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Chicken manure, produced by both broiler and laying hens, has a large capacity as an organic fertilizer. Its composition varies, depending on several factors, such as the ration given, the physiological nature of the chicken, and the condition of the cage, involving temperature and humidity. As a source of organic material, chicken manure has an important effect on the physical and chemical properties of the soil and plant growth. This manure is rich in nutrients and organic matter, with a relatively low water content. Chicken manure is a product produced by chickens as part of their digestive process, which also includes urine and other food waste. This manure plays an important role as a fertilizer, because it is rich in elements that support soil fertility, replacing nutrients that have been absorbed by plants. Manure, which comes from the manure of livestock such as chickens, horses, goats, sheep, and cows, has various benefits. In addition to adding nutrients to plants, manure also improves soil structure, increases humus and organic matter in the soil, and supports the growth of microorganisms in it.

This research aims to analyze the impact of delays in the submission of accountability reports on the presentation of financial statements at KPPN Surabaya II and to examine the legal mechanisms related to the timeliness of LPJ submissions at KPPN Surabaya II. This study employs a qualitative case study approach. Primary data sources were obtained from structured interviews with 2 informants. Secondary data were obtained from documentation, where the required documents were the financial statements of KPPN Surabaya II for the 2023 period, LPJ satker, and letters or reports of administrative sanctions. The informants in this study were selected using purposive sampling with specific criteria, namely individuals who are experienced and directly responsible for the processes of verification, accounting, and financial report preparation. The analysis method in this study uses thematic analysis. The results of this study indicate that most work units have submitted their financial reports on time, but there are still several units that are late. The delays were caused by technical constraints such as disruptions in the SAKTI system and recording errors, as well as human resource factors, particularly related to the adaptation to digital technology. The impact of the delay is the decline in the quality of financial reports due to incorrect entries or inaccurate data from the delayed LPJ, as well as the hindrance of the evaluation and budget allocation processes.

Organizational structure has the consequence of changing the behavior and characteristic values of the people in the organizational structure. Organizational structure is a behavioral controller. Changes to the organizational structure are certainly intended as an effort to change behavior. This study aims to examine the influence of organizational structure on student behavior. Using qualitative methods, this research involves direct observation and interviews with various stakeholders in the school. The results of the study show that SPNF SKB SIKKA implements a hierarchical organizational structure with unit heads, deputies, teachers and tutors. This study aims to determine the influence of organizational structure on the behavior of non-formal education schools. After research, it can be concluded that the hierarchical structure of the SPNF SKB SIKKA school organization creates an orderly and disciplined environment but also presents challenges in terms of flexibility, initiative and participation active and also have a clear framework of vision, mission and goals to realize an early childhood education unit and education in the community that answers the learning needs of the community and makes an education unit that provides the widest possible opportunity for the community to obtain education.

This research was inspired by Bumdesa Podo Makmur, which is an initiative of the village government to improve the community's economy, including educating the public about BUMDes, planting and raising various types of livestock, and running trade and other businesses. There are still individuals who have not joined and taken advantage of BUMDes institutions even though business units are available. The qualitative research methodology used. Data collection methods include documentation, interviews, and observations. Data analysis methods include data reduction, data visualization, data validation, and conclusion drawn. The results of the research are 1) The efforts of the Podo Makmur Kandangan bumdesa in the livestock unit in Kandangan Village, namely improving the quality in the management structure and management of bumdes so that the performance of bumdes managers is getting better. Increasing collaboration with farmer organizations and strengthening social capital capacity, especially in terms of trust and networks to develop livestock business units, is very important in addition to strengthening the management structure of BUMDes. The next step is to try to increase farmers' trust in Bumdes by making the company more open, honest, and honest. 2) The contribution of the Podo Makmur Kandangan bumdesa through the livestock unit to improve the economy in Kandangan Village by carrying out its programs to improve the business units run, especially the livestock unit; helping the community through education, guidance and business improvement training provided by Budes every two months to ensure the proper running of business programs; Assists in organizing, managing, repairing, and supervising the enclosure. This helps goat farms breed and produce livestock products that can be used by many people.

This study aims to analyze the role of the head of the Madrasah's academic supervision in improving the performance of teachers at MTs Darurrahman Rimbo Bujang, Tebo Regency. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach, where data is collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis. Interviews are conducted with the head of the Madrasah, teachers, and other educational staff to gain a comprehensive understanding of the academic planning and supervision processes implemented. Direct observations of teaching and learning activities, along with document analysis of the work plans, are carried out to delve into the implementation of planned programs. The findings indicate that the head of the Madrasah's academic planning is crucial for enhancing teacher performance. The head of the Madrasah develops a structured plan involving all relevant stakeholders, setting clear goals, and planning periodic training programs. The implementation of academic supervision is conducted through a collaborative approach, where the head of the Madrasah and the supervision team provide constructive feedback to teachers following direct classroom observations. The follow-up of the supervision is also a critical aspect, with a report on supervision results being prepared and regular meetings held to evaluate teachers' progress. With this follow-up, it is expected that teachers receive the necessary support for ongoing development, creating a culture of reflection and continuous improvement in the learning process.

The current reliance on chemical fertilizers has caused many problems in agricultural practices, such as the decline in soil quality and crop resistance to environmental stress. Farmers are encouraged to use chemical fertilizers, due to the lack of efficiency of nutrient absorption in plants which results in a lack of productivity of agricultural products. This research aims to review in depth the role of Mycorrhizal fungi in increasing the efficiency of nutrient uptake by plants. The research method used is the literature review method to explore more deeply the role of mycorrhizal fungi in increasing the efficiency of plant nutrient uptake. The results stated that mycorrhizal fungi have great potential as microorganism partners in increasing plant nutrient uptake. With its ability to expand the root absorption area, and enhance plant growth, improve soil structure and reduce pollution, mycorrhiza can contribute significantly to agricultural sustainability.

The development of human resources (HR) is crucial for achieving organizational goals, particularly in the competitive food sector. This research analyzes HR management at Perum Bulog Subdrive Surabaya Utara, identifying strengths and weaknesses through a qualitative approach. Interviews and documentation reveal strong workforce quality and structured training programs as key strengths. However, challenges such as low motivation, communication gaps, and resource limitations hinder effectiveness. Opportunities arise from technological advancements and increasing market demand, while threats include intense competition and economic uncertainty. The findings suggest practical recommendations for enhancing HR development strategies, emphasizing the need for improved internal communication, employee engagement, and leveraging technology in training to boost overall organizational performance

This research aims to analyze the inner structure in the poem "Goodbye" by Chairil Anwar, a leading poet in Indonesian literature. The poem was chosen because of its ability to arouse emotions and contain deep meaning. With the background of Chairil Anwar who lived during a time of political and social turmoil, analysis of the inner structure of this poem can provide insight into how the poet reflects his feelings towards separation in that context. The research method used is literary analysis with a qualitative approach. By understanding the imagery, symbolism and emotional tone contained in the poem "Goodbye", this research tries to explore the feelings implied behind Chairil Anwar's words. The findings from this analysis reveal the depth of emotion and sadness in the poem, as well as the way the poet expresses his feelings through beautiful and poetic language. The implication of this research is to broaden understanding of Indonesian literary works and the richness they contain. Analysis of the inner structure of the poem "Goodbye" can contribute to appreciating the literary value and beauty of the poet's expression, as well as enriching the interpretation of Indonesian literary works as a whole.

Clustering is one of the methods in data mining used in grouping data based on certain characteristics. This study aims to compare the performance of the K-Means Clustering and Hierarchical Clustering methods in clustering Senior High Schools (SMA) in Surakarta based on the parameters of the number of students, facilities, accreditation scores, and school achievements. In this study, a comparison was made between two popular clustering methods, namely K-Means Clustering and Hierarchical Clustering, to group Senior High Schools (SMA) in Surakarta City based on various relevant attributes. The attributes used include graduation rates, number of students, teaching quality, and available facilities. The results of the study show that both methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. K-Means is more efficient in terms of processing time, while Hierarchical Clustering provides a deeper understanding of the structure of relationships between SMAs. K-Means clustering provides better clustering results in terms of separation between clusters, with a higher Silhouette Score (0.52) and a lower Davies-Bouldin Index (0.88). This shows that K-Means is more efficient and better in clustering SMA based on the given data.

This study investigates the bond strength of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars in concrete at high temperatures. Twenty-four specimens were tested at 600°C to replicate fire conditions and analyze performance consequences in structural applications, with variables such as bar diameter and position within the concrete taken into account. The results show a considerable drop in binding strength, notably in edge-positioned bars with thinner covers, which is related to thermal degradation of the epoxy resin. The stress-slip relationship revealed significant increases in slippage, particularly for bigger diameter bars, as well as the vulnerability of GFRP bars to high temperatures. Failure modes shifted mostly to splitting following exposure, emphasizing the importance of design concerns in fire-prone structures. These findings improve our understanding of GFRP performance in harsh situations, influencing material selection for greater fire resilience.  

Basically everyone has self-confidence, but everyone's self-confidence is different. There are many people who are inferior to themselves and many who are confident, but they show different behaviors. Not everyone has confidence, and some people lack confidence. Graphology is based on the relationship with one's subconscious mind, while handwriting arises from the reflection of one's subconscious mind, so the two can be connected. Community service activities are carried out with a structured and gradual approach in order to achieve predetermined goals. The results achieved show a significant increase in student understanding which is characterized by increased self-confidence and previously unknown graphology knowledge. The advantage of this activity is the interactive speaker approach that stimulates active student participation. For further development, it is recommended to hold further training with a longer duration and focus on other knowledge with graphology, as it is considered important for the expansion of student knowledge.

Sexual harassment in academic settings often goes uncovered due to unequal power relations between perpetrators and victims. This phenomenon is of particular concern on Malang campuses, where victims feel intimidated and do not have a safe space to speak out. This research aims to explore how power relations contribute to the occurrence of sexual harassment and its impact on victims in the academic environment. A qualitative approach was used with a case study method at several universities in Malang. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with victims, witnesses, and campus administration, and analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. The results showed that harassers often utilize positions of authority, such as lecturers, seniors, or campus staff, to commit acts of harassment. Victims, who are mostly students, are reluctant to report cases for fear of negative impacts on their education and career. The findings also reveal that the lack of strict campus policies and victim-friendly reporting mechanisms exacerbate the situation. This research highlights the importance of reforming campus policies and engaging the academic community in creating a safer and more equitable environment. This research suggests that universities in Malang need to strengthen reporting systems, introduce sexual harassment prevention training, and improve the structure of more equal relationships between students and faculty.

This research describes the flexibility and simplicity of the Linux operating system architecture. These are the main factors behind its popularity in various technological applications. This study uses a literature approach to explore kernel modularity, extensive file system support, and kernel modularity in meeting the needs of users in various computing environments, ranging from the Internet of Things (IoT) to large-scale servers. Research shows that the modular structure of Linux makes it easy to customize the operating system without compromising stability. In addition, the open source nature of Linux supports learning and innovation among the global community. Despite the challenges of development complexity, the open source community remains committed to providing documentation and tools to support the user experience. With flexibility and simplicity at the core of its design, Linux continues to adapt to the rapid advancement of information technology.

This research aims to analyze the summation of blood cells so that it becomes a reference for pharmacy students in their learning and becomes the foundation for further study of pathology, pharmacology, and therapeutic mechanisms that they can use in professional practice. This study uses qualitative research, primary data sources and secondary data sources generated from literature studies, data types in the form of qualitative, data collection techniques in the form of tracing previous research, data analysis techniques in the form of qualitative descriptive.  Blood is one of the organs in the human body that is very vital. Blood is a unit consisting of blood cells and blood plasma. This analysis is carried out to obtain information about the sum of blood cells in the human body, hospitals or laboratories conduct blood analysis with excellent accuracy but the shortcomings lie in the slow process and the accuracy becomes non-standardized because it depends on the level of expertise/experience of the operator and also the level of fatigue. Efforts to overcome the length of time and for the purpose of initial diagnosis can use image processing techniques based on blood cell morphology. Along with the development of technology, there are currently several researchers who are conducting various studies in the application of computerized methods used in the classification of white blood cell types. The main function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen from the lungs and distribute it throughout the body. The analysis of human blood is very important, especially related to the diagnosis of a disease. Based on the results of this study, it shows how many red blood cells are present in the body and can be applied to detect a disease. For pharmacy students, an understanding of the sum of blood cells is necessary to develop knowledge and will be useful in clinical practice.

Advances in digital technology have changed the way of living and interacting in modern society. Although it provides many conveniences, technology also has the potential to disrupt the balance of life and cause alienation from the spiritual dimension. This research explores multidisciplinary approaches that can be applied to integrate spiritual values into digital lifestyles holistically and contextually. Through a literature review, several main approaches can be identified, namely digital theology, digital psychology, digital sociology, technology ethics, and integrative multidisciplinary approaches. The digital theology approach emphasizes the importance of presenting spirituality in a format relevant to the digital generation. Digital psychology examines the impact of technology on mental health and offers spiritual activity as a solution. Digital sociology looks at changes in community structure and opportunities for building virtual spiritual communities. Technology ethics considers the moral and spiritual implications of technological development. Lastly, an integrative multidisciplinary approach combines multiple perspectives to offer a comprehensive solution. By combining these approaches, this study seeks to find a balance between advances in digital technology and the appreciation of spiritual values in an online-connected society.

Effective, efficient and structured management of personnel data is an important requirement to support smooth administration and operations in the government environment. This study aims to design and implement a technology-based personnel data management system at the Limapuluh Subdistrict Office, Batu Bara Regency. This system is designed to overcome various problems that arose in previous manual systems, such as data duplication, slow administration processes, and the risk of data loss. The methods used include system requirements analysis through interviews, application-based system design using the Data Flow Diagram (DFD), Sequence Diagram and Class Diagram models, as well as system implementation on available devices. The main features developed include employee data recording, digital attendance, work schedule management, and automatic reporting. The implementation results show that the new system is able to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of personnel data management, speed up the administration process, and increase data security. By training administrative staff, this system also strengthens the human resource management capabilities of the Fifty District Head Office. It is hoped that this research can be a solution and reference for other government agencies that want to digitize personnel data management.

The legal landscape of interfaith marriage in Indonesia presents a complex challenge that intersects social dynamics, legal frameworks, and cultural diversity. This research aims to critically analyze the existing legal system governing interfaith marriages, exploring the fundamental tensions between legal norms and social realities. Through a comprehensive socio-legal methodology, the study investigates the intricate challenges of harmonizing marriage laws in a pluralistic society.The research employs a mixed-method approach, combining normative juridical analysis with empirical social research. Extensive document analysis, comparative legal studies, and expert interviews provide a nuanced understanding of the current legal and social complexities surrounding interfaith marriages. The study examines the interactions between state law, religious norms, and customary traditions that shape marriage regulations in Indonesia.Key findings reveal significant gaps between legislative provisions and social practices, highlighting the urgent need for a more adaptive and inclusive legal framework. The research identifies multiple challenges, including jurisdictional conflicts, individual rights protection, and the complex interplay of different normative systems. Theoretical foundations draw from legal certainty theory, legal pluralism, and social justice theory to construct a comprehensive analytical framework.The study proposes innovative approaches to legal harmonization, emphasizing the delicate balance between maintaining legal certainty and accommodating social realities. Recommendations include developing more flexible legal mechanisms, enhancing inter-institutional dialogue, and creating regulatory frameworks that recognize the dynamic nature of social relationships and individual rights in contemporary Indonesian society.Ultimately, the research demonstrates that effective legal harmonization requires a holistic approach that bridges the gap between formal legal structures and the lived experiences of individuals navigating interfaith marriages. By providing a critical analysis of the current legal landscape, the study contributes to broader discussions on legal pluralism, social justice, and individual rights in Indonesia.

Whistleblowing is a vital mechanism for exposing unethical practices and ensuring accountability in organizations. This systematic literature review explores the interplay between the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and social influence factors—conformity, compliance, and obedience—in shaping whistleblowing behaviour. The review examines empirical and theoretical studies from 2004 to 2024 to identify how TPB constructs (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control) integrate with social influence dynamics to influence the intention and action of whistleblowing. The findings highlight that attitudes toward whistleblowing, shaped by personal ethics and organizational culture, significantly influence individuals’ willingness to report misconduct. Subjective norms, reflecting the perceived social pressure to act or remain silent, often intersect with conformity and compliance, either encouraging or deterring whistleblowing. Perceived behavioural control, influenced by organizational support structures and fear of retaliation, determines the feasibility of acting. The role of obedience to authority emerges as a double-edged sword, where supportive leadership fosters whistleblowing while hierarchical pressures discourage it. Furthermore, the review underscores the importance of ethical climates and whistle-blower protection mechanisms in mitigating the negative impact of social pressures. It also identifies gaps in existing research, including the limited exploration of whistleblowing in diverse cultural contexts and the lack of longitudinal studies examining long-term impacts. This study contributes to the literature by providing an integrated framework that combines TPB and social influence theories to understand whistleblowing behaviour. It offers practical insights for policymakers and organizational leaders to design interventions that encourage ethical reporting and protect whistle blowers.

A business feasibility study is an in-depth analysis process to assess whether a business or project is feasible to run. This process includes a review of various interrelated aspects, such as market aspects, finance, field facts, and other factors. The market aspect focuses on demand, supply, and competition in the market that is the target of the business, while the financial aspect assesses the business's ability to generate profits and meet financial obligations. Financial analysis involves planning funds, capital structure, and estimating costs and revenues needed for operations. Investment, financing, and dividend decisions are very important in managing a company's finances, especially for start-up companies. The use of analysis tools such as financial ratios and the Economic Value Added (EVA) method allows companies to assess their financial performance and efficiency. Risk analysis is also an important part of decision making to minimize potential losses. Overall, a business feasibility study helps companies plan long-term strategies, manage risks, and ensure the continuity and growth of their business.

This research examines the morphological aspects of Indonesian with a focus on the process of word formation and changes in morphological structure in contemporary Indonesian language use. The aim of this research is to identify and analyze various morphological processes that occur in Indonesian word formation, as well as to reveal productive patterns of word formation in the development of modern Indonesian. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with a morphological approach. Data was collected using skill-free listening (SBLC), note-taking techniques and documentation techniques from various written sources. Data analysis was carried out using the agih method using the technique for direct elements (BUL), loss technique, replace technique, and expand technique. The results of the research show that: (1) the affixation process is the most productive morphological process in Indonesian word formation, (2) new patterns were found in the reduplication process which reflect the dynamics of language development, (3) the composition process shows a tendency to form compound words which increasingly complex along with modern communication needs. This research provides theoretical contributions in the development of Indonesian language morphology studies and practical implications for Indonesian language learning.