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This study examines the factors influencing Indonesia’s motor vehicle exports to nine developing countries using the gravity model approach with long-term and short-term panel data. The variables analyzed include the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of partner countries, exchange rates, economic distance, and trade cooperation agreements. The data are analyzed using the Error Correction Model (ECM) to capture short-term dynamics and long-term relationships. The long-term results show that partner countries’ GDP has a significant positive effect on Indonesia’s vehicle exports, indicating that economic growth in partner countries increases demand for Indonesian automotive products. Conversely, exchange rates and economic distance have significant negative effects, suggesting that depreciation of partner currencies and economic disparities reduce export volumes. Trade cooperation agreements do not have a significant impact in the long term. In the short term, changes in GDP continue to have a significant positive effect, while exchange rates maintain a significant negative impact on exports. Economic distance and trade agreements are not significant in the short term. The significant and negative error correction term (ECT) confirms the existence of an adjustment mechanism toward long-term equilibrium. This study highlights the importance of partner countries’ economic growth and exchange rate stability in supporting Indonesia’s vehicle exports to developing countries, as well as the need to address structural barriers to improve long-term competitiveness.

The war between India and Pakistan has had a devastating impact on the economies of both the countries directly involved and those indirectly affected. The economic impacts of this armed conflict include significant infrastructure damage, reduced production capacity, soaring inflation, rising unemployment, and reduced investment flows. This geopolitical instability has also fueled uncertainty in global financial markets, triggering a "flight to safety" phenomenon, a shift in capital and investment to countries or instruments perceived as safer, such as US government bonds or gold. For Indonesia, this situation has the potential to significantly disrupt national economic stability. One impact is a reduction in foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, as investors tend to hold back or relocate their investments to more geopolitically stable countries. Furthermore, pressure on the rupiah exchange rate could increase due to global financial market volatility and a decline in international investor confidence. The conflict could also hamper Indonesia's export traffic, particularly to countries with close trade ties with India and Pakistan. Furthermore, these tensions could disrupt global supply chains, particularly for energy and food commodities, many of which pass through strategic trade routes. If the conflict drags on, the price of crude oil and other raw materials could potentially rise sharply, which in turn would increase domestic production costs. This would have a direct impact on inflation and public purchasing power. This situation further complicates the management of Indonesia's monetary and fiscal policies, which currently face significant challenges, such as the imminent maturities of large government debt and a still-widening state budget deficit. The government must take strategic steps to maintain domestic economic stability, strengthen foreign exchange reserves, and encourage export market diversification to reduce over-reliance on conflict-prone countries.

The potential war between India and Pakistan poses significant risks to the Indonesian economy, as it is expected to exacerbate uncertainty in the global financial market. Such geopolitical tensions often trigger a ‘flight to safety,’ where capital flows shift to countries considered stable, leading to reduced foreign direct investment (FDI) in emerging markets like Indonesia. This scenario is likely to place additional pressure on Indonesia’s exchange rate, further destabilizing its financial position. One of the key impacts of the looming India-Pakistan war on Indonesia is its effect on monetary and fiscal management. The Indonesian government is already facing significant challenges, including managing a large amount of maturing debt and grappling with a growing budget deficit. The war would complicate these efforts, making it more difficult for the government to stabilize the economy and implement effective policies. Indonesia’s export sector will also be affected, as India and Pakistan are two of the country’s main trading partners, especially for key commodities like crude palm oil (CPO) and coal. India is Indonesia’s 4th largest export destination, accounting for approximately 9% of total exports, while Pakistan represents around 1.9%. Any disruption in trade with these countries, due to the war or political instability, could significantly hurt Indonesia’s export revenues and negatively affect industries reliant on these markets. Moreover, Indonesia is already facing challenges from the United States, which has imposed reciprocal tariffs worth 32% on Indonesian products. This trade tension, combined with the geopolitical instability from the India-Pakistan conflict, will add further strain to Indonesia’s trade balance. The combination of these factors could lead to slower economic growth, reduced investor confidence, and potentially higher inflation, as the country faces multiple external and internal economic pressures.

The objective of this study is to examine whether the macroeconomic variables Exchange Rate, Money Supply (M2), and the international stock indices Dow Jones Islamic Market (DJIM) and Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) have an influence on the movement of Sharia stocks in Indonesia and Malaysia (Jakarta Islamic Index and FTSE Bursa Malaysia Hijrah Shariah Index). The analytical method used in this research is multiple regression analysis. The data utilized are monthly data spanning the period from January 2015 to December 2024. The results of the study indicate that the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) is significantly influenced by the Exchange Rate and the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). Specifically, both the Exchange Rate and DJIA show effects that are consistent with the hypothesis expectations. The Exchange Rate has a negative and significant effect on the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII), while the DJIA has a positive and significant effect. Meanwhile, the Money Supply (M2) and the Dow Jones Islamic Market (DJIM) are not found to have a significant effect on the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII). The FTSE Bursa Malaysia Hijrah Shariah Index (FHSI), on the other hand, is significantly influenced by the Dow Jones Islamic Market (DJIM). Specifically, DJIM has a positive and significant effect on FHSI. Conversely, the Exchange Rate, Money Supply (M2), and Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) are not found to have a significant effect on the FTSE Bursa Malaysia Hijrah Shariah Index (FHSI).

This research is an attempt to analyze and measure the impact of structural shocks to the US dollar exchange rate on the performance indicators of the Iraqi economy during the limited period (2004 to 2022) using the Kaldor square framework, which is based on four main components (economic growth, inflation, unemployment, and trade balance). Analytical and quantitative methods were rummage-sale to reveal the countryside of the relationship between these variables, through analyzing annual data and key economic indicators, using standard economic models and applying the (SVAR) technique. The study concluded that structural shocks to the exchange rate had varying effects on the components of the Kaldor square. The results showed a strong relationship between the exchange rate, economic growth, and the trade balance, while its impact on unemployment and inflation varied depending on the time period and political and economic developments. The study recommends adopting flexible monetary and fiscal policies that contribute to reducing exchange rate volatility and enhancing macroeconomic stability, which positively impacts sustainable structural growth.Inflation

Iraq needs to correct public finances to achieve stability and rebuild financial reserves, by adopting a program to measure and analyze the current situation and forecast macroeconomic policies to eliminate the imbalance between domestic demand and aggregate supply, which is usually manifested in the problems of the balance of payments, high inflation, and low output growth, and financial programming is an essential tool for managing policies to achieve stability and rebuild financial reserves.Analyze the current situation and forecast macroeconomic policies to address economic imbalances. However, there is a difficulty in applying the financial programming tool because of  the lack  of accurate information systems to estimate the rate of inflation, unemployment, economic growth, exchange rate, balance of payments and the general budget, in addition to irrational fiscal policy that depends on excessive expansion of government spending, with the sovereignty and control of the public sector over the macroeconomy, compared to the weak and weak role of the private sector. As a result of the policies pursued by successive governments and thus constitute weaknesses for the application of financial programming.

In alongside demonstrating how strategic cost management approaches can lower banking risks, the study sought to address the theoretical underpinnings of both banking risks and strategic cost management techniques. as well as identifying the most important measures through which banking risks to which economic units are exposed can be reduced to a minimum by helping to deal with situations in which the future cannot be predicted with certainty and that banking risks arise from the financing side. The study was applied in a sample of banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, and the focus was on commercial banks because of the exposure of these banks to a range of banking risks, the most important of which are credit risks, liquidity, exchange rate and interest rate. These banks also suffer from problems related to operational decisions such as pricing decisions. Strategic cost management techniques are a set of tools and methods that are appropriate to the needs of the modern business environment, which is concerned with cost analysis in a broad framework through its ideal position in order to improve the cost structure and achieve competitive advantage. This was the most significant finding of the research. The research discovered that strategic cost management techniques can help reduce risks and rationalize operational decisions, through which they can respond quickly to customer requirements and provide sufficient flexibility for any Changes that may occur and the delivery of products to them as quickly as possible while adhering to the standards of the modern corporate environment.

This study aims to analyze the influence of macroeconomic factors consisting of inflation, rupiah exchange rate, and interest rates on stock returns of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2021-2023. The research method uses a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis. The research sample consists of manufacturing companies listed on IDX during the research period, selected using purposive sampling method. The results show that among the three macroeconomic factors studied, only the rupiah exchange rate has a significant influence on the stock returns of manufacturing companies. This is due to the characteristics of the manufacturing industry which has a high dependence on imported raw materials, so that exchange rate fluctuations directly affect the company's financial performance and stock returns. Meanwhile, inflation and interest rates did not show a significant effect on stock returns of manufacturing companies during the study period.

Hawalah is a debt transfer method that originates from Islamic traditions and is increasingly relevant in the modern business context, especially in international transactions. The background of this research focuses on the importance of understanding and executing effective hawalah to overcome the challenges faced by business actors, such as multiplying exchange rates and payment risks. The aim of this research is to explore the implementation of hawalah in business and identify the factors that influence its effectiveness. The research method used is a qualitative approach, with data collection through in-depth interviews with business people and document analysis from related literature. The research results show that a deep understanding of the hawalah mechanism is very necessary, and information technology support has been proven to increase transaction efficiency and transparency. However, challenges related to data security and the lack of clear regulations are still obstacles. The discussion underscored the importance of education, collaboration with trusted financial institutions, and building trust between the parties involved in the transaction. Overall, hawalah has great potential to support economic growth, especially for small and medium businesses, with the right strategy and in-depth understanding. It is hoped that this research can contribute to the development of knowledge and business practices in the field of sharia economics.

The money supply can affect other economic variables, such as output and prices, create stability in the economy and help achieve the ultimate goal of monetary policy, namely the stability of inflation and exchange rates.  The level of the exchange rate by the monetary authority must be kept stable because an unstable exchange rate, especially one that experiences a sharp depreciation, can have financial crisis implications. This research approach was associative/quantitative research. The data used in this study are secondary data taken and processed from Bank Indonesia (BI) and the Central Statistics Agency (CSA) from 2013-2023 (11 years). Based on the results of regression analysis shows that the variable money supply, exchange rates, and interest rates simultaneously affect the inflation variable. Based on the results of regression analysis shows that the variable money supply has a positive and significant effect on inflation. Based on the results of regression analysis, the exchange rate variable has a negative and significant effect on inflation. Based on the regression analysis, the interest rate variable has no statistical effect on inflation.

This research seeks to illustrate the effects of rate of exchange volatility on Iraq's trade balance .The report examines currency rates in Iraq from 2010 to 2022, including both official and parallel values. The study addresses the trade balance, encompassing exports and imports, and investigates the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on trade performance through the ARDL model. It demonstrates a direct relationship between the two variables and confirms the absence of autocorrelation issues. Formulating a series of results and recommendations.

This research is motivated by the need for PT Sumi Indo Kabel Tbk to manage foreign currency transactions in line with the increase in international trade and exchange rate fluctuations. Foreign currency transactions can affect the company's financial statements, especially in the recognition of profit or loss due to changes in exchange rates. The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of foreign currency transaction accounting at PT Sumi Indo Kabel Tbk based on Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (PSAK) 221 on the Effect of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates. The research method used is descriptive quantitative, using secondary data obtained from the company's annual financial statements. The results showed that PT Sumi Indo Kabel Tbk has implemented PSAK 221 properly, recorded foreign currency transactions at the prevailing exchange rate and recognized the exchange difference in the income statement. However, the company still faces the risk of significant exchange rate fluctuations, which requires a more comprehensive risk management strategy. The conclusion of this study is that consistent implementation of PSAK 221 can help companies improve the transparency of financial statements and reduce the negative impact of exchange rate fluctuations on financial performance..

The money supply can affect other economic variables, such as output and prices, create stability in the economy and help achieve the ultimate goal of monetary policy, namely the stability of inflation and exchange rates.  The level of the exchange rate by the monetary authority must be kept stable because an unstable exchange rate, especially one that experiences a sharp depreciation, can have financial crisis implications. This research approach was associative/quantitative research. The data used in this study are secondary data taken and processed from Bank Indonesia (BI) and the Central Statistics Agency (CSA) from 2013-2023 (11 years). Based on the results of regression analysis shows that the variable money supply, exchange rates, and interest rates simultaneously affect the inflation variable. Based on the results of regression analysis shows that the variable money supply has a positive and significant effect on inflation. Based on the results of regression analysis, the exchange rate variable has a negative and significant effect on inflation. Based on the regression analysis, the interest rate variable has no statistical effect on inflation.

This research investigates the impact of macroeconomic fundamentals on financial performance and capital structure, with earnings management and firm characteristics as intervening variables, focusing on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The macroeconomic fundamentals analyzed include inflation, exchange rates, GDP, and interest rates, which are hypothesized to affect stock returns. Capital structure is measured by the debt-to-equity ratio and the debt-to-asset ratio. Financial leverage is gauged using the interest coverage ratio and the debt-to-operating income ratio. Firm characteristics encompass the company's age, the number of board commissioners, the number of directors, and the number of audit committee members. Financial performance is evaluated using indicators such as EBIT, DFL, DOL, DPR, asset turnover, and EPS growth. The research employs a quantitative method with data analysis conducted using Smart PLS. The results indicate that financial leverage significantly influences firm characteristics and capital structure but does not significantly impact financial performance. Macroeconomic fundamentals significantly affect firm characteristics but do not significantly impact financial performance, earnings management, or capital structure. Firm characteristics significantly influence financial performance but not earnings management. Capital structure significantly affects earnings management but does not significantly impact financial performance. This study aims to provide insights for decision-makers to enhance company financial performance through effective management of capital structure and earnings management.

This study aims to investigate the influence of macro fundamental variables (such as inflation, interest rates, and exchange rates), micro fundamental variables (such as DER, DPR, DR), as well as capital structure variables, financial performance, and ownership structure as intervening variables on firm value in the mining sector on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study uses a quantitative approach with secondary data from the financial statements of mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2010 to 2019. Data collection is done by random sampling of these companies, and data analysis uses the SmartPls 4 application to test the relationship between the variables studied. The results of this study are expected to provide a deeper understanding of how macroeconomic and microeconomic fundamental factors, as well as capital structure, financial performance, and ownership structure, contribute to firm value in the context of the mining sector in Indonesia. The practical implications of this study are expected to provide guidance to stakeholders, including company management, investors, regulators, and academics, in optimizing investment strategies and decision-making in this highly potential sector. This research can also make a theoretical contribution in expanding the understanding of the factors that influence firm value in the mining sector

Accounting for foreign currency transactions is an important aspect in the scope of corporate finance, especially in the context of business globalization. PSAK 10 (Statement of Financial Accounting Standards) regulates this aspect and provides guidelines on how companies should account for transactions in foreign currencies as well as related financial reporting. This research explores the implementation of PSAK 10 in preparing financial reports, with a focus on foreign currency transactions. In PSAK 10, companies are directed to use the foreign currency exchange rate on the transaction date to measure transactions in foreign currency. In addition, significant changes in foreign currency exchange rates after the transaction date are also taken into account and recognized as exchange gain or loss. A deep understanding of the application of these provisions is crucial so that financial reports accurately reflect the company's financial position. Through literature research and analysis of accounting practices, this article investigates how companies effectively manage foreign currency risks and present relevant and reliable information in their financial reports. A comparison between the methods used by companies in implementing PSAK 10 and best practices in the industry is explained to provide a comprehensive picture. It is hoped that the results of this research will provide in-depth insight into the challenges, opportunities and best policies in dealing with foreign currency transactions based on PSAK 10. The practical implications of compliance with this standard, as well as the potential impact on corporate financial decisions, will also be reviewed. With a better understanding of foreign currency transaction accounting, companies are expected to improve the quality and credibility of their financial reports in an ever-expanding global market.

The aim of this research is to analyze the treatment of foreign exchange differences at PT. Elang Mahkota Teknologi Tbk (EMTK), focusing on transaction management, the use of functional currency, and exchange rate risk mitigation. The research method employed is qualitative, with PT EMTK as the research subject. Data was obtained through literature review, referring to the Annual Reports of PT EMTK. The study indicates that PT EMTK adopts a cautious approach in handling foreign exchange transactions. The majority of business units use the Indonesian Rupiah as the functional currency, and the monetary assets and liabilities are adjusted to the exchange rates at the reporting date. Despite the absence of an official hedging policy, the company still considers current market conditions, especially regarding cash and cash equivalents balances in USD. Additionally, the research reveals that PT EMTK conducts sensitivity analysis on exchange rate risk, measuring the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on pre-tax profits. Overall, the company diligently monitors foreign exchange rate risks and takes proactive measures against external factors that may affect financial performance.

This research examines the accounting treatment of exchange rate differences and foreign currency transactions at PT Industri Jamu and Farmasi Sido Muncul Tbk, focusing on understanding the Financial Accounting Standards (FAS), particularly FAS No. 10. The analysis is conducted on the company's consolidated financial statements, exploring the impact of foreign exchange transactions, determination of functional currency, and foreign exchange rate risk. The results indicate that the company has adhered well to FAS provisions in presenting information regarding exchange rate differences and foreign currency transactions.

The aim of this research is to find out how differences in exchange rates and foreign currency transactions apply to PT Indofarma Tbk and its subsidiaries. This research uses qualitative methods by collecting data sourced from the Company's website, journals and related articles. Based on this research, PT Indofarma Tbk and Subsidiaries have a difference between the exchange rate or exchange rate which occurs due to debt accruals, purchasing medical equipment and imported raw materials.    

This research aims to conduct research on the company PT Triputra Agro Persada Tbk (TAPG) regarding analysis of the treatment of exchange rate differences and foreign currency transactions. PT TAPG Tbk is involved in complex foreign currency transactions, including the treatment of exchange rate differences that affect the company's financial condition. This study used qualitative research methods. The method applied in collecting information and data in this research is literature study, which involves analysis of journals and books as well as related references to support the research being carried out. This research uses the PT TAPG Tbk Q1 2023 Financial Report as well as a news article from Beritasatu.com entitled “Jaga Arus kas, Triputra Agro Percepat Pembayaran Utang” as data sources. The results of this research indicate that PT TAPG Tbk can minimize the risk of changes in foreign exchange rates and provide further understanding of the complex relationship between currency exchange rates and CPO selling prices as well as risk management in company operations.