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Gorontalo Province possesses significant mineral resource potential, particularly gold, silver, and copper, positioning the mining sector as a key driver of regional economic growth. However, a shortage of skilled local labor and the scarcity of vocational educational institutions in the mining field severely hamper human resource development in this sector. This study aims to design a Mining Polytechnic Campus in Gorontalo by applying sustainable architecture principles, encompassing energy efficiency, environmentally friendly materials, sound wastewater management, and user comfort. The research approach involves literature studies, field observations, interviews with relevant stakeholders, and quantitative data analysis regarding resource potential, the number of senior high school students, and educational space requirements. The design results emphasize site arrangement, building mass configuration, utility systems, and interior and exterior spaces that support academic, social, and community activities. The application of sustainable architecture principles is expected to create a campus that not only meets the needs of mining vocational education but also contributes to environmental conservation and sustainable regional development.

The use of building materials plays a crucial role in determining the quality of the built environment, particularly in the context of row housing in densely populated urban areas. This study aims to evaluate the types of materials used in the construction of row housing in Cemara Asri, Medan, with a focus on sustainability and environmental friendliness criteria. The methods employed include direct site surveys and literature studies related to the characteristics of both interior and exterior materials applied to housing units. The research findings indicate that most of the materials used—such as red bricks, ceramic tiles, clay roof tiles, and concrete ventilation blocks—possess good energy efficiency and durability potential. However, they do not fully meet sustainability standards in terms of production processes and waste management. The study also found that residents' awareness of environmentally friendly material selection remains limited, and the procurement of materials tends to follow local availability and economic considerations. These findings are expected to serve as a foundation for improving environmentally friendly material planning in row housing developments in other urban areas.

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems often suffer from significant energy wastage due to their inability to adapt to real-time environmental changes, leading to high operational costs. Although Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are widely used for their simplicity and reliability, they struggle to handle the complex dynamics of modern environments, requiring advanced optimization to enhance efficiency. This study aims to optimize PID controllers by integrating the Queen Honey Bee Migration (QHBM) algorithm to improve HVAC performance, energy efficiency, and adaptability. The research method employs an experimental approach that compares the performance of conventional PID controllers with PID controllers optimized using the QHBM algorithm under dynamic environmental conditions. The results show that the PID-QHBM system significantly outperforms the conventional PID system, achieving a rise time of 0.2649 seconds and a settling time of 1.6874 seconds with an almost negligible steady-state error of 9.4991e-08. Although it experiences a slight overshoot of 16.3810%, the system stabilizes quickly and maintains the target temperature efficiently. In contrast, the conventional PID controller exhibits slower response characteristics, with a rise time of 1.3730 seconds, a settling time of 2.5144 seconds, and a larger steady-state error of 0.0361. This study demonstrates that integrating the QHBM algorithm into PID controllers provides a more effective solution for real-time temperature control, offering substantial improvements in energy efficiency and system performance. The findings contribute to advancing intelligent HVAC control systems that can better adapt to environmental variations while minimizing operational costs.

The R05 Community Service Program (KKN), Subgroup 1 in Kalikatir Village, Gondang District, Mojokerto Regency, aims to implement hydram pump technology as an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient irrigation solution. This technology is designed to meet the water needs of 100 hectares of banana plantations, especially during the dry season. The implementation method includes initial surveys, design, manufacture, installation, and testing of the hydram pump, involving the participation of Kalikatir villagers. The results show that the pump is capable of lifting water to a height of 30 meters with 70% efficiency, although it has not yet reached the daily target. This technology has been proven to reduce operational costs and increase agricultural productivity. It is hoped that in the future, this technology can be further developed to improve its efficiency and sustainability.

Gununganyar Reservoir in Tuban Regency is one of the reservoirs used as a source of livelihood for the local community. However, further development and utilization of Gununganyar Reservoir have yet to be undertaken. The development of a small-scale floating Photovoltaic Solar Power Plant (floating solar panels) at Gununganyar Reservoir, aimed at providing an alternative and renewable energy source for operating raw water pumps and for supporting the Gununganyar Nature Tourism (WAG) initiative, constitutes an innovative and strategic effort to enhance energy efficiency and environmental sustainability in rural areas. This study focuses on the design and performance assessment of a floating solar panel system constructed with processed bamboo as an alternative floating material replacing HDPE, while integrating local wisdom and environmental conservation principles to minimize the reservoir’s carbon footprint. The methodology employs a simple quantitative approach combined with a literature review of relevant studies. Based on the analysis, the design of this small-scale floating solar panel system utilizes a 170 Wp off-grid solar module mounted at a tilt angle of approximately 7,1°, capable of generating a peak power output exceeding 2,962 kWp and supported by a battery capacity of  328,33 Ah. The implementation of these floating solar panels is expected to serve as a model for reservoir development by promoting energy self-sufficiency, stimulating local economic growth, and contributing to the achievement of net zero emissions by 2060.

Background: The development of modern manufacturing systems requires production scheduling strategies that not only improve productivity but also optimize energy utilization. Multi-machine production systems with job-shop configurations exhibit high complexity due to dynamic interactions between machines, job queues, and varying processing times, making conventional scheduling methods less effective in handling changing operational conditions. Objective: This study aims to develop and evaluate a reinforcement learning based production scheduling approach to improve production efficiency while reducing energy consumption in multi-machine manufacturing systems. Methods: This research employs a job-shop based multi-machine production simulation model as the experimental environment. The scheduling problem is formulated as a Markov Decision Process, enabling the implementation of reinforcement learning algorithms, namely Q-learning and Deep Q-Network, to learn optimal scheduling policies through interaction with the simulation environment. Energy consumption parameters are incorporated into the reward function so that the learning agent can consider energy efficiency in the scheduling decision-making process. System performance is evaluated using three main metrics, namely energy consumption, throughput, and makespan. Results: The experimental results show that the reinforcement learning based scheduling approach achieves better performance compared to conventional scheduling methods, resulting in lower energy consumption, higher job completion rates, and shorter production completion times within the multi-machine manufacturing system.

The development of sustainable tourism facilities is one of the important efforts in increasing the attractiveness of destinations while preserving the environment. This study aims to analyze the implementation of ecological concepts in the development of glamping facilities in the Pearl Beach tourist area. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection through field observations, interviews with managers and tourists, and literature studies related to ecotourism principles and sustainable design. The results of the study show that the application of ecological concepts in glamping facilities in Mutiara Beach includes the use of environmentally friendly materials, integrated waste management, the application of energy efficiency, and designs that integrate the natural landscape without damaging the coastal ecosystem. The application of this concept not only improves the comfort and experience of tourists, but also contributes to increasing environmental awareness and strengthening the positive image of tourist destinations. In addition, this ecologically-conceptual glamping development model is expected to be a reference for the development of sustainable tourism facilities in other coastal areas, which prioritizes nature preservation and the welfare of local communities.

The oil and gas industry plays a crucial role in meeting global energy needs, with crude oil from production wells being the primary product of upstream operations. Prior to further processing, crude oil requires pretreatment at the production site, one of the key stages being phase separation using a flash separator. This study examines the effect of variations in cooling temperature on the performance of liquid phase separation and energy requirements in the flash separation process of light hydrocarbons. The analysis was conducted through process simulation using Aspen HYSYS version 14.2 with the Peng Robinson property package. The feed stream had a mass rate of 10,000 kg per hour, a temperature of 50°F, and atmospheric pressure, with compositions of ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butane. The process configuration included compression, cooling, and phase separation in a flash separator at a constant pressure of 50 psia. Variations in cooling temperature were applied at 20, 10, and 0°C. The simulation results indicated a thermodynamic critical point at 10°C. At 20°C, no liquid phase was formed, while at 10°C, significant liquid yield was obtained with moderate energy consumption. Lowering the temperature to 0°C dramatically increases liquid recovery, but the cooling energy requirement also increases sharply. Sensitivity analysis confirms a strong inverse relationship between temperature and condensation yield, as well as a surge in energy consumption at low temperatures. The optimal operating condition is set at 10°C, providing a balance between separation efficiency and energy efficiency in accordance with sustainable manufacturing principles.

This research focuses on analyzing the performance of a vacuum pan automation sistem using solenoid valves at PT. Duta Sugar International as an effort to improve the efficiency and quality of refined sugar production. The vacuum pan is the main tool in the sugar crystallization process that functions to evaporate the sugar solution under low pressure. Problems faced in the manual sistem are temperature instability and high dependence on operators, which impact time inefficiency and decrease product quality. The purpose of this research is to design and analyze the implementation of an automatic control system based on a Distributed Control Sistem (DCS) with the integration of solenoid valve actuators to optimize temperature stability and cooking process efficiency. The research method was carried out using qualitative and quantitative approaches through direct observation, technical interviews with the automation team, and supporting literature studies. The results showed that the automatic system was able to maintain a stable cooking temperature in the range of 78°C–85°C, lower and more efficient than the manual system which fluctuates between 90°C–100°C. In addition, cooking time was reduced by 10–15 minutes per cycle, and the crystallization process became more uniform with more efficient energy consumption. The results showed that the implementation of DCS-based automatic control with solenoid valves significantly improved operational stability, productivity, and energy efficiency. Thus, this automation sistem proved to be an effective solution for optimizing vacuum pan performance in the modern sugar industry.

This research presents the design, development, and implementation of a mini smart car prototype that operates using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system is built around the ESP8266 microcontroller (Amica version), which functions as the core processing unit responsible for handling Wi-Fi communication and data processing. The motion of the car is controlled by an L298 motor driver module that regulates the operation of DC motors. The entire system is powered by a 3.7-volt rechargeable battery, ensuring portability and energy efficiency. The study discusses in detail the hardware configuration, software programming, and integration of IoT-based control through a web or mobile interface. Functional testing of the prototype, named MINIOT, focuses on evaluating the responsiveness, stability, and reliability of remote control operations. The results are expected to show that the system can effectively receive and execute user commands while transmitting real-time telemetry data, such as motor status and connection indicators. This project demonstrates the feasibility of low-cost IoT-based automation for small-scale robotic applications.

This research presents the design, development, and implementation of a mini smart car prototype that operates using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system is built around the ESP8266 microcontroller (Amica version), which functions as the core processing unit responsible for handling Wi-Fi communication and data processing. The motion of the car is controlled by an L298 motor driver module that regulates the operation of DC motors. The entire system is powered by a 3.7-volt rechargeable battery, ensuring portability and energy efficiency. The study discusses in detail the hardware configuration, software programming, and integration of IoT-based control through a web or mobile interface. Functional testing of the prototype, named MINIOT, focuses on evaluating the responsiveness, stability, and reliability of remote control operations. The results are expected to show that the system can effectively receive and execute user commands while transmitting real-time telemetry data, such as motor status and connection indicators. This project demonstrates the feasibility of low-cost IoT-based automation for small-scale robotic applications.

The increasing number of students in major cities such as Medan has created an urgent need for temporary housing that is adequate, comfortable, and sustainable. In response, the Indonesian government, through the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR), launched the "One Thousand Towers Program," which includes the development of rental apartment buildings (Rusunawa) for students. However, housing provision must go beyond quantity—it must also consider environmental aspects and the quality of life for its occupants. Therefore, a green architecture approach serves as the foundation for the design of environmentally friendly student housing. This project aims to create a vertical residential facility that not only fulfills the basic function of shelter but also supports learning activities, social interaction, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability. The design applies key principles of green architecture such as natural lighting, cross ventilation, the use of eco-friendly materials, and the integration of green open spaces. In addition to double-room residential units, the building is equipped with supporting facilities such as study areas, a library, cafeteria, and rooftop garden. The design methodology integrates both primary and secondary data analysis, as well as a comprehensive site study covering climate, noise levels, circulation, and building orientation. The building form concept is developed modularly and efficiently through mass transformation, resulting in an inner court that provides natural light and air. Supported by energy-saving utilities, this design is expected to offer a student housing solution that is not only functional and aesthetic but also contributes to sustainable and high-quality urban development.

The need for environmentally friendly marine transportation continues to increase, especially in tourist areas such as Penyengat Island, Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands. In the local context, the design of electric boats has not been widely developed for small islands in Indonesia, even though the potential and urgency for its application is very high. Geographical constraints, limited charging infrastructure, and a lack of technical data are the main obstacles. This research focuses on the design and construction of an electric-powered tourist boat prototype with an asymmetrical catamaran hull type as an effort to support a sustainable transportation system. The boat design applies an asymmetrical catamaran hull configuration to improve sailing stability and energy efficiency. The propulsion system is controlled via a wireless PS2 joystick integrated with an ESP32 microcontroller, supported by a 24V DC motor powered by lithium-ion batteries and solar panels as a supplement. Test results show that the boat can operate stably with remote control, good energy efficiency, and zero emissions during operation. Some technical challenges encountered include limited operational duration due to battery capacity and high sensitivity of electronic components to water exposure. Overall, this prototype has great potential for further development as an environmentally friendly alternative for maritime transportation system. The stable catamaran hull design provides advantages in terms of comfort and safety, especially in calm or shallow waters. The electric propulsion system used has proven to be efficient and responsive, supported by a remote control mechanism that is easy to operate via a wireless joystick

Transmission line reconductoring is one of the strategic solutions to increase the capacity and efficiency of the power system without the need to build new infrastructure. This study aims to analyze and compare the performance of two types of conductors, namely ACSR Hawk and ACCC Amsterdam, used in the Suralaya-Cilegon 500 kV SUTET transmission line. The comparison is carried out by considering technical aspects including power losses, ampacity, horizontal and vertical sag values, and overall energy efficiency. The research methodology involved a literature study, collection of conductor technical data, calculation of resistance, current, and power losses, and simulation of sag values against temperature variations. In addition, economic analysis and field implementation aspects were also considered to assess the feasibility of using each conductor. The results show that Amsterdam's ACCC conductor has superior technical performance compared to Hawk's ACSR. ACCC is capable of delivering currents up to ±1300 A, compared to ACSR Hawk which is only ±800 A. The power loss value using ACCC is recorded at ±1.34 MW, lower than ACSR Hawk at ±1.79 MW. In addition, ACCC exhibits smaller sag values due to its lighter weight and higher tensile stress, making it more stable against temperature fluctuations. In terms of energy efficiency, the use of ACCC can save energy up to ±3942 MWh per year. By considering the technical advantages and long-term energy efficiency, this study recommends the use of Amsterdam ACCC as a reconductoring solution for high-voltage transmission lines, especially in systems that have high loads and require maximum reliability and efficiency.

Wireless Medical Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are a key component of modern Healthcare Internet of Things (IoT) systems, enabling continuous and real-time monitoring of patients’ physiological parameters. These networks support timely medical intervention, improve patient outcomes, and facilitate remote healthcare delivery. However, due to the open and resource-constrained nature of WMSNs, they are highly susceptible to various security threats, particularly during the authentication phase. Existing authentication protocols have been found vulnerable to a range of attacks, including impersonation, session key disclosure, and gateway database compromise, which can lead to severe privacy breaches and potentially life-threatening situations. To address these issues, this paper proposes a secure and lightweight three-factor authentication protocol tailored for WMSNs in healthcare IoT environments. The proposed protocol integrates Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) for strong public key-based security with minimal computational overhead, fuzzy extractors to securely handle biometric information and ensure resistance against biometric template compromise, and session-based randomness to achieve forward secrecy and prevent replay or key-compromise impersonation attacks. Security analysis demonstrates that the proposed protocol successfully mitigates prominent threats such as impersonation attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, session key leakage, and database compromise. In addition, the protocol ensures mutual authentication between the user, the gateway, and the sensor nodes, while maintaining data confidentiality and integrity. Performance evaluation indicates that the protocol offers significantly reduced computational cost and communication delay compared to existing schemes. Its low energy consumption and minimal storage requirements make it suitable for deployment in resource-constrained medical devices and large-scale IoT healthcare networks. The results highlight the protocol’s scalability, energy efficiency, and robustness, making it a practical and secure solution for safeguarding patient data and ensuring trustworthy communication in WMSNs-based healthcare IoT systems.

This study aims to analyze the electrical energy consumption of a bench-type drilling machine, RYU RDB 13, by varying machining parameters in the form of spindle speed and feed rate. Electrical energy is a critical aspect of production efficiency in the manufacturing industry, particularly in machining processes that require continuous power consumption throughout the cutting operation. The material used in this study is aluminum 6061, chosen for its lightweight, corrosion resistance, and wide application in the automotive and aerospace industries. The drilling process was carried out using three spindle speed variations: 620 rpm, 920 rpm, and 1280 rpm, along with three feed rate variations: 0.04 mm/rev, 0.08 mm/rev, and 0.1 mm/rev. Current and voltage were measured using a digital wattmeter in real-time, and energy consumption was calculated in wattseconds (Ws) using power calculation formulas. The results indicate that increasing the feed rate and spindle speed leads to higher instantaneous power consumption. However, total energy consumption tends to decrease at higher speed and feed combinations due to shorter machining times. The optimal parameter combination was found at a feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev and a spindle speed of 1280 rpm, which resulted in the lowest energy consumption of 387 Ws and the fastest drilling time. This demonstrates that selecting the right machining parameters not only improves energy efficiency but also maintains or enhances productivity. The observed power consumption pattern typically shows a sharp increase at the beginning of the drilling process, a stable phase during the main cutting stage, and a rapid decrease towards the end of the cut. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between machining parameters and energy efficiency, serving as a basis for developing sustainable production strategies in the manufacturing sector that prioritize energy savings and cost reduction.

This study presents an evaluation of the cooling load capacity in the departure apron corridor area at Supadio International Airport using the Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) method. The objective of the research is to assess whether the current air conditioning (AC) is adequate to meet thermal comfort requirements in a tropical climate characterized by high humidity and strong solar radiation. A detailed field survey was conducted at Gate 3, a glass-dominated corridor that experiences significant heat gain from solar exposure. Empirical data including temperature profiles, material properties, occupancy levels, and equipment specifications were collected over a two-week period using digital instruments. Using the CLTD method, the heat contributions from walls, roof, glass surfaces, occupants, lighting, and air infiltration were quantified. The results revealed that the installed AC (2 PK) only delivers about  of the required cooling load, with the total load estimated at 66,448 BTU/hr. The dominant sources of thermal gain include the roof and east-facing glass panels. The study recommends AC resizing, glass shading implementation, and improved insulation to enhance energy efficiency. This research contributes practical insights for HVAC optimization in airport infrastructure within hot-humid climates.

This study investigates the impact of tail configuration variations on flight stability and battery energy efficiency in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Three distinct tail types were tested: the conventional tail, the T-Tail, and the V-Tail. The objective was to compare how these tail designs affected the overall performance of UAVs, especially focusing on the balance between stability and energy efficiency. The experiments were conducted through a series of flight tests in a controlled outdoor environment, providing reliable and accurate data. During these flight tests, several performance metrics were recorded, including IMU-based angular deviations for pitch, roll, and yaw, energy consumption, flight time, voltage, and battery power. The data collected allowed for a thorough analysis of how the tail design influenced the flight characteristics of the UAVs. The results showed that the T-Tail configuration provided the highest flight stability, as indicated by the smallest angular deviations and minimal vibration during flight. This design’s enhanced stability made it the most reliable, especially for missions requiring precision control. In contrast, the V-Tail configuration proved to be the most energy-efficient, consuming only 22.80 Wh. Despite its low energy consumption, the V-Tail showed the lowest stability due to control coupling between the pitch and yaw axes, resulting in higher angular deviations and less precise control. The conventional tail, while not the best in terms of either stability or energy efficiency, struck a reasonable balance between the two. This configuration provided adequate stability while ensuring efficient battery usage, making it a suitable choice for general UAV applications. The findings of this study highlight the direct influence of tail design on UAV performance. There is a clear trade-off between flight stability and energy efficiency, with the conventional tail offering the best compromise.

Indonesia, as the world's largest archipelagic nation, holds a strategic position while simultaneously facing significant challenges in maintaining the sovereignty and security of its maritime territory. Increasingly complex maritime threats, such as illegal fishing, smuggling, and potential geopolitical conflicts, demand a transformation in maritime defense strategies to be more efficient and sustainable. In an era of increasing global awareness of the climate crisis, the maritime sector, including the defense sector, is being encouraged to decarbonize through the implementation of environmentally friendly ship technology. This research uses a literature review approach by examining various findings related to sustainable propulsion technology innovations relevant to the development of Indonesia's maritime defense fleet. The study results show that a hydrogen- and battery-based hybrid propulsion system can reduce carbon emissions by up to 73% and increase energy efficiency by 35%. In addition, wind-assisted propulsion sistem (WAPS) technology such as Flettner rotors and wing-sails contributes significantly to reducing fuel consumption by up to 30%, while extending ship cruising range without the need for intensive refueling. Meanwhile, the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based propeller design optimization has been proven to reduce energy consumption by 13.2% and reduce noise levels by up to 15 dB, which greatly supports the needs of stealth operations in military missions. This study concludes that the implementation of environmentally friendly ship technology not only provides benefits in terms of energy efficiency and emission reduction, but also strengthens the operational resilience and strategic competitiveness of the Indonesian naval fleet amidst the dynamics of global maritime security. Thus, the Green Navy concept can be seen as a relevant and urgently needed sustainable defense strategy.

The advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has significantly transformed traditional homes into intelligent living environments. This study presents the implementation of a smart home automation system utilizing IoT components to control and monitor household devices remotely. The system integrates NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontrollers, sensors (temperature, motion, light), and actuators (relays for lights, fans, and appliances) which are connected through a Wi-Fi network. A mobile application is developed to enable real-time control and monitoring, enhancing user convenience, energy efficiency, and home security. The system also includes automated scenarios such as turning off lights when no motion is detected or adjusting ventilation based on temperature. Testing results show that the system responds within an average delay of less than 1.5 seconds and maintains stable performance across various network conditions. The findings confirm that IoT-based home automation offers a scalable, cost-effective solution to improve the quality of life and resource management. This study contributes to the development of sustainable and intelligent home systems for modern living.