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Employment agreements are essential legal instruments that regulate the rights and obligations of workers and employers in industrial relations, aiming to ensure legal certainty and balance. In practice, however, the implementation of employment contracts often faces challenges such as differing interpretations, unequal bargaining positions, and inconsistent application of labor regulations. These issues require an effective and constructive dispute resolution mechanism that can address contractual problems while preserving employment relationships. In the Indonesian labor law system, mediation is recognized as a key non-litigation mechanism facilitated by government-appointed mediators to help parties reach mutually acceptable solutions. This study examines the mediation mechanism for resolving employment agreement disputes in Indonesia and analyzes its role as an alternative to court proceedings that emphasizes deliberation, efficiency, and cooperation. Using a normative legal research method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the study analyzes relevant labor laws, mediation regulations, and legal doctrines through a comprehensive literature review. The findings show that mediation is conducted through structured stages, including dispute registration with labor authorities, mediator appointment, facilitated negotiations, and the formulation of agreements or written recommendations. Mediation effectively promotes consensual solutions, reduces procedural complexity, and encourages cooperative communication. It also supports the preservation of harmonious and sustainable employment relationships by prioritizing consensus over adversarial processes. Strengthening mediator competence and improving legal awareness among workers and employers are therefore crucial to optimizing the effectiveness of mediation in resolving employment agreement disputes in Indonesia.

Divorce often creates new problems, one of which is related to child custody and visitation rights for parents who do not have custody. Prohibiting visitation by the custodial parent not only violates the rights of the non-custodial parent, but also disregards the child's right to receive affection from both parents. The purpose of this study is to examine the types of legal protection available to non-custodial parents who are prohibited from seeing their children. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory approach. Data collected from interviews with legal practitioners and parties who have experienced similar problems are included in this study. The results show that prohibiting parents who have custody from meeting their children is against the law and contrary to the principle of the best interests of the child. Parents who do not have custody rights can file a lawsuit to revoke custody rights, as stipulated in SEMA No. 1 January 2017. This study emphasizes the importance of the law in balancing the rights and obligations of parents after divorce for the best interests of the child.

Murder committed by children presents a dilemma in the criminal justice system, as it must balance the enforcement of justice with the protection of children's rights. This article examines the problematic nature of juvenile criminal liability in murder by comparing the perpetrator's legal approach to that of adults. Normative juridical research methods are used to explain legal provisions, court decisions, and related doctrines. The results indicate that juvenile offenders are not solely focused on their culpability but also on the child's psychological capabilities, maturity level, and social circumstances. Meanwhile, adult offenders are held fully accountable, with a focus on punishment. The main challenges are the difficulty of proving intent and the need for special mechanisms for handling juvenile offenders of serious crimes. This study provides for strengthening the capacity of law enforcement, improving child rehabilitation facilities, optimizing diversion mechanisms, and educating the public to support humane and proportional protection and enforcement of justice.

This study investigates the role of the Civil and State Administration (Datun) of the Central Kalimantan High Court in providing legal services free of charge to residents of Palangkaraya City. The purpose of this study was to determine how the legal services are carried out, the perceived advantages and challenges faced by the prosecutor's office when carrying out their duties. Based on Law No. 16 of 2004 concerning the prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Indonesia, which has been amended by Law No. 11 of 2021, the Datun Division has the authority to provide assistance, consideration, and legal services both inside and outside the court. Research shows that legal services and consultations and through the Halo JPN online platform provide legal services easily and directly to the community. In addition to raising legal awareness, this activity also strengthens the role of the prosecutor's office as a law enforcement agency focused on public service. However, legal services still face several challenges such as low public awareness of the law, lack of human resources, and inter-agency bureaucratic problems.

This study aims to analyze the implementation gap (Das Sein) against the normative provisions (Das Sollen) regarding the prohibition on riding a motorbike with more than one passenger (Bonceng Tiga/BOTI) as regulated in Article 106 Paragraph (9) of Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Traffic and Road Transportation (LLAJ Law). The main problems studied are the factors underlying public non-compliance and the effectiveness of the role of the authorities in implementing criminal sanctions in the form of fines in Article 292 of the LLAJ Law. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The secondary data analyzed are in the form of primary legal materials (LLAJ Law) and secondary (journals, books, study results). The results of the initial study indicate a significant gap between the prohibition norm (Das Sollen) and practice in the field (Das Sein). Public non-compliance is influenced by socio-economic factors (wanting to save time and costs), while the effectiveness of the maximum fine of IDR 250,000.00 (Article 292) is considered low because the nominal value does not create an adequate deterrent effect. In addition, inconsistent law enforcement also exacerbates ineffectiveness. Therefore, a revision of the legal substance and an increase in enforcement consistency are needed to optimize traffic safety guarantees.

Law enforcement against narcotics crimes in Indonesia faces various complex problems, both from legal aspects, institutional structure, and community legal culture. Even though Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics has been enacted, the circulation and abuse of narcotics is still increasing every year. This study aims to analyze problems in law enforcement against perpetrators of narcotics crimes and identify the factors that affect them. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative approach and a case approach. The results of the study show that the main obstacles lie in the lack of coordination between law enforcement agencies, weak integrity of the apparatus, overlapping regulations, and low public legal awareness. In addition, the limitation of supporting facilities and infrastructure such as rehabilitation facilities, forensic laboratories, and early detection technology also hinders the effectiveness of case handling. The high modus operandi of increasingly sophisticated narcotics networks is also a challenge for the authorities. Therefore, strengthening regulations, increasing the capacity of human resources, utilizing modern technology, and more intensive collaboration between agencies need to be optimized as a comprehensive effort to strengthen the effectiveness of law enforcement in the narcotics sector.

Currently, the issuance of Law Number 3 of 2022 concerning the National Capital is a concrete step taken by the Government to seek the relocation and development of a new National Capital, because economic growth has so far been considered too Java-centric by some in the community. However, it cannot be denied that after the issuance of this law it triggered new problems, including the problem regarding the position of the Head of the Archipelago Capital Authority. Therefore, through this research, we will answer issues related to the position of the Head of the Archipelago Capital Authority along with the logical consequences related to his role based on the regional government system. Normative legal research methods or what is usually called doctrinal legal research, the approaches used are the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. The research results show that the position of the Head of the Nusantara Capital Authority is as head of a special regional government at the provincial level. The logical consequences received from this regulation are that the election, appointment and dismissal are carried out directly by the President as per the President's prerogative, the regions are centralized, and there is no Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) as an instrument of regional autonomy.

Human mobility between countries has become an inevitable phenomenon in an increasingly open era of globalization. One of the tangible consequences of this mobility is the increasing number of mixed marriages between Indonesian citizens and foreign nationals. Although mixed marriages are a great way to interact across the globe, they often cause difficult legal problems, especially regarding the citizenship status of children born from these marriages. Children may be at risk of statelessness, or without citizenship, if the legal systems and principles between countries differ. This contradicts the principle of protection of human rights in international law. The purpose of this study is to examine the regulation of citizenship for children born to mixed marriages from an international law perspective. In addition, this study also investigates its relationship with Indonesian national law, particularly Law No. 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia and other related legal instruments. To gain a better understanding of the compatibility between national legal practices and international standards, a legislative, case, and comparative approach was used in this study. The results of the study show that, although Indonesia has adopted several principles of international law to prevent loss of citizenship and grant limited dual citizenship recognition to children born of mixed marriages, there is still a gap between the normative and its implementation. This discrepancy can lead to legal uncertainty and reduce the protection of children's rights. In conclusion, this study emphasizes that national and international law in the field of citizenship must be harmonized to build a legal system that is responsive, fair, and in line with global societal progress, as well as to protect children's rights at the international level.

Mixed marriages are a social phenomenon that is increasingly prevalent with globalization and mobility between countries. The problems arising from mixed marriages not only concern social aspects but also impact the citizenship status and inheritance rights of the parties. This study aims to analyze the legal consequences of mixed marriages on citizenship and inheritance rights from the perspectives of civil law and Islamic law. The method used is normative-comparative research with a legislative and conceptual approach. The results reveal fundamental differences between civil law and Islamic law in regulating citizenship and inheritance rights in mixed marriages. Civil law emphasizes administrative and national aspects, while Islamic law focuses on religious and lineage aspects. These differences lead to variations in the recognition of citizenship and inheritance of property, potentially creating legal uncertainty for the parties. Therefore, harmonization between civil law and Islamic law is essential to create legal certainty and justice, particularly in the context of inter-national and inter-religious marriages in Indonesia

Debt disputes often occur in business relationships. Sometimes debtors do not pay their debts, causing problems regarding debt repayment. One of the legal steps taken by creditors is to file a petition for bankruptcy with the Commercial Court. The requirements for bankruptcy in Indonesia are relatively straightforward, making it easy for debtors to be declared bankrupt. This is detrimental to debtors, as bankruptcy has significant implications for the sustainability of their businesses. This situation raises questions about how debtors can obtain justice in bankruptcy cases. Supreme Court Decision No. 1714 K/Pdt.Sus-Pailit/2022 serves as the case study for this research. In that decision, the judge rejected the bankruptcy petition despite it meeting the requirements of Article 2(1) of the Bankruptcy Law, as the judge believed there were still options for a simple lawsuit and the impact of bankruptcy was not proportional to the value of the debt in question. This paper was written using the normative legal research method. This study will use a regulatory approach, a conceptual approach, and a case approach. The results of this study show that debtors who are petitioned for bankruptcy

This research is directed to answer two main problems: the form of liability imposed on parking service providers toward consumers, and how the Supreme Court decision reflects (or diverges from) legal justice and proportionality. The study aims to examine the legal liability approach adopted in the Supreme Court Decision Number 2157/K/Pdt/2010 and to formulate an ideal concept of a fair and proportional limitation of liability for parking service operators. In the aforementioned decision, the Supreme Court held the parking operator liable for the loss of a consumer’s vehicle, even though a disclaimer clause had been clearly printed on the parking ticket. This ruling raised controversy, as it seemed to overlook the fact that the operator had fulfilled their duties to a reasonable and professional standard. The substance of parking as an object of regional tax was disregarded in the judicial consideration, which focused solely on consumer protection law. This has led to an interpretation that imposes an almost unlimited liability on the service provider. This study employs doctrinal legal research, supported by conceptual approaches in parking regulation and legal case analysis. The method used is normative legal research (doctrinal) with statutory, conceptual (regarding lease and deposit agreements), and judicial approaches. The findings indicate that parking service providers should not be subjected to absolute liability. Instead, the assessment of liability must take into account the principles of justice, proportionality, and contributory negligence. Hence, there is a need for a clear formulation of liability limitations that not only safeguard consumer rights but also consider the reasonable obligations of business actors, particularly within the context of regional tax regulations related to parking.

This study aims to discuss the implementation issues of Gresik Regency Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2002 as an effort to overcome street prostitution. Gresik Regency, known as the City of Islamic Students, faces challenges related to prostitution practices. Although Gresik Regency only has the authority to regulate street prostitution, efforts were made by issuing Regional Regulation (Perda) Number 7 of 2002 concerning the Eradication of Prostitution and Indecent Acts in Gresik Regency. However, in its implementation, this Perda is considered ineffective in overcoming the growing number of street prostitution. Several problems emerged, including the implementation of the Perda and its level of success. The research method used is the sociological juridical method with data collection techniques through observation and interviews. The results of the study show that the Gresik Regency Satpol PP implemented Perda Number 7 of 2002 by conducting raids. However, the raids still face obstacles such as information leaks, limited authority, and military interference in prostitution efforts. In addition to raids, the authorities also provide an introduction to the Perda to prostitutes and pimps as a preventive measure. The analysis of the factors driving the effectiveness of the law shows that this Regional Regulation has not been implemented optimally. Inhibiting factors include law enforcement, public legal awareness, and cultural factors. The author recommends that the Gresik Regency Government conduct socialization of Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2002 to the public to improve understanding and legal awareness. In addition, Satpol PP needs to conduct routine raids in collaboration with the police to follow up on the involvement of military personnel and take firm action against civil servants who leak the implementation of raids. The public is also expected to support the authorities in overcoming prostitution

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a strategic role in supporting regional economic growth, job creation, and equitable distribution of community welfare. In Cilegon City, MSMEs are growing rapidly in various sectors, but still face a number of fundamental challenges. The main problems faced include limited access to capital, low utilization of digital technology in business activities, limited managerial capacity, and less than optimal regulatory support oriented towards strengthening MSMEs. These conditions cause the competitiveness of MSMEs to be relatively weak compared to the large business sector, so that their contribution to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of Cilegon City is not optimal. This study aims to analyze policy strategies that can support the development of MSMEs in Cilegon City through a descriptive qualitative approach. The method used is a literature study and policy analysis by examining regulations, local government policies, and relevant previous research results. The analysis results show that there are several strategies that can be implemented, including: strengthening regulations and policies that favor MSMEs, expanding access to financing through collaboration with financial and banking institutions, developing human resource capacity through entrepreneurship and business management training, utilizing digital technology to expand market access, and building synergies between local governments, the private sector, and other supporting institutions. The implementation of these strategies is expected to increase the competitiveness of MSMEs, expand marketing networks, and encourage MSMEs to be more adaptive to technological developments and market needs. Thus, MSMEs in Cilegon City can make a more significant contribution to regional economic growth, create new jobs, and support sustainable economic development.

This study aims to analyze the responsibilities of the Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK) and the state in implementing restitution for victims of sexual violence, particularly when the perpetrators are unable to pay or are sentenced to death. The background of this research lies in the weak implementation of restitution, which should be a fundamental right of victims, as illustrated by the case of Herry Wirawan based on the Bandung High Court Decision Number 86/Pid.Sus/2022/PT Bdg. The research addresses two main problems: (1) how the state and LPSK ensure the victims’ rights to restitution under such circumstances, and (2) what obstacles hinder the implementation of restitution based on the decision. The study employs a normative juridical method with a statutory and case study approach. The findings show that the implementation of restitution still faces serious obstacles, such as the absence of technical mechanisms, the lack of designated executing institutions, and the lack of coordination among law enforcement agencies. LPSK plays a role in proposing and calculating restitution amounts but lacks execution authority. Moreover, the state has not yet fulfilled its role as the ultimate guarantor for victims when the perpetrator is unable to comply. In conclusion, Indonesia’s legal system needs to strengthen technical regulations, ensure inter-agency coordination, and affirm the state's role as a guarantor of restitution to achieve meaningful restorative justice for victims of sexual violence

This Community Service Program (PKM) aims to improve the competitiveness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) of poor crackers in Setu Kulon Village, Weru District, Cirebon Regency, through Instagram-based digital promotion strategies. The problems faced by partners include minimal digital literacy, limited promotion, and still relying on conventional marketing. Through training activities, mentoring, and promotional content creation, students play an active role as digital transformation facilitators for business actors. The results of the activities show an increase in the ability of partners to manage social media accounts and the opening of new markets outside the region. This activity proves that the use of social media can be an effective, cheap, and applicable solution in the development of local-based traditional MSMEs

International trade involves cross-border buying and selling activities between countries, which in practice requires various transportation documents to ensure legal certainty and smooth operations. One of the main documents used is the Bill of Lading (Konosemen), which is a dated letter issued by the carrier as proof of receipt of goods to be transported to a certain destination and delivered to a specified recipient. The Bill of Lading has three essential functions: as a receipt of goods, as evidence of ownership, and as proof of a transportation contract. However, in practice, there are still frequent problems that hinder the optimal function of the Bill of Lading. One notable case is APL Co. Pte. Ltd. v. CV. Dua Sekawan Sejati, which involved discrepancies between the goods shipped and those stated in the Bill of Lading. This study adopts a normative juridical method by examining applicable legal provisions and theoretical concepts related to the law of contracts and transportation. The findings show that discrepancies between the goods shipped and those listed in the Bill of Lading constitute a breach of promise or default under Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. The Bill of Lading, in this case, serves as a legally binding transportation contract that obligates both parties to fulfill their respective responsibilities. Failure by one party to comply with the terms of the contract results in legal consequences in the form of claims for compensation by the aggrieved party. This research emphasizes the importance of accuracy and accountability in the issuance and use of Bills of Lading in international trade to avoid disputes and ensure legal certainty. Strengthening the regulation and enforcement of Bill of Lading functions is crucial for protecting the rights of parties engaged in cross-border trade.

Happiness is the ultimate goal of every human aspiration. To achieve it to the fullest, humans strive to utilize all their potential. However, in practice, conflicts often arise between personal interests and the interests of others. The desire to realize all dreams becomes problematic when carried out without regard for moral values, especially in a household life built through the sacred bond of marriage. Many married couples fail to create domestic happiness due to uncontrolled ambition. This ambition, when not balanced with ethics and morals, has the potential to cause domestic conflict that results in the neglect of children's education in the family. A current widespread phenomenon shows that married couples spend more time outside the home for work reasons. This opens up opportunities for promiscuity in public spaces and reduces attention to family. If this phenomenon continues, serious problems in the family will become increasingly apparent. The rights and obligations of husband and wife are neglected, affection for children is diminished, and ultimately children feel more comfortable seeking environments outside the home. This condition becomes the entry point for negative speculation from society about married couples who are considered negligent in their household obligations. This research is expected to provide a significant contribution to understanding how families should function optimally. By placing religion as a foundation and making ethics and morals the foundation of social interactions, families can return to their true nature as the birthplace of quality generations with character, ethics, and spiritual values.  

Depression in adolescents is a significant mental health issue in Indonesia, with its prevalence increasing every year. Adolescence is a transitional period marked by complex physical, social, and psychological changes. During this phase, adolescents often face emotional instability, academic pressure, social demands, and confusion in establishing self-identity. These factors can trigger prolonged stress and increase the risk of depression. Appropriate prevention and intervention efforts are crucial to address this issue. One approach that has proven effective is art-based group therapy. Art therapy provides a space for adolescents to express their thoughts and feelings creatively through visual media, which can help them understand themselves, manage their emotions, and build social skills. This study used the Systematic Literature Review method to identify, analyze, and synthesize the results of studies related to the effectiveness of art therapy on adolescent mental health. Data sources were obtained from various national and international journals relevant to the keywords "Art Therapy", "adolescent depression", and "mental health". The results of the literature review indicate that art therapy consistently has positive impacts, including reducing depressive symptoms, increasing self-confidence, strengthening interpersonal skills, and developing emotional intelligence. The creative process in this therapy encourages adolescents to be more open, able to process emotional experiences, and find positive ways to deal with problems. Based on these findings, Art Therapy is recommended for ongoing implementation in schools and communities as part of mental health programs. This intervention serves not only as a means of recovery but also as a preventative measure in building adolescents' psychological resilience, enabling them to grow and develop optimally amidst the challenges of modern life.

This study aims to examine the legal aspects of the Aceh People's Health Insurance Program (JKRA) by analyzing it as a hybrid between an insurance agreement and a social insurance agreement. The method used is a normative juridical approach, with qualitative analysis based on relevant laws and legal concepts. Data sources consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results show that JKRA has two main characteristics. On the one hand, JKRA fulfills the elements of an insurance agreement, such as the existence of an insurer and an insured, premium payments, protection against risks, and the uncertainty of insured events. On the other hand, JKRA also reflects the characteristics of social insurance, namely being mandatory, non-profit-oriented, managed by the government, and applying the principle of mutual cooperation through a cross-subsidy mechanism. This dual character indicates that JKRA is a unique form of regional health insurance scheme that integrates private and social approaches. However, in its implementation, there are a number of legal issues that require serious attention. Some of the main problems found include the need for regulatory harmonization between JKRA and the National Health Insurance (JKN), ensuring the sustainability of funding through the Aceh Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBA), and alignment with national health policies, especially after the enactment of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health and Government Regulation Number 28 of 2024. Therefore, comprehensive legal regulations are needed so that the implementation of JKRA can run optimally and in line with the integrated national health insurance system, ensuring the sustainability of health services for the people of Aceh in a fair and sustainable manner.

This study aims to explain and analyze the quality of public services at the Leihitu Barat District Office. Quality public service is a key indicator in assessing the performance of local governments, particularly at the sub-district level, which directly provides services to the community. This research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach to gain an in-depth understanding of the current service conditions. The informants in this study totaled 10 people, consisting of district officials and community members who use the services. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations of service activities at the sub-district office, and documentation of relevant supporting documents. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis with a case study approach, providing a comprehensive picture of existing problems and potentials. The assessment of service quality is based on Zeithaml’s theory, which includes five main dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The research findings indicate that the quality of public services at the Leihitu Barat District Office has not yet met optimal standards. In terms of tangibles, it was found that physical facilities such as waiting areas, service desks, and supporting equipment are still very limited. The reliability dimension is also not well fulfilled, as the service processes are often inconsistent and not timely. The assurance dimension reflects a lack of professional ability and attitudes among officials in providing a sense of security and trust to the public. However, the dimensions of responsiveness and empathy show relatively positive developments. Some officials have demonstrated responsive and empathetic attitudes in addressing the needs and complaints of the public. Nonetheless, comprehensive improvements are still necessary. These include enhancing the quality of human resources, increasing the availability of physical infrastructure, and improving service management systems. By addressing these areas, public services at the Leihitu Barat District Office can become more effective and better aligned with community expectations.