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This study aims to evaluate the public transportation service policy of Trans Jatim Bus Corridor 2, operating on the Mojokerto–Surabaya route, using the six evaluation indicators proposed by William N. Dunn: effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and appropriateness. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through interviews, direct observations, and secondary data analysis. The findings reveal that the Trans Jatim Corridor 2 service has significantly contributed to improving accessibility and mobility for the people of East Java. In terms of effectiveness, the service meets transportation policy objectives by offering strategic routes, consistent schedules, and accessible bus stops. Efficiency is demonstrated through optimal utilization of limited fleets and operational costs, while still meeting high passenger demand. Regarding adequacy, the service is generally sufficient; however, overcrowding during peak hours indicates the need for capacity improvements. Equity is reflected in the widespread distribution of bus stops, although disparities remain in the availability of facilities and route information across several stops. The service shows high responsiveness through quick handling of passenger complaints via applications and social media. Additionally, service appropriateness is evident in its punctual operations supported by GPS-based monitoring and real-time information through the TRANSJATIM-AJAIB application. Overall, the evaluation shows that Trans Jatim Corridor 2 provides effective, efficient, and responsive public transport services, yet requires improvements in capacity and equitable distribution of facilities to achieve optimal service quality.

Sharia economic education and access to healthcare services are critical components for community empowerment, especially in rural areas like Balapulang Wetan. The Community Service Program (PKM) implemented by STIES Putera Bangsa Tegal in collaboration with Klinik Azzahra integrates sharia economic education with free healthcare services to address the twin challenges of low sharia economic literacy and limited access to quality healthcare. This program employs training and outreach methods alongside provision of basic free health services to the community. Evaluation results indicate increased understanding of sharia economic principles, including zakat, infaq, and financial management, as well as greater utilization of free healthcare services. This holistic approach fosters economic independence and enhances the overall quality of life through improved economic welfare and health. Collaboration among educational institutions, health service providers, and local government forms the foundation for the sustainability and success of this program in creating an inclusive and equitable community empowerment ecosystem.

Syncope or fainting is a common clinical problem in children and adolescents, as many as 15% of children experience at least one episode before the end of adolescence. The purpose of this community service is to provide HIPOS (Hydration, Positioning, & Stress Management) Training with the 3E Method (Explain, Example, Experience) on Syncope First Aid Skills given to PMR Members at SMKN 1 Ngasem. The training was carried out for 2 days. The first day consisted of providing training to selected PMR cadres. On the 2nd day, PMR cadres provided training to all PMR members at SMKN 1 Ngasem and also evaluated their ability to perform syncope first aid. The results of the pre-test and post-test showed a significant increase in ability, namely during the pre-test almost all (76.7%) had sufficient ability and after the post-test almost all had good ability (83.3%). It can be concluded that HIPOS (Hydration, Positioning, & Stress Management) training using the 3E method (Explain, Example, Experience) can improve First Aid Skills for Syncope among Red Cross (Red Cross) members at SMKN 1 Ngasem.

This study examines the transformation of Fixed-Term Employment Agreements (PKWT) in East Java within the context of Indonesia's flexible economy era, particularly following the enactment of the Job Creation Law (UU Cipta Kerja No. 6/2023). The research analyzes the legal protection challenges faced by contract and outsourcing workers in East Java Province from 2020–2025. Using a normative juridical approach combined with empirical data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the Ministry of Manpower, this study reveals that despite regulatory improvements, significant gaps remain in the implementation of labor protection. Key findings indicate that contract workers in East Java, estimated at 59.17% of the informal workforce in 2024, face uncertainties regarding contract duration, compensation rights, and social security. The study recommends strengthening supervision mechanisms, clarifying regulations on gig economy workers, and enhancing bipartite negotiation processes to ensure balanced protection between business flexibility and workers' fundamental rights, while also promoting legal certainty and sustainable employment relations in the regional labor market.

This study examines the dynamics of Data Driven Policy implementation in Indonesia, which faces a disconnect between the ambitions of digital regulation and the reality of execution on the ground. Using a qualitative approach with the Three Lenses of Evidence-Based Policy analysis framework (Head, 2008), this study examines the interaction between scientific evidence, political considerations, and professional practices in government data governance. The results show that although legal infrastructure such as Satu Data Indonesia (SDI) has been established, its effectiveness is hampered by structural barriers: the dominance of sectoral egos and a culture of intuitive decision-making (political lens), as well as a mix of digital talent and resistance from a paternalistic bureaucratic culture (practical lens). These findings confirm that data fragmentation and cybersecurity incidents are not simply technical failures, but rather systemic governance failures. Therefore, this study recommends a “soft reform” strategy that integrates the enforcement of technical standards, budget incentive mechanisms, and digital leadership transformation to align data validity with the political realities of the bureaucracy.

Local governments play a strategic role in public service delivery and are required to undertake rapid, systematic, and sustainable institutional and governance transformation. These demands arise in response to changes in the organizational environment, regulatory developments, and increasing public expectations regarding the quality, effectiveness, and accountability of public services. Improving the capacity of human resources, particularly those managing services and complaints, is a crucial factor in ensuring professional, adaptive, and technology-based services. However, issues with staff competency are still found in public service institutions that interact directly with the public, particularly at the sub-district level. In an effort to improve the quality of public administration services, the government established the Integrated Sub-district Administrative Services (PATEN) policy as stipulated in Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 4 of 2010. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the PATEN policy in Sawangan District, Depok City, using a qualitative approach and descriptive methods. The results indicate that the implementation of PATEN has generally been effective, marked by the fulfillment of substantive, administrative, and technical aspects, and supported by clear regulations. However, public complaint services have not been optimal due to technical constraints in the website-based complaint system.

Physical violence against journalists remains a serious threat that hinders the functioning of democracy in Indonesia. Law Number 40 of 1999 concerning the Press explicitly guarantees legal protection for journalists through Articles 8 and 9, which emphasize freedom from censorship and the right to seek and disseminate information. However, criminal law enforcement against perpetrators of physical violence has not been optimal, leading to a culture of impunity. This study uses a normative juridical approach by analyzing the Press Law regulations, the provisions of the Criminal Code on assault (Articles 351-355), as well as the theoretical basis of Satjipto Rahardjo's preventive-repressive legal protection and Moeljatno's law enforcement principles. The results of the study indicate a significant gap between strong legal norms and weak enforcement practices,  characterized by the dominance of mediation by the Press Council and a culture of impunity for perpetrators, often involving state apparatus. According to AJI reports from 2020-2025, there have been 84 to 89 cases annually, with only 15-20% processed criminally. The main obstacles include a lack of coordination between institutions, minimal awareness of law enforcement officials, victims' reluctance to report due to social pressure and fear of reprisals, and institutional solidarity among perpetrators. This impunity not only traumatizes journalists but also induces self-censorship, reduces investigative journalism quality, and weakens democratic checks and balances. Recommendations include revising the Press Law for stricter sanctions, enhancing law enforcement training, and establishing independent investigation teams under Komnas HAM to combat impunity effectively. 

This study analyzes online fraud as one of the most common forms of cybercrime in Indonesia, which has expanded alongside rapid advances in information and communication technology. These crimes utilize digital platforms such as social media, online marketplaces, and fraudulent websites to deceive victims for unlawful financial gain. The research aims to examine online fraud from a criminological perspective by identifying its causes, patterns, and relevance to routine activity theory and differential association theory. A normative juridical method is employed, using statutory, conceptual, and case-based approaches, with qualitative and descriptive analysis. The findings show that online fraud reflects a shift from conventional fraud to digital-based crimes, driven by low public awareness of cybersecurity, easy access to technology, and weak online supervision. Several fraud schemes were identified, including online investment scams, phishing, and identity impersonation. This study highlights the need for an integrated approach that goes beyond law enforcement by emphasizing digital literacy, public education, and cross-sector collaboration to reduce cybercrime in Indonesia.

Criminal offenses of theft are one of the most frequent forms of crime in society and have wide-ranging impacts, not only on the individual victim but also on legal order and social stability. This study aims to analyze the impact of theft offenses on legal order and social life, while also examining the role of criminal law in addressing such crimes. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach through literature study, observation, and interviews with law enforcement officers and the public. The results of the study show that the prevalence of theft offenses can decrease public safety, weaken public trust in law enforcement agencies, and disturb social order and harmony. Furthermore, theft also leads to a decline in legal compliance and an increase in the potential for vigilante justice. Therefore, consistent, effective, and just law enforcement is required, along with increasing public legal awareness as efforts to maintain legal order and create a safe and orderly social life.

The development of social media as part of digital technology has significantly transformed patterns of social interaction among adolescents in Indonesia. Social media no longer functions solely as a medium for communication and self-expression, but also as a social space that influences behavioral formation, including deviant and criminal behavior. This study aims to analyze the influence of social media on juvenile criminal behavior from a criminological perspective, with particular attention to social learning processes and the weakening of social control in digital environments. This research employs a qualitative method using a literature study approach by examining scientific journals, official reports, and statistical data related to social media use and adolescent behavior. The findings indicate that high intensity of social media use, exposure to negative content, and the normalization of aggressive behavior in digital spaces contribute to increased vulnerability of adolescents to criminal behaviors such as cyberbullying, online aggression, and other forms of deviance. Within the framework of Social Learning Theory, social media serves as a medium for behavioral learning through mechanisms of observation, imitation, and social reinforcement, while Social Control Theory highlights how weak supervision by families and educational institutions amplifies the risk of deviant behavior. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of preventive, non-penal approaches through strengthening social control, improving digital literacy, and enhancing the active role of families and schools to minimize the risk of juvenile criminal behavior in the digital era.

This research aims to normatively analyze the role and implementation of public participation in the legislative process, specifically concerning the formation of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) Law. Public participation is an essential principle in a democratic state, ensuring the legitimacy, transparency, and accountability of legal products. This normative review focuses on the legal framework governing community participation in law making, as mandated by the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and related regulations. The analysis reveals a gap between the ideal normative principle of meaningful participation and the empirical practice in the legislation of the TNI Law. Legislative processes involving the defense and security sector are often overshadowed by issues of secrecy and limited information accessibility, thereby impeding substantial public participation. It is necessary to strengthen the regulatory framework and establish more open, inclusive, and continuous mechanisms to ensure that public aspirations and interests, including those of civil society groups and academics, are adequately considered at every stage of law formation, especially for strategic legislation like the TNI Law.

The pluralistic development of Indonesian national law creates a dynamic relationship between national civil law and customary law, including in the context of resolving inheritance disputes in Chinese families who adhere to patrilineal traditions. Supreme Court Decision No. 1204 K/Pdt/2024 shows that there is a tension between legal certainty under the Civil Code and substantive justice originating from living law. This research aims to analyze the judge's interpretation of family documents as a basis for inheritance rejection, inheritance sharing mechanisms that ignore Chinese customary norms, and their implications for legal pluralism in Indonesia. The method used is normative juridical with a case study approach and a descriptive-analytical legislative approach, using literature studies of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results showed that the ruling applied neither the Civil Code nor the principle of Chinese customary inheritance consistently. The family declaration on which the judge relied was not actually a refusal of inheritance, but an internal agreement granting authority to the testator. Moreover, the distribution of inheritance carried out is not in accordance with the principle of patrilineal custom which places the eldest son as the recipient of the largest share. This finding shows the weak application of legal pluralism (weak legal pluralism) and reveals the gap between das sollen and das sein, so it is necessary to strengthen the role of judges in exploring the traditional values that live in society.

This study explores how the drafting process of the Bill (RUU) for the Revision of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI), which was approved to become Law Number 3 of 2025, occurred amidst massive public protests, with an emphasis on violations of the principles of openness, participation, and accountability as regulated in the 1945 Constitution and Law Number 12 of 2011 concerning the Formation of Legislative Regulations. The public's rejection illustrates the potential for abusive law making, threats to civilian dominance, and the possibility of a return to the dual function of the military from the New Order period, supported by protests, petitions from civil society organizations such as NU, WALHI, and KONTRAS, as well as an application for constitutional review to the Constitutional Court. Adopting the perspective of Habermas’s theory of deliberative democracy and Weber’s concept of legitimacy, this research asserts that the argument for the annulment of this Bill is growing stronger, in order to uphold democratic law making and the protection of human rights.

The authority of the Religious Courts in Indonesia has undergone substantial transformation since the enactment of the 1974 Marriage Law, which serves as a foundational milestone in harmonizing the national legal system on family matters. Prior to this legislation, the jurisdiction of the Religious Courts was limited and influenced by legal dualism among customary law, Islamic law, and Western civil law inherited from the colonial period. This article examines how the Marriage Law initiated a shift in the structure and legitimacy of the Religious Courts and how their jurisdictional expansion reached a more comprehensive form through Law No. 7 of 1989 on Religious Courts and its subsequent amendments under Law No. 3 of 2006 and Law No. 50 of 2009. Using a normative juridical approach, this study analyzes statutory regulations, academic literature, and Islamic legal doctrines. The findings show that the Marriage Law provided the initial legal foundation for strengthening the Religious Courts' authority in handling family disputes, which was later expanded significantly to include inheritance, wills, grants, endowments (wakaf), alms (zakat), charitable donations (infaq and sadaqah), and Islamic economic matters during the legal reform era. This transformation not only reinforced the institutional structure of the Religious Courts but also improved access to justice for Muslim communities and supported the integration of Islamic law into Indonesia’s national legal framework. Therefore, the development of the Religious Courts’ authority after the Marriage Law reflects the dynamic modernization of the legal system and the harmonization between religious values and the rule of law in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the organizational structure, main tasks and functions, and challenges faced by the Legal Section in carrying out its role as a center for local government legal services. The research method used a qualitative approach through interviews with the Head of the Legal Section, direct observation in the work environment, and literature studies of various related documents and regulations. The results of the study indicate that the organizational structure of the Legal Section consists of functional positions, implementing officers, and temporary employees, each of which has a crucial role in supporting the legal product drafting process. However, the effectiveness of organizational performance still faces obstacles, particularly related to employee discipline, work ethic, and efforts to build a culture of bureaucratic integrity. The Head of the Legal Section emphasized that the quality of human resources is a key factor in determining the success of the process of harmonization of regulations and legal services. Thus, a sustainable apparatus development strategy and strengthening of the work system are needed so that the Legal Section can carry out its functions optimally in supporting the implementation of the Palangka Raya City government.

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This study aims to analyze the strengthening of higher education governance in realizing transparent and accountable academic services. In the context of the globalization of higher education and increasing public accountability demands, universities are required not only to excel academically but also to provide services that are open, responsive, and accountable. This research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation studies involving university leaders, academic administrators, lecturers, and students. Data analysis was conducted interactively through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that the principle of transparency has been implemented through digital-based academic information systems; however, consistency in updating information still needs improvement. Accountability has been supported by standard operating procedures and service evaluations, although performance measurement based on indicators has not been fully integrated. Stakeholder participation has been facilitated through evaluation forums, but involvement in strategic decision-making remains limited. Overall, the dimensions of transparency, accountability, participation, effectiveness, and responsibility are interrelated in shaping the quality of academic services. This study emphasizes that strengthening governance must be systemically internalized within organizational culture and institutional operational systems to enhance trust and stakeholder satisfaction.

The Attorney General's Office plays a strategic role as a neutral facilitator that initiates, leads, and oversees the peace process, from peace offers and mediation to the issuance of a suspension of prosecution based on Attorney General Regulation No. 15 of 2020, while still considering the best interests of children, the restoration of social relations, and the legal benefits for all parties. This approach is considered effective in minimizing the traumatic impact of formal judicial proceedings on children while encouraging the social reintegration of perpetrators. However, the implementation of restorative justice still faces internal obstacles, such as limited operational regulations, the understanding and capacity of law enforcement officials, and suboptimal infrastructure. On the other hand, external obstacles arise from low public awareness of the law, a tendency to demand severe punishment, and a culture that emphasizes pride, which hinders the acceptance of peaceful resolutions. This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening regulations, improving the competence of officials, optimizing the function of Restorative Justice Houses, and intensifying public awareness so that the application of restorative justice in cases of child abuse is not only a procedural alternative but truly functions as a fair and sustainable recovery mechanism.

This article explores legal accountability for flood disasters occurring in several regions of Sumatra, which are widely alleged to result from large-scale logging activities. The analysis is conducted within the framework of the Indonesian legal system, with particular emphasis on contract law. This study adopts a literature-based research method by examining statutory provisions, legal doctrines, and relevant scholarly publications. The analysis demonstrates that flood events should not be understood solely as natural occurrences, but rather as ecological consequences arising from the failure to fulfill contractual obligations embedded in forest utilization permits. From a contract law perspective, forestry concessions establish binding legal relationships that impose environmental protection duties on permit holders in accordance with the principle of pacta sunt servanda. Logging activities that exceed authorized limits may therefore be classified as contractual default (wanprestasi) and, at the same time, constitute unlawful acts that cause harm to the state and affected communities. Accordingly, this study underscores the necessity of strengthening environmental protection clauses within concession agreements and applying strict liability principles to enhance legal responsibility and prevent recurring environmental harm.

Employment agreements are essential legal instruments that regulate the rights and obligations of workers and employers in industrial relations, aiming to ensure legal certainty and balance. In practice, however, the implementation of employment contracts often faces challenges such as differing interpretations, unequal bargaining positions, and inconsistent application of labor regulations. These issues require an effective and constructive dispute resolution mechanism that can address contractual problems while preserving employment relationships. In the Indonesian labor law system, mediation is recognized as a key non-litigation mechanism facilitated by government-appointed mediators to help parties reach mutually acceptable solutions. This study examines the mediation mechanism for resolving employment agreement disputes in Indonesia and analyzes its role as an alternative to court proceedings that emphasizes deliberation, efficiency, and cooperation. Using a normative legal research method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the study analyzes relevant labor laws, mediation regulations, and legal doctrines through a comprehensive literature review. The findings show that mediation is conducted through structured stages, including dispute registration with labor authorities, mediator appointment, facilitated negotiations, and the formulation of agreements or written recommendations. Mediation effectively promotes consensual solutions, reduces procedural complexity, and encourages cooperative communication. It also supports the preservation of harmonious and sustainable employment relationships by prioritizing consensus over adversarial processes. Strengthening mediator competence and improving legal awareness among workers and employers are therefore crucial to optimizing the effectiveness of mediation in resolving employment agreement disputes in Indonesia.