceptual approach. Based on the research results, it is known that changes and the formation of new laws during the lame duck era lack urgency but will have a negative impact on the quality of legislation and public trust in the government. The dynamics of the legislative process during the lame duck era of political leadership in Indonesia can be reflected in the formation of the fourth revision of the Constitutional Court Bill and the Law on State Ministries. Furthermore, since the first level of deliberation, the process has been closed and rushed without significant public participation. Moreover, Indonesia is currently in a transitional position towards a new government. Therefore, no new regulations should be enacted during this transitional period, as the drafting of the Constitutional Court Bill fails to meet the philosophical, sociological, and legal requirements. Furthermore, the enactment of the State Ministry Law has also sparked controversy, ranging from its substance to its procedural basis.

Indonesia has long demonstrated its solidarity with the Palestinian people as a reflection of its free and active foreign policy and commitment to human rights. This study aims to examine how Indonesia’s stance toward the humanitarian crisis in Gaza embodies the principles of a free and active foreign policy and aligns with the human rights values enshrined in the 1945 Constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Using a normative juridical approach, this research analyzes relevant laws, policies, and official government statements. The findings show that Indonesia’s support for Palestine is not a form of political alignment, but rather a moral expression of justice and humanity. Through active diplomacy, humanitarian assistance, and participation in international forums, Indonesia consistently promotes peace and the enforcement of international humanitarian law. Thus, Indonesia’s position reflects a balance between the principles of a free and active foreign policy and the universal protection of human rights.

Digital transformation has brought about major changes in leadership patterns, especially in the public sector. In this context, digital leadership is key for leaders to drive innovation and adaptation to technological developments. However, the success of digital leadership is also inseparable from democratic leadership values that emphasize participation, openness, and collaboration. The synergy between these two values is an important foundation for building an effective and humanistic leadership style in the digital age. This study aims to analyze the role of Dedi Mulyadi's digital leadership in developing digital talent through the 2025 Jabar Istimewa Digital Academy (JIDA) program in West Java. The approach used is qualitative with a literature study method, sourced from 14 scientific journals and three official news reports. The results of the study show that Dedi Mulyadi applies a visionary, adaptive, and collaborative digital leadership style. Democratic values are also evident through a participatory approach that involves the community, educational institutions, and the industrial sector in the implementation of the JIDA 2025 program. This program has proven to strengthen digital literacy, expand access to technology training, and improve the readiness of West Java's human resources in facing the challenges of the digital economy. Thus, digital leadership combined with democratic principles plays an important role in realizing inclusive, competitive, and sustainable human resource development in the era of digital transformation.

Contract law serves as a fundamental pillar of the modern legal system, regulating relationships and interactions between parties involved in various economic and business transactions. A contract functions as a legal instrument that ensures certainty, fairness, and the protection of rights and obligations among the parties. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the essential principles of contract law, such as the principles of freedom of contract, consensualism, good faith, and pacta sunt servanda, as well as their practical implementation within the Indonesian business context. Furthermore, this study discusses common challenges in the application of contract law, including unequal bargaining positions, contract breaches, and difficulties in law enforcement. The discussion also explores mechanisms for resolving contractual disputes, both through litigation and alternative dispute resolution methods such as mediation and arbitration. This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how contract law functions not only as a binding legal framework but also as an instrument to promote equitable, transparent, and sustainable business relationships.

The principle of proportionality plays an important role in ensuring a balance of rights and obligations between the parties to a reciprocal agreement. In the context of Indonesian contract law, this principle serves as a mechanism to prevent imbalances that could harm one of the parties, especially in commercial and complex contracts. This study uses a normative juridical approach with a literature review method, which involves analysis of relevant laws and regulations and case studies. This approach allows researchers to explore the application of the principle of proportionality in various types of reciprocal agreements, including franchise agreements and construction service contracts. For example, a study by Susanto et al. (2021) highlights how the principle of proportionality is applied in construction service contracts to ensure a fair distribution of responsibilities between contractors and clients. The results of the analysis show that the consistent application of the principle of proportionality can improve fairness in contractual relationships. In franchise agreements, the application of this principle helps to create a balance between the rights and obligations of the franchisor and franchisee, who often have different bargaining positions. Thus, the principle of proportionality serves not only as a legal principle, but also as a practical tool for achieving fairness in contractual practice

The franchise business model has experienced rapid growth in Indonesia, particularly in the food, beverage, and modern retail sectors, such as Indomaret. The franchise system provides efficient business expansion opportunities for franchisors and franchisees to participate in businesses that already have established operational standards and market reputations. However, behind this development, significant legal challenges have emerged, particularly related to the unequal position between franchisors and franchisees in franchise agreements. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for franchisees by reviewing the principles of fairness, balance, and legal certainty in the implementation of franchise contracts. The approach used is a normative juridical method with a case study of the Indomaret franchise partnership, which is examined through an analysis of related laws and regulations, such as Government Regulation Number 42 of 2007 concerning Franchising and Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number 71 of 2019. The results of the study indicate that there is still asymmetry of power in contract drafting, weak legal literacy of franchisees, and a lack of government oversight of agreement implementation. Therefore, regulatory reform and strengthening of oversight mechanisms are needed to ensure that franchise relationships operate fairly, transparently, and sustainably

A contract is an agreement between two or more parties that creates legal rights and obligations to perform or refrain from performing certain actions. In business practice, a contract serves as a legal instrument that ensures certainty, fairness, and protection for all parties involved. To regulate these legal relationships, a comprehensive understanding of contract law is required as the juridical foundation for drafting and executing agreements. A valid contract must not only fulfill formal and material requirements as stipulated in the Civil Code but also be based on several fundamental legal principles, including the principle of freedom of contract, consensualism, pacta sunt servanda, good faith, and personality. Moreover, the contract formation process consists of several stages: the pre-drafting stage, the drafting stage which involves the structure and anatomy of the contract, and the post-drafting stage which focuses on the implementation and evaluation of the agreement. In its execution, disputes may arise; therefore, appropriate dispute resolution mechanisms such as negotiation, mediation, arbitration, or litigation are essential. A comprehensive understanding of these principles and stages in business contract formation is crucial to ensure that every agreement created is valid, fair, and effective for all parties.

This research discusses the Constitutional Court Decision Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 regarding the minimum age requirement for presidential and vice-presidential candidates as stipulated in Article 169 letter q of Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections. In that decision, the Constitutional Court ruled that the age limit of 40 years remains in effect, but with an exception for candidates who are not yet 40 years old but have previously or are currently serving as regional heads. This research employs a normative juridical method with legislative and conceptual approaches, analyzing primary legal materials such as the 1945 Constitution, Election Law, and Constitutional Court decisions, supported by secondary legal materials from academic literature and journals. The research findings indicate that the Constitutional Court's considerations are based on the principles of citizens' constitutional rights, open legal policy, and the idea of leadership experience as an alternative age requirement. This decision has positive implications, including opportunities for leadership regeneration and increased political participation by young people, but it also draws criticism for its potential to discriminate against non-regional leaders and create political suspicion. Therefore, a revision of the Election Law is needed to clarify the legal norms resulting from the Constitutional Court's decision so that it does not lead to multiple interpretations and maintains the principle of equality. This research concludes that the Constitutional Court's decision is an opportunity to strengthen democracy, but also a challenge in ensuring constitutional justice in Indonesia.

This research discusses the phenomenon of social organizations (ormas) in Indonesia from a legal perspective and the challenges of democracy. The freedom of association guarantyd by Article 28E paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution serves as the legal basis for the existence of social organizations, which are further regulated by Law Number 17 of 2013 and Law Number 16 of 2017. Regulatory changes, particularly the government's authority to dissolve mass organizations without judicial process, have sparked a debate between the need to maintain public order and the guaranty of the principle of due process of law. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative and conceptual approach, supported by a literature study from primary and secondary legal materials. The study results show that although mass organizations have great potential in strengthening democracy, challenges such as identity politics, radicalism, lack of funding transparency, and state power abuse against mass organizations still pose major obstacles. Therefore, balanced legal regulations, transparent oversight, and enhanced democratic literacy are needed to ensure that the role of social organizations remains in line with the principles of the rule of law and Pancasila democracy.  

The phenomenon of Indonesian migrant workers reflects a critical nexus between labor migration, international law, and sustainable development. Indonesia is among the world’s largest labor-sending countries, with millions of its citizens employed abroad, particularly in the Middle East and Asia. Remittances from migrant workers provide substantial economic benefits for the state and households, yet these workers often face systemic vulnerabilities including exploitation, discrimination, and inadequate legal protection. This article examines the extent to which international law and Indonesia’s national legal framework safeguard the rights of migrant workers while contributing to the realization of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth. International instruments such as the 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and their Families (ICRMW) and relevant ILO conventions provide comprehensive standards, but their effectiveness is constrained by limited ratification from key receiving states. At the domestic level, Indonesia has enacted Law No. 18 of 2017 on the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers (UU PPMI), which represents a shift toward state responsibility and alignment with international human rights norms. Nevertheless, implementation challenges ranging from weak enforcement and bureaucratic overlap to insufficient diplomatic support abroad remain significant. The findings suggest that while Indonesia has made normative progress, practical protection is hindered by governance gaps and lack of cooperation from host countries. Strengthening enforcement, regional collaboration, and worker empowerment are crucial to ensuring that Indonesian migrant workers achieve genuine “decent work” as envisioned by SDG 8.

This research analyzes the business licensing process for plywood products at PT Anugerah Albasia Abadi Talun, Blitar Regency. It aims to identify the processes undertaken, the obstacles encountered, and to provide recommendations. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach and the Triple Bottom Line framework, data was collected through interviews, observation, and documentation studies. The research findings indicate that the company has successfully fulfilled all complex formal licensing requirements, including the Business Identification Number (NIB), Industrial Business License (IUI), Timber Legality Verification Sistem(SVLK) certificate, Environmental Management and Monitoring Efforts (UKL-UPL), and Forest Product Transportation and Trading License (IPHH), demonstrating a commitment to regulatory compliance. Nevertheless, the licensing process is still hampered by the disharmony between the digital Online Single Submission (OSS) system and manual practices, dynamic regulatory changes that are not yet widely disseminated, limited internal human resource capacity, and a lack of harmonization and coordination among government agencies. The Triple Bottom Line analysis reveals that licensing legality supports economic competitiveness and market access, while social aspects are well-established through local job creation and CSR programs. However, environmental management remains administrative and not yet fully performance-based. Therefore, the research recommendations focus on strengthening internal capacity, optimizing the OSS system, developing proactive environmental management, and enhancing continuous community involvement to achieve higher operational efficiency and sustainability