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Background: In Indonesia, the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women is 37.1%, the highest number in rural areas is 37.8%, the lowest in urban areas is 36.4%, in 2018 it increased to 48.9%. Pregnant women continue to experience the greatest rates of anemia in rural areas (49.5%) and urban areas (48.3%) (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2019). In 2016, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia reported that the three primary causes of direct maternal mortality in Indonesia during pregnancy and childbirth remain unchanged: 30.3% of the cases were connected to hemorrhage, 27.1% to hypertension during pregnancy, and 7.3% to infections.Objective: This study aims to identify risk factors for the incidence of pre-eclampsia and anemia in Indonesia.Methods: Uses the Study Literature Review method by taking data that has been published on trusted national research sites.Results: Based on research results through a review that had been carried out, researchers found 14 national studies that were included in the inclusion criteria.Conclusion: The most dominant risk factors for preeclampsia are history of preeclampsia, parity, pregnancy spacing and maternal age. Meanwhile, the most dominant risk factors for anemia in pregnant women in this study were: nutritional status, maternal age, parity and pregnancy spacing.    

Eco-pharmaceuticals are an emerging solution in the pharmaceutical industry, aimed at reducing environmental impacts through sustainable production, distribution, and disposal practices. The growing concern over pharmaceutical waste, especially in low-resource settings, highlights the need for greener alternatives. Pharmaceutical residues, often not fully removed during conventional wastewater treatments, contribute significantly to water pollution and disrupt aquatic ecosystems. Eco-pharmaceuticals address these issues by using biodegradable materials, environmentally friendly production methods, and safer disposal techniques, thereby reducing the persistence of pharmaceutical contaminants in the environment. Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an essential methodology used to evaluate the environmental impact of pharmaceutical products, considering all stages from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal. The results of LCA show that eco-pharmaceuticals significantly reduce water pollution potential and carbon emissions when compared to conventional drugs. Additionally, they offer a more resource-efficient alternative by minimizing waste generation during production and ensuring safer end-of-life disposal. Despite the clear environmental benefits, challenges remain in transitioning to eco-pharmaceuticals, particularly in low-resource settings where infrastructure for waste management is limited. Cost and availability of eco-pharmaceuticals may also pose barriers to widespread adoption. However, with appropriate policy interventions, public education, and technological innovations, these challenges can be addressed. This study underscores the potential of eco-pharmaceuticals in mitigating environmental degradation while offering a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional pharmaceuticals, particularly in regions most vulnerable to pollution.

The healthcare industry is increasingly relying on medical textiles, particularly single-use items such as surgical gowns, masks, and drapes, to maintain hygiene and prevent infections. However, the widespread use of these single-use textiles raises significant environmental and health concerns. These items are primarily made from non-biodegradable materials, contributing to large volumes of waste and environmental pollution. The production and disposal of single-use textiles also generate carbon emissions, further exacerbating climate change. In response to these challenges, reusable medical textiles have emerged as a more sustainable alternative. Reusable textiles offer several environmental benefits, including reduced resource consumption, lower carbon emissions, and decreased waste generation. Additionally, reusable textiles can improve occupational health by reducing healthcare workers' exposure to harmful chemicals and irritants found in single-use textiles. This study compares the environmental impact and occupational health risks associated with reusable and single-use medical textiles, focusing on factors such as carbon footprint, waste generation, and chemical exposure. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies were employed to quantify the environmental impacts, while workplace exposure measurements assessed the health risks to healthcare workers. The results indicate that reusable textiles significantly reduce carbon emissions and waste compared to single-use textiles. Furthermore, reusable textiles were associated with lower levels of chemical exposure for healthcare workers. The study concludes with recommendations for healthcare systems to adopt reusable textiles to reduce environmental and health risks, while also suggesting areas for future research on sustainable textile innovations and the integration of reusable systems in healthcare facilities.

This study investigates the effectiveness of green-space–based interventions in reducing eco-anxiety among urban adolescents, a population increasingly vulnerable to climate-related psychological distress. Eco-anxiety, characterized by persistent worry, cognitive overload, and emotional tension in response to environmental change, has emerged as a significant mental-health challenge. The intervention examined in this research involved structured exposure to natural environments combined with guided reflective activities over multiple sessions. Quantitative results showed a substantial reduction in eco-anxiety symptoms, with participants experiencing approximately a 30% decrease in climate-related worry after the intervention. Improvements were also observed in emotional resilience, including enhanced self-regulation, greater cognitive clarity, and improved coping capacity. Qualitative findings reinforced these outcomes, revealing that participants reported deeper emotional calm, stronger feelings of agency, and an increased sense of connectedness with nature. They described green spaces as restorative environments that helped reduce overthinking, clear mental fatigue, and create psychological grounding. These experiences appear to activate mental-restoration processes consistent with environmental psychology, suggesting that nature engagement can serve as both a preventive and therapeutic mental-health strategy. A comparison with conventional counseling approaches indicated that while standard psychological support aids emotional regulation, it often fails to address the specific ecological concerns driving eco-anxiety. In contrast, green-space exposure offers a more targeted and holistic benefit, combining physiological relaxation with meaningful emotional reassurance. The study concludes that expanding access to green spaces, incorporating nature-based therapeutic elements into public-health programs, and promoting balanced climate literacy may enhance adolescent well-being in a time of intensifying environmental challenges.

The integration of health insurance with Fixed Deposit Receipts (FDR) and Deposit Pension Schemes (DPS) represents a significant innovation in the banking sector, offering new opportunities for financial institutions, insurers, and consumers. This paper explores the potential of merging health insurance with FDR/DPS schemes, focusing on how such integration can enhance financial inclusivity and healthcare accessibility, particularly in developing countries.  The study outlines the theoretical framework supporting this integration and analyzes the associated challenges, including regulatory and operational barriers.  It also highlights the potential benefits for banks, such as customer base expansion and increased savings attraction, while offering consumers the dual advantage of financial security and health coverage. Through a case study of the banking sector in Bangladesh, this paper provides insights into how such models can be implemented in emerging economies. Additionally, we address the barriers to successful integration, including regulatory hurdles and consumer awareness. The findings indicate that this integration could serve as a strategic tool for banks to broaden their customer base and contribute to the healthcare system's resilience.   Finally, the paper discusses policy implications and future trends, emphasizing the role of technology in facilitating these hybrid financial products.  This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the intersection of finance and healthcare, offering strategic directions for stakeholders in both sectors

In developing countries, access to health insurance remains a critical challenge, with large segments of the population unable to afford adequate coverage. One potential solution is integrating health insurance with financial institutions, particularly through credit cards, offering a convenient and accessible method for individuals to manage health expenditures. Credit cards can open a new horizon to make healthcare affordable, convenient, competitive and important in improving service quality. Act as innovative tools to innovate and introduce financial institutions.This paper explores the concept of health insurance linked to credit cards, examining its viability in developing countries. We investigate the potential benefits, such as increased healthcare accessibility and financial inclusion, alongside challenges like limited financial literacy, regulatory barriers, and credit risks for low-income populations. Additionally, this paper highlights opportunities for financial institutions to partner with healthcare providers, expanding access through innovative models. Through case studies and analysis, we identify key success factors and propose a framework for effective implementation. The findings suggest that credit card-based health insurance has the potential to significantly improve healthcare access in developing countries, provided that regulatory, technological, and socio-economic challenges are adequately addressed.

The importance of the research lies in looking at organizational conflict in an integrated and interconnected manner to know its main roots in order to work to reduce it and then remove it as much as possible and control it and direct it for the benefit of the work of institutions. The study aimed to find differences in the management of reducing organizational conflict between school principals and supervisors in education in Ramadi from the point of view of physical education teachers. The descriptive approach was used comparatively on the research sample of school principals and educational supervisors in Ramadi Education, numbering (16 school principals and 7 supervisors) from the point of view of 32 sports teachers. The scale of managing the reduction of organizational conflict was adopted. After the teachers finished answering, the questionnaires were collected, audited, and the statistical data were processed using the statistical bag. The researcher reached the following conclusions: School principals in Anbar Education seek with all their efforts to manage the reduction of organizational conflict within the school or educational institution better than educational supervisors from the point of view of sports teachers. - Conflict is an organizational phenomenon, and the existence of an acceptable level of it is necessary for the continuation of the work of the institution and its members, as it cannot always be considered negative or always positive, so it can be judged by the ability of the school principal and educational supervisor to manage it properly. Considering the conclusions, the researcher recommends encouraging teamwork and creating a high degree of trust and cooperation between the school administration and the educational supervisor and his teachers to reduce conflict between individuals and groups. - Involving school principals and educational supervisors in periodic training courses and informing them of modern administrative methods, including the issue of managing the reduction of organizational conflict.

The increasing use of conventional medical supplies has led to significant environmental challenges due to waste accumulation and the chemical exposure risks faced by healthcare workers. Despite ongoing efforts to adopt environmentally friendly materials, there is a lack of comprehensive studies that combine Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) with direct monitoring of worker exposure. This study aims to compare the environmental and health impacts of biodegradable versus conventional medical supplies by assessing their life-cycle stages, energy consumption, carbon footprint, and hazardous exposure risks. A novel comparative approach was adopted, integrating LCA to evaluate raw material extraction, production, usage, and disposal processes, alongside monitoring the occupational exposure to chemical residues from medical supplies. The results indicate that biodegradable medical supplies reduce environmental footprint by approximately 40%, lower energy consumption, and generate less waste compared to conventional plastics. Additionally, the study shows that biodegradable materials pose a significantly reduced risk of chemical exposure to healthcare workers, offering a safer alternative. However, biodegradable materials present limitations, such as availability, durability, and higher initial costs, which need to be addressed for widespread implementation. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating sustainable practices in healthcare settings, offering actionable insights for hospital management and regulatory bodies. Future research is recommended to further explore the cost-effectiveness of biodegradable materials, conduct large-scale trials, and investigate alternative material types. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on environmental sustainability and occupational safety in healthcare, providing a valuable framework for future policy and operational decisions.

Microplastic exposure in healthcare workers is a growing concern, yet it remains underexplored, especially in the context of their multifaceted exposure pathways. This study aims to quantify the exposure of healthcare workers to microplastics through three primary pathways: occupational, environmental, and dietary. By adopting a One-Health approach, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health sectors, this research assesses microplastic levels across hospital settings, comparing clinical and non-clinical staff. The study found that healthcare workers, particularly those working in clinical departments like laboratories and physiotherapy, had a 35% higher exposure rate to microplastics compared to non-clinical staff. Occupational exposure was linked to direct contact with medical disposables and contaminated surfaces, while environmental exposure primarily occurred through airborne particles and dust. Dietary exposure, especially from seafood and plastic-packaged foods, contributed significantly to the overall exposure. The findings highlight the importance of considering multiple pathways when assessing microplastic risks and suggest that microplastics are an emerging health hazard for healthcare workers. Potential health risks include respiratory issues, gastrointestinal disturbances, endocrine disruption, and chronic conditions such as neurotoxicity and cancer. This study underscores the need for policy changes, including the reduction of single-use plastics in healthcare environments, improvements in ventilation, and the development of dietary guidelines to limit microplastic intake. Future research should focus on the long-term health impacts of chronic microplastic exposure in healthcare workers and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions designed to mitigate these risks.

The growing environmental crisis underscores the need for education systems to foster ecological responsibility among students. This study explores the potential for multifaith schools to cultivate environmental moral education through an interreligious pedagogical model. By integrating diverse religious teachings on ecology, the proposed model aims to promote shared moral values for environmental protection and sustainability. The research addresses the gap in existing environmental education, which often lacks an integrated approach that incorporates various religious perspectives. Through a qualitative research design, the study analyzes curricula, observes classroom practices, conducts interviews with educators, and evaluates existing environmental education frameworks in multifaith schools. The study identifies key strategies, including the incorporation of eco-ethics from different religious traditions, project-based learning, and interfaith dialogues, as effective means of fostering ecological responsibility. However, challenges such as balancing doctrinal differences, overcoming biases, and developing inclusive pedagogy remain. The study emphasizes the importance of designing educational content that respects all faiths and promotes intercultural dialogue, thereby encouraging a collective commitment to sustainability. The findings suggest that multifaith schools can serve as powerful platforms for environmental moral education, highlighting the value of integrating religious perspectives into sustainability education. The study concludes with recommendations for incorporating interreligious eco-ethics into curricula and teacher training programs and suggests future research on the long-term impact of interreligious environmental education and its applicability in diverse cultural contexts.

This study explores the integration of green practices into nursing protocols as a means of reducing the environmental impact of hospital care. Hospitals significantly contribute to global carbon emissions, and nursing practices are integral to healthcare operations, yet they often lack sustainability considerations. The aim of this research was to develop and implement a set of green-practice guidelines tailored for nursing staff to minimize carbon emissions and improve operational efficiency. Through collaboration with environmental experts, nursing staff, and hospital management, new guidelines were established focusing on waste reduction, energy-efficient practices, and sustainable procurement. A waste-audit assessment was conducted to analyze current waste management practices, while a pilot implementation was carried out in selected hospital wards. The results revealed an 18% reduction in carbon emissions following the integration of these green practices into daily nursing activities. Key contributors to this reduction included waste segregation, the use of reusable medical supplies, and energy conservation measures such as optimizing lighting and HVAC systems. However, challenges such as resistance to change, resource limitations, and the need for specialized training were identified during the pilot phase. Despite these barriers, the research highlights the significant potential for nurses to lead sustainability efforts in healthcare settings. The findings indicate that integrating green practices into nursing protocols can provide environmental, operational, and economic benefits, ultimately contributing to more sustainable healthcare systems. Future research should refine these protocols, explore their broader application, and assess long-term outcomes across various healthcare settings

Healthcare waste (HCW) is a significant environmental and public health concern due to its hazardous nature, particularly the presence of emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, and pathogens. The improper disposal and management of healthcare waste contribute to pollution and pose long-term risks to both human health and ecosystems. This study examines the toxicity risks associated with HCW in areas near healthcare facilities with inadequate waste management practices, showing an increase in toxicity risks by 22% to 30%. The research develops a cumulative risk assessment model that integrates human exposure with ecological risks, considering both direct and synergistic effects of pollutants. The model incorporates various components, including pollutant analysis, bioaccumulation mapping, and long-term exposure modeling, to assess the environmental and health risks of HCW. The findings highlight that inadequate waste management leads to significant pollutant accumulation in local ecosystems, with direct implications for biodiversity and human health. Additionally, the study emphasizes the benefits of applying the One-Health approach, which considers the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, offering a more integrated understanding of the risks posed by HCW pollutants. The research advocates for the incorporation of the One-Health model in healthcare waste management policies to mitigate risks and improve sustainability. Future studies should refine the cumulative risk assessment model and expand it to encompass other environmental waste sources, providing a more comprehensive understanding of pollutant impacts and advancing mitigation strategies.

Urban workers are increasingly vulnerable to heat stress due to rising global temperatures, especially in cities affected by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. This heat stress poses significant risks to worker health and productivity, exacerbating health issues such as dehydration, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke, while also reducing work efficiency. The study aims to assess the effectiveness of green rooftop designs as a mitigation strategy for heat stress in urban workplace environments. Green rooftops are increasingly seen as a sustainable solution for urban heat management, offering benefits in temperature regulation, energy efficiency, and overall worker well-being. This study examines various heat stress mitigation strategies, including green roofs, industrial fans, and shading systems, focusing on their comparative effectiveness in reducing temperatures and improving worker comfort. The research involved environmental temperature measurements inside and outside urban workplaces, the use of wearable heat sensors to monitor workers’ heat stress levels, and building energy simulations to predict the impact of green rooftops on indoor climate control. Results indicate that green rooftops reduced workplace temperatures by an average of 3.8°C and decreased heat-stress-related complaints by 35%. In comparison to industrial fans and shading systems, green rooftops provided superior long-term relief, reducing heat stress and improving both worker productivity and environmental quality. The findings support the integration of green rooftops into urban workplace designs as a viable climate adaptation strategy. Future research should explore optimizing green rooftop designs for different climates and assessing their long-term benefits for worker health and urban resilience.

This study investigates the pivotal role played by the Regional Health Office of North Sulawesi Province in managing the COVID-19 patient referral system. The COVID-19 pandemic has placed immense pressure on healthcare systems worldwide, necessitating efficient coordination and management of patient referrals to ensure timely and appropriate care. The Regional Health Office of North Sulawesi Province plays a critical role in overseeing and optimizing the patient referral process, which includes triage, transportation, and coordination among healthcare facilities. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness and challenges faced by the Regional Health Office in managing COVID-19 patient referrals, with a focus on improving the overall healthcare response to the pandemic.

This study investigates the relationship between family support and hypertension levels among the elderly population served by the Waplau Community Health Center in Buru Regency. The research aims to understand how family support influences the management and control of hypertension in older adults, contributing to better healthcare outcomes and improved quality of life

This study aims to assess patient satisfaction and analyze the quality of dental health services at Svarta Dental Care Bandung clinic. Using a descriptive research design with a sample size of 30 people and accidental sampling, the research instrument was a questionnaire. Data analysis included univariate analysis and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) using a Cartesian diagram. The results indicated a high level of conformity between reality and expectations across five quality dimensions, emphasizing the need for regular evaluations and improvements in service quality to enhance patient satisfaction.

This study delves into the intricacies of implementing information systems for electronic medical records (EMR) at Hospital Palangka Raya, emphasizing the importance of healthcare service quality. Using a descriptive research approach, the study gathered data from 60 questionnaires through simple random sampling from January 5 to January 25, 2023. The research instrument employed was a questionnaire, yielding insightful results on the agreement levels between reality and expectations across key variables like Man (90.12%), Machine (85.75%), Method (90.06%), Material (90.18%), and Environment (90.94%). Based on these findings, the study recommends regular evaluations every six months, coupled with training and collaboration initiatives, to enhance EMR implementation and improve Electronic Medical Records' quality

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, with Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent. The emergence of drug-resistant forms, such as Multi-drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and Extensive-drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), poses substantial challenges in TB management. This study focuses on analyzing the cost variations associated with laboratory examinations for MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients undergoing treatment cycles at a tertiary hospital.The methodology involved the inclusion of patients diagnosed with MDR-TB or XDR-TB who underwent a range of laboratory tests during their treatment. A cross-sectional retrospective analytics approach was employed, utilizing medical records from the hospital's MDR division.The results of the study, encompassing 30 MDR-TB patients and 2 XDR-TB patients, revealed significant differences in laboratory examination costs between the MDR-TB and XDR-TB groups (p = 0.018). This disparity underscores the financial burden associated with managing drug-resistant TB variants, particularly in terms of laboratory monitoring and diagnostic procedures.The discussion delves into the implications of these cost variations, highlighting the challenges faced by healthcare systems and patients in resource allocation and financial planning for TB treatment. The findings underscore the importance of cost-effective strategies and optimized laboratory protocols to ensure comprehensive yet affordable care for MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients.In conclusion, this study sheds light on the considerable cost variations in laboratory examinations for MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients, emphasizing the need for efficient resource utilization and targeted interventions to address the financial aspects of managing drug-resistant TB strains effectively.