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This study aims to analyse the legal status of physical possession evidenced by a Letter C under land law, as well as the issue of legal certainty in the resolution of land disputes by the state. Many members of the public still rely on a Letter C as proof of possession of the land they own, even though this document serves only as administrative evidence and not as a strong instrument of proof of ownership. This study employs a juridical-normative legal research method using a legislative approach and a conceptual approach. The legal materials were gathered through a literature review and analysed qualitatively, with the findings presented in a descriptive format. The results indicate that Letter C possesses relatively weak evidential weight as it is merely an administrative record that does not follow the procedures within the land registration system as stipulated by the UUPA. Currently, Letter C serves only as a guide and therefore no longer possesses legal force equivalent to a certificate. The land system in Indonesia adopts a negative publication system with a positive tendency, meaning that a certificate constitutes strong evidence of rights, but may still be revoked if another party is able to prove their rights.

This study examines the regulation of copyright royalties as joint property in Indonesia, the United States, and Europe, aiming to provide recommendations for better legal implementation. The research employs a normative juridical method with a comparative legal approach, utilizing library research and qualitative analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that Indonesia, the United States, and Europe share common ground in recognizing royalties derived from copyright as joint property when such economic benefits are obtained during marriage. However, significant differences exist in their approaches. European countries, particularly Spain and the Republic of Moldova, clearly distinguish between exclusive rights and economic rights, where copyright remains the creator's personal property while royalties are classified as joint property. The United States demonstrates considerable flexibility through state-level regulations, adopting either community property systems or equitable distribution systems. Indonesia, through Decision No. 1622/PDT.G/2023/PA.JB, has begun recognizing royalties as joint property. Nevertheless, Indonesia still requires clearer and more comprehensive regulations to ensure legal certainty regarding the status of royalties as joint property and their distribution following divorce. This study contributes to developing legal frameworks that balance protecting creators' personal rights with the principle of fairness in family law.

The pollution of the Ciliwung River caused by urban and commercial activities has become an increasingly critical environmental issue, reflecting the weak effectiveness of environmental law enforcement in urban areas. This condition is evident in the area surrounding Seasons City Mall, where ecological pressure resulting from domestic waste and commercial activities has contributed to the deterioration of river water quality. This study aims to analyze the implementation of environmental law enforcement, identify the obstacles to controlling pollution in the Ciliwung River, and formulate strategies for optimizing sustainable environmental protection. The research employs a qualitative approach using normative juridical and empirical methods through observation, interviews, documentation, and literature review. The findings reveal that environmental law enforcement has been implemented through administrative supervision and waste control mechanisms; however, its effectiveness remains limited due to weak inter-agency coordination, inadequate monitoring capacity, low compliance among business actors, and limited public participation. This study concludes that strengthening integrated supervision, enforcing consistent legal sanctions, and enhancing collaboration among government institutions, business sectors, and communities are essential to achieving sustainable pollution control and environmental protection of the Ciliwung River.

Regulatory overlap between the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, the Pornography Law, and the Sexual Violence Crimes Law in the handling of online gender-based violence (KBGO) in Indonesia creates a conflict of norms that results in double victimization. This normative legal study aims to identify the concrete forms of victim sacrifice resulting from overlapping regulations and to critique the inability of conflict-resolution mechanisms to address these conflicts through the principle of lex specialis systematica from a substantive justice perspective. The findings reveal four forms of victim sacrifice: victim criminalization, the length of the judicial process, inconsistencies in court rulings, and the failure to fulfill the right to restitution and the right to be forgotten. This study also concludes that the lex specialis systematis principle is inadequate because its dogmatic approach disregards the interests of victims, requires time and expertise that ordinary victims lack, and is not consistently applied in courts. This study recommends a paradigm shift from a dogmatic approach to a victim-centered approach.

This study aims to analyze the unemployment rate in Indonesia during the 2024–2025 period using a linear regression approach based on data from the National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas). The variables used include the labor force, employed population, labor force participation rate (LFPR), and open unemployment rate (OUR). The results show that the labor force increased from 149.38 million in February 2024 to 155.27 million in November 2025, followed by an increase in employed population from 142.18 million to 147.91 million in the same period. Meanwhile, the open unemployment rate decreased from 4.76 percent in February 2025 to 4.74 percent in November 2025. The analysis indicates that the increase in labor force accompanied by higher employment absorption contributes to reducing unemployment, although the decline remains relatively small. Overall, the regression results show that labor market dynamics are influenced by the interaction between labor force growth and the economy’s capacity to absorb labor.

The Juvenile Criminal Justice System (SPPA) in Indonesia is a manifestation of special protection for children in conflict with the law, prioritizing the principles of restorative justice and diversion. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the SPPA based on Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System and to identify the legal challenges that arise in its practice. The research method used is normative legal with a legislative and conceptual approach. The results of the study show that although the regulations mandate diversion efforts as a top priority in resolving juvenile cases, there are still obstacles in its implementation, both in terms of the readiness of law enforcement officials, limited supporting facilities, and the perception of the community, which still tends to expect a retributive (punitive) approach. In addition, the protection of children's rights during the judicial process is often not optimally fulfilled. This analysis concludes that strengthening inter-agency coordination and increasing law enforcement officials' understanding of restorative justice are key to the effectiveness of this system. Further regulatory harmonization and strengthening the role of the Correctional Center in overseeing the diversion process are needed to ensure that the best interests of the child remain the top priority at every stage of the judicial process

This study aims to analyze the influence of digital marketing through Instagram on purchasing decisions at UMKM Jamu Bu Bekti in Karawang Regency. The research uses a quantitative approach, with data collected through questionnaires distributed to consumers who have seen or purchased the products. The data analysis technique applied is regression analysis to examine the relationship between marketing content and promotional variables on consumer purchasing decisions.The results show that marketing content shared on Instagram does not have a significant effect on purchasing decisions. However, the content is considered quite attractive, informative, and helpful in providing product information to consumers. On the other hand, promotion has a positive and significant impact on increasing consumer interest and encouraging purchasing decisions. This indicates that consumers are more responsive to promotional strategies such as discounts, bonuses, or special offers rather than relying solely on content quality.These findings suggest that promotional strategies play a crucial role in digital marketing, especially for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Therefore, business owners are advised to focus more on creating attractive, creative, and targeted promotional activities on social media to boost sales. This study is expected to contribute to the development of more effective, efficient, and sustainable digital marketing strategies for SMEs in the future.

Prodeo legal aid is one of the ways in which the state fulfils its responsibility to guarantee access to justice for economically disadvantaged members of the public. However, its implementation still faces challenges, particularly budgetary constraints, meaning that not all applications for prodeo legal aid can be processed. This issue arises in Industrial Relations Court (PHI) cases at the Banjarmasin District Court. This study aims to examine the implementation of prodeo services in PHI cases and to analyse these budgetary constraints from a constitutional law perspective. The methodology employed is a normative legal approach with an empirical focus, utilising a review of legislation, interviews, observations, and a literature review. The research findings indicate that prodeo is a service for litigation at no cost, funded by the state through the State Budget Allocation (DIPA). In 2025, a budget of Rp. 33,728,000 was only sufficient to handle 13 cases, meaning the service depends on the availability of funds. This situation reflects a gap between the constitutional guarantee of access to justice and practice on the ground. Therefore, improvements are needed in budget planning, allocation, and management, as well as the strengthening of the role of Legal Aid Posts and Legal Aid Institutions to enhance access to justice for the underprivileged.

 Sexual violence against women and children is still a serious problem in Indonesia. Girls are among the most vulnerable groups because of their young age, emotional dependence, and the imbalance of power with perpetrators who are generally older or close to the victim. Cases of violence often occur in various environments, such as within the family, early marriage, or social relationships such as dating or friendships with older men. This situation often places girls in a weak position, making it difficult for them to resist or report the violence they experience. This research aims to examine forms of sexual violence against girls in relationships with large age differences and examine legal protection based on Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Crimes of Sexual Violence. The research uses qualitative methods through literature study by reviewing books, scientific journals, regulations, and data from the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection. The results of the study show that unequal age relations often give rise to power inequalities that trigger domination, control and various forms of violence, such as sexual coercion, physical violence, psychological manipulation and domestic exploitation. The TPKS Law plays an important role as a basis for legal protection and fulfillment of rights for victims

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal protection for children as victims of sexual violence based on Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection. Sexual violence against children constitutes a serious violation of human rights and has long-term impacts on the physical, psychological, and social development of victims. Normatively, the law regulates various forms of protection, including prevention, handling, rehabilitation, and the imposition of stricter sanctions against perpetrators. However, in practice, several obstacles remain in the implementation of such legal protection. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary sources analyzed qualitatively through legal interpretation techniques. The analysis evaluates the conformity between the legal norms stipulated in the legislation and their implementation in practice. The results indicate that, normatively, Law Number 35 of 2014 provides a relatively comprehensive legal framework for protecting child victims of sexual violence. Nevertheless, its effectiveness is hindered by challenges such as law enforcement issues, limited facilities and infrastructure, lack of inter-agency coordination, and social stigma toward victims. Therefore, strengthening policy implementation and enhancing synergy among stakeholders are necessary to ensure optimal legal protection for children as victims of sexual violence.  

This study aims to analyse the role of digital literacy of the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) in supporting the implementation of smart cities and improving the quality of public services in the Sorong City Regional Secretariat. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach, through in-depth interviews with structural officials within the Sorong City Secretariat. The results of the study show that the level of digital literacy of civil servants is still varied and greatly influenced by the duties and functions of the position, generational background, and the intensity of the use of digital technology in daily work. The implementation of the smart city concept in Sorong City has not been fully optimal due to limited infrastructure, readiness of human resources, budget support, and coordination between regional apparatus organisations. Nevertheless, digitalisation has had a positive impact on the efficiency of public services, especially in the aspects of administration, transparency, and ease of access to information for the public. This study also found that the success of digital governance is highly determined by the commitment of regional leaders, internal policies that support the digital capacity building of civil servants, and continuous training and mentoring. Therefore, strengthening the digital literacy of civil servants is a strategic and sustainable priority policy to support the development of smart cities and digital public services that are effective, inclusive, and accountable in Sorong City.

This study examines how the transition from manual to digital services influences user satisfaction through digital service quality and user perception at the Marine and Fisheries Office of Pekalongan Regency. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining a quantitative survey (N = 40) using Pearson correlation analysis with qualitative interviews involving service leaders and operators. The results reveal very strong correlations between service quality, user perception, and user satisfaction, as well as the critical role of system stability and operator assistance in shaping user experience. Qualitative findings confirm that changes in work culture, leadership, and human resource adaptation are key factors in the success of digitalisation. The study implies that the success of digital public services is determined not only by technology but also by strengthening human resource capacity, simplifying service design, and providing operator support for users with low digital literacy. The limitations of this study include the small sample size, the single organisational context, and reliance on perception-based data. Future research is recommended to conduct comparative cross-agency studies, longitudinal approaches, and structural model testing to examine the mediating roles of digital literacy and operator assistance.  

This study aims to analyse the implementation of the Village Operational Funds (VOF) distribution policy as an instrument for realising good governance principles in the Government of Sorong City. The research focuses on the implementation of fund distribution and the application of transparency, accountability, participation, and effectiveness in managing Village Operational Funds. A quantitative approach with a descriptive design was employed. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to 20 respondents and in-depth interviews with five key informants, including village officials and local government representatives. Additional data were obtained through observations of planning and fund utilisation processes, as well as through analysis of regulatory documentation and accountability reports. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the implementation of the Village Operational Funds distribution policy in Sorong City has not been carried out in accordance with existing regulations, particularly regarding administrative procedures and fund disbursement mechanisms. This condition is primarily caused by the absence or non-disbursement of operational funds at the village level. Furthermore, the application of good governance principles has not been fully optimised due to limited human resources, weak supervision, and low community participation in planning and evaluation. The study concludes that Village Operational Funds have strategic potential as an instrument for promoting good governance if managed transparently and accountably. Therefore, strengthening institutional capacity, supervision systems, and community participation is essential to support effective village governance in Sorong City.  

The advancement of information technology has rapidly transformed trading patterns in Indonesia, shifting from conventional transactions to online transactions through marketplace platforms. On one hand, this transformation provides convenience and efficiency for both businesses and consumers. On the other hand, it has also given rise to various legal issues, particularly regarding consumer protection. This article aims to examine how legal protection for consumers is implemented in electronic sales agreements on marketplaces, while also identifying the obstacles encountered during its implementation. The study employs a normative juridical approach, using conceptual analysis and legislative review, supplemented by empirical data obtained from interviews. As described, legal protection for consumers in electronic transactions in Indonesia remains suboptimal. Specifically, these challenges include biased law enforcement, low levels of consumer literacy, and ineffective dispute resolution mechanisms. In practice, marketplaces have incorporated consumer protection features such as escrow systems, refund mechanisms, and complaint centers; however, their implementation still suffers from limited transparency and effectiveness. Furthermore, existing regulations are slow to respond to the dynamics of cross-border transactions and ongoing digital innovations. Therefore, comprehensive regulatory reform, stronger enforcement, and enhanced legal and digital literacy among the public are necessary to ensure effective consumer protection.

This research aims to analyse the role of archives as agents of change in the digital transformation of archives and as catalysts for bureaucratic reform in the era of digital government at the Sorong City Regional Secretariat. The research used a mixed-methods approach, combining a quantitative survey of 30 respondents with in-depth interviews with five key informants, and analysed the data using correlation statistics and thematic analysis. The study's results show that the digital transformation of archives is closely linked to bureaucratic reform and digital governance, and qualitative findings confirm that digitisation improves administrative efficiency, data integration, and organisational accountability. The research highlights the importance of strengthening technological infrastructure, integrating information systems, and improving the competence of the apparatus as prerequisites for the success of the digital transformation of archives. This study has limitations in its scope, involving only one local government agency and a relatively small number of respondents. Therefore, further research is recommended to broaden the scope, incorporate public service quality variables, and use a longitudinal design to examine the long-term impact of archive digitisation on the performance of bureaucratic reform and digital governance more comprehensively. These findings also provide practical contributions for local governments in designing integrated, sustainable electronic archive management policies that support effective, transparent, and responsive public services to meet the needs of modern society in the future, as well as strengthening data-driven governance.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of good governance principles in inclusive public services in Candisari District, Semarang City. The study used a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. Research informants consisted of sub-district officials and community service users, including vulnerable groups. Data analysis was conducted through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of good governance principles in Candisari District has begun, but has not been running optimally. The principle of transparency has been attempted through the provision of service information and the use of digital media, but accessibility of information for vulnerable groups is still limited. The principle of accountability has not been fully realized, as indicated by the less than optimal performance of the Women and Children Protection Task Force (Satgas PPA) in carrying out its duties and the less than optimal inclusive public complaint mechanism. From the aspect of participation, community involvement, especially vulnerable groups, in the planning and decision-making process is still limited and unstructured. In addition, legal certainty and regional security stability are relatively conducive, but still require institutional strengthening and synergy between stakeholders. This study concludes that the implementation of good governance in Candisari District still faces institutional, participation, and service accessibility constraints, so a strategy is needed to strengthen governance to realize inclusive and sustainable public services.

Bureaucratic reform at the village level is a crucial prerequisite for achieving professional, effective, and accountable village governance. One of the key pillars of this reform is the implementation of a merit system in the management of village human resources, particularly in the recruitment and appointment of village officials. In this context, the Computer-Assisted Test (CAT) has emerged as a policy innovation designed to enhance objectivity, transparency, and procedural fairness in the selection of village officials. This study aims to analyse the contribution of CAT implementation to strengthening the merit system and its impact on transforming village social conditions, especially in building public trust in village government. Quantitative data were collected through a survey of village residents and analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression in SPSS. Qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis to elaborate further and explain the quantitative findings. The results indicate that transparency, objectivity, and procedural fairness in the selection process have positive and significant effects on public trust in village government, with procedural fairness emerging as the most influential variable. Qualitative findings confirm that public acceptance of selection outcomes is more strongly influenced by perceptions of fairness and openness in the process than by the selection results themselves. This study concludes that the implementation of CAT functions not only serves as a technical selection instrument but also as an institutional mechanism that helps transform village social relations from patronage-based practices toward merit-based village governance.

The reform of family law in Indonesia represents an essential response to social developments and the growing demand for constitutional protection of citizens’ rights. Family law, primarily governed by Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage, has long been criticized for not fully reflecting substantive justice, particularly for vulnerable groups such as children born outside marriage, persons with mental disabilities, and couples facing complex marital relations. In this context, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia (Mahkamah Konstitusi) plays a crucial role as the guardian of the Constitution by promoting progressive reforms through its landmark decisions. This study examines the implications of five significant Constitutional Court rulings: Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 concerning the legal recognition of children born out of wedlock; Decision No. 93/PUU-XX/2022 addressing guardianship and the rights of persons with mental disabilities; Decision No. 69/PUU-XIII/2015 allowing post-nuptial agreements; and Decisions No. 68/PUU-XII/2014 and No. 24/PUU-XX/2022 regarding interfaith marriage. These rulings demonstrate a paradigm shift from a rigid legalistic approach toward a constitutional framework grounded in human rights, equality, and substantive justice. Furthermore, notaries hold a strategic position as public officials authorized to draft authentic deeds, serving as a bridge between constitutional values and legal practice. Notaries are not merely administrative actors but are responsible for ensuring that legal documents align with positive law and provide legal certainty and protection for individuals. Therefore, the reform of Indonesian family law should not remain solely at the normative level of Constitutional Court rulings but must be effectively implemented in daily legal practice.

Land conflict between the Sihaporas indigenous community and PT Toba Pulp Lestari (TPL) remains an ongoing agrarian issue that directly affects the community’s livelihoods. The inclusion of the company’s concession within the customary territory has changed patterns of land control and use that were previously managed collectively across generations. This situation restricts access to agricultural land and forests, reduces sources of income, and creates social tensions and confrontations. This study aims to analyze the impacts of land conflict on the Sihaporas indigenous community and to examine the conflict through a political ecology perspective with a focus on power relations among actors. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The findings show that the conflict affects economic, social, and cultural aspects of the community and reflects unequal power relations between indigenous peoples, corporations, and the state in controlling agrarian resources.

This article explores the concept and implementation of restorative justice in Indonesia, an approach currently at a crucial crossroads within the criminal justice system. Rather than solely focusing on punishment, restorative justice offers a path towards repairing relationships between victims, offenders, and the community, seeking solutions oriented around conflict resolution. Through comprehensive analysis, this paper identifies the philosophical foundations and regulations supporting the adoption of restorative justice, while dissecting the dynamics of its application across various levels of legal processes in Indonesia. However, this noble endeavor is not without its challenges, ranging from institutional resistance and uneven understanding to harmonization with the conventional criminal law framework. Behind every case lies a human story yearning for more substantive justice. Therefore, this article argues that the success of restorative justice does not merely lie in its legal umbrella, but in our ability to understand and embrace the human dimension in every dispute resolution process. Consequently, this paper recommends adaptive and collaborative strategies to strengthen the role of restorative justice, ensuring it can guide our criminal justice system towards a more just and dignified future for all parties.