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  Abstract: National income is one of the key indicators in measuring the economic welfare of a country, which describes the total value of all goods and services produced in a certain time period. This concept is the basis for understanding the economic dynamics of a country, which reflects production, distribution and expenditure activities in the economy. In national income analysis, the three-sector and four-sector approaches offer different points of view in understanding the structure and interaction of economic sectors. The three-sector approach separates the economy into household, business, and government sectors. Households act as the main consumers influencing aggregate demand, while businesses are responsible for the production of goods and services, and the government has a role in regulating and managing economic activities. On the other hand, the four-sector approach broadens the analysis by including the foreign trade sector, which makes it possible to understand the influence of international trade on national income. In this article, we provide an in-depth discussion of national income in both analytical frameworks, discussing the role of each sector in the formation of national income and its impact on the economy as a whole. We also explore relevant policy implications in the context of the three-sector and four-sector approaches, including strategies to increase economic growth, reduce inequality, and promote societal well-being.    

This research examines the importance of transparency and fairness in the distribution of inheritance according to Islamic law in the modern era. The main problem faced is dissatisfaction and conflict between heirs due to unfair and non-transparent distribution. The purpose of this research is to identify how the principles of transparency and fairness can be applied in the distribution of inheritance in accordance with Islamic law, in order to maintain harmony and justice in the family and society. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a literature study, which involves collecting data from various literatures related to Islamic inheritance law. The results showed that transparency can be achieved through clear documentation, open communication, and the use of technology to digitize inheritance documents. Fairness in inheritance distribution emphasizes that gender differences do not affect inheritance rights, with men and women having equally strong rights, although there are differences in the amount of shares received based on utility and need. In conclusion, applying the principles of transparency and fairness in the distribution of inheritance according to Islamic law is crucial to avoid conflicts and ensure justice in families and societies in the modern era.

In the modern era, social dynamics continue to develop, including in terms of inheritance distribution. The issue of dividing inheritance for children after the death of parents is increasingly complex, with various factors that need to be considered. This journal aims to answer and analyze the comparison of the inheritance process for GS as an only child upon the death of both parents according to the Islamic legal system that applies in Indonesia and ensure that Islamic law remains relevant and in accordance with the needs of children in modern times. This journal uses a qualitative approach with literature study methods and critical analysis. Data is collected from various sources, including scientific journals, news articles, and research reports. Research findings show that the distribution of inheritance to children after the death of parents is influenced by various factors, such as social norms, culture, religion and law. This journal refers to efforts to reinterpret Islamic law regarding the distribution of inheritance to children after the death of parents by considering the current social, cultural and political context. Current social dynamics, such as changes in family structure, individualism, and globalization, also influence the inheritance distribution process. The division of inheritance in this journal takes a deeper look at inheritance rights to GS. The condition of GS, who is still a child, is not legally competent to take legal action. In this case, GS's grandfather and grandmother from BA are the guardians based on the paternal lineage attached to them who are the guardians. Further research is needed to understand the complexity of inheritance division in different social contexts. It is necessary to provide education and outreach to the public about the importance of proper inheritance planning and in accordance with applicable social norms and Islamic law.

Women suffer injustice not only through discrimination in the public world, but also through the way work is organized and income distribution within the family itself. The cruelest discrimination against women occurs when they have a family. Qualitative research method with a natural paradigm that relies on phenomenology. The approaches used are gender, intrinsic and anthropological approaches. The results show that family life patterns limit women's opportunities in many ways, by assigning them to unpaid work with low prestige; by not giving them equal opportunities for outside employment and education; by being forced to do most or all of the housework and childcare even though they also get paid. What is most disturbing is the suffering of women due to the altruism of marriage itself.

Euphorbiaceae is a group of plants often referred to as the sap tribe. Euphorbiaceae can be used as food, firewood, medicinal plants, building materials and also as ornamental plants. This study aims to determine the distribution of species from the Euphorbiaceae family located in Mekar Mulya Village, Panyileukan District, Bandung City. The method used, namely the direct exploration method by observing morphological characteristics, species, the number of each species and distribution patterns. The results showed that there were 6 species of plants included in the Euphorbiaceae family, including 21 individuals of  Euphorbia milli, 52 individual of Sauropus androgynous, 108 individuals of Manihot esculenta, 7 individuals of Codiaeum variegatum, 3 individuals of Euphorbia tithymaloides and 6 individuals of Acalypha siamenis.

This research examines the role of the Department of Trade and Industry (Disperdagin) in maintaining the stability of chili prices at the Bintan Center Market, Tanjungpinang City, using qualitative methods, collecting data sourced from official news sites, interviews with related parties, and from journal articles. Price instability and unsmooth distribution of chilies are problems that require evaluation of the role of Disperdagin in monitoring and maintaining price stability so that significant increases do not occur. The research results show that the Tanjungpinang City Disperdagin has a complex role in maintaining chili price stability. Apart from functioning as a supervisor and regulator of trade activities, Disperdagin is responsible for ensuring that the distribution mechanism runs smoothly and efficiently, and that the prices set remain affordable for the local community. However, implementing this role often faces obstacles, such as limited resources and unexpected price fluctuations. To overcome these challenges, Disperdagin collaborates with the Tanjungpinang City Government through various activities such as meetings, inspections, supervision, organizing cheap markets, and providing subsidies for transportation costs for sending chilies.

Temporary blood sugar is the level of glucose in the blood that measured without considering the time of the last meal, and often used to detect diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance. This community service activity aims to describe the distribution of blood sugar levels in 68 men and women of productive age at  Kalam Kudus II High School, Jakarta. This community service activity is carried out using the Plan-Do-Check-Action method. The results showed that the majority of respondents had normal fasting blood sugar levels (97.1%), with an average of 113.26 mg/dL and a median of 104 mg/dL. Lifestyle factors, nutrition, genetics, and chronic medical conditions can affect blood sugar levels at any time. Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels is essential for early detection and management of diabetes mellitus, which can prevent serious complications such as cardiovascular disease and nephropathy. Prevention strategies include a healthy diet, physical activity, patient education, and appropriate medical interventions. Comprehensive public health programs are needed to increase awareness and management of diabetes, as well as improve the quality of life of individuals affected by this disease.  

The condition of work accident risk is a critical factor that needs to be taken seriously. Related to the construction of the Ciputra Hospital Project located on Jl. Made Selatan - Citraland Surabaya, the Ciputra Hospital project is planned to be built on nine floors with a building area of 23,000 m2, which will allow for various occupational accident risks. So, a risk analysis is needed to identify hazards that can occur. In this study, data collection was carried out through interviews and also distribution questionnaires. Questionnaires are used to find probability and severity scales, and questionnaires are distributed to project expert staff. After obtaining the results from the questionnaire, a risk assessment is carried out by finding the probability index and severity index and then determining the category with the risk matrix. After determining the category, the analysis was carried out using the bowtie method. The result of this study is to determine the most dominant risks, namely workers being punctured by sharp equipment when installing formwork, workers falling from a height when installing formwork, and workers being hit by a bar bender machine when forming. After analyzing using the bowtie method, it was found that the causes of the risk of accidents that occurred included workers in a tired condition, lack of concentration, and carelessness, incomplete use of PPE, undisciplined workers at work, no safety at the job site, bad weather, inexperienced workers, poor machine conditions.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious disease that is influenced by the environment and people's behavior. In Jambi City, Dengue Fever is still a public health problem. This research aims to distribute dengue hemorrhagic fever (DBD) incidence in Jambi City. This research uses Global Moran's analysis and Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) to determine the Hot Spot and Cold Spot areas for dengue cases in Jambi City in 2018 -2022 with a sub-district analysis unit of 62 sub-districts. During 5 years of observation, the results showed that the distribution pattern of dengue fever cases was in the form of a clustered pattern (I>E[I]) in 2018-2022. The research results on the distribution of dengue fever cases from 2018-2022 showed that the lowest cases were in 2021, namely 132 cases, while the highest cases were in 2019, 698 cases. The results of this study are expected to provide an overview of the distribution of dengue fever incidence in Jambi City in 2018 - 2022 so that it becomes a recommendation material for the Jambi City Health Office or the Jambi City Government in an overview of environmental factors related to dengue fever incidence in Jambi City to prevent various diseases due to poor environmental sanitation in Jambi City. Knowing the distribution pattern of dengue fever can determine regional priorities in implementing dengue fever prevention and control intervention programs in Jambi City.

Law No. 19 of 2013 on the Protection and Empowerment of Farmers aims to improve farmers' welfare through various programs, including fertilizer subsidies. However, the distribution of subsidized fertilizers often faces issues such as misallocation, delays, and misuse. The Farmer Card (Kartu Tani), an innovation to facilitate the distribution of subsidized fertilizers, has significant potential to address these problems. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Farmer Card in the distribution of subsidized fertilizers, identify the challenges faced by farmers in its use, and propose solutions for the optimization of the Farmer Card. Using a descriptive qualitative approach through literature review, this study finds that the main challenges include technical issues, lack of socialization, bureaucratic hurdles, and farmers' distrust of new technology. Proposed solutions include enhancing technological infrastructure, providing intensive training for farmers, and simplifying administrative procedures. The study's results indicate that improvements in these aspects can enhance the effectiveness and transparency of subsidized fertilizer distribution through the Farmer Card.

Marketing strategies are crucial for effectively and efficiently marketing products, especially for egg-laying duck breeders in Sebalik Village, located in one of the water areas in South Sumatra. A SWOT analysis is used to examine both external and internal factors in Sebalik Village, including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. This research employs descriptive qualitative methods. According to the SWOT analysis, the duck egg marketing business is positioned in quadrant IV, indicating that a turnaround strategy focused on WO (weakness-opportunity) is the most appropriate. The WO strategy highlights the importance of surviving by addressing existing weaknesses and capitalizing on as many opportunities as possible. Steps that can be taken in this strategy include: 1) Increasing the Knowledge and Capabilities of Business Actors, namely providing training and education to business actors to increase their capacity in running a business. 2) Product and brand innovation, namely developing innovations in products, brands and packaging that reflect the characteristics of the product to make it more attractive in the market. 3) Use of social media and influencers such as using social media and influencers as a promotional tool to expand consumer reach. And 4) Selecting a strategic distribution location, namely determining distribution channels that are close to consumers to facilitate access and increase sales.    

The productivity of meat rabbits in producing meat is higher than beef livestock. Meat rabbits are also an alternative source of animal protein that can be utilized by the Indonesian people. Rabbits have great potential to be developed in Indonesia. The aim of this writing is, among other things, to determine the effective level of productivity for meat rabbits and the sustainability of the rabbit market share which will be well supported by good marketing strategies, actors, marketing channels so that the competitiveness of rabbit meat commodities can be competitive and innovative with competing commodities. This systematic review of identification of national and international articles is divided into 2 clusters with production and marketing. The results of the discussion from this article for effective product quality need to pay attention to seeds, feed, and also cages and for marketing there are several patterns of marketing actors who carry out planning and determining prices and distribution of meat rabbits.

This research aims to create or design an interactive physics learning media application using MIT App Inventor on GLB and GLBB topics. This research applies the MDLC (Multimedia Development Life Circle) method by Luther-Sutopo in the application creation process. The following stages in MDLC are concept, design, material collecting, assembly, testing, and distribution. The Android application created was tested using two stages in MDLC, namely the alpha validator and beta validator, where the alpha validator consisted of material experts and media experts. In contrast, the beta validator comprised 14 students majoring in first-semester physics education. The analytical approach used is a qualitative method and a quantitative method to assess how appropriate the learning media created is. The research shows the results, namely a) Creation of interactive physics learning media based on Android applications using MIT App Inventor on GLB and GLBB topics, b) The level of feasibility of interactive physics learning applications based on Android applications based on media experts, namely 91% or very feasible, and based on material experts. Namely 90.6% or very feasible, and c) Based on the implementation and results of trials with students, the level of feasibility of the Android-based physics interactive learning application is 84.46% or worthy of being an alternative reference source for physics learning on GLB and GLBB topics.    

Chronic kidney failure is a serious health problem that not only attacks adults, but can also develop since childhood. One of the main risk factors is unhealthy living habits, including lack of personal hygiene, consumption of unhealthy food, and minimal physical activity. In order to increase awareness regarding the importance of a clean and healthy lifestyle among children, health education efforts are needed from an early age, especially in schools as an environment where children spend a lot of time. Many children do not understand the relationship between personal hygiene, diet and kidney health. Based on the results of interviews with teachers and school health staff, there are several unhealthy behaviors among students, such as rarely washing their hands, excessive consumption of sweet drinks, and low daily physical activity. In addition, only a few students understand the importance of maintaining hydration and adequate water intake for kidney health. This outreach activity will be carried out in several stages, including counseling about the importance of a clean and healthy lifestyle, demonstrations teaching correct hand washing and distribution of leaflets about information on a clean and healthy lifestyle.

Problems that occur in children with mental retardation are weakness or inability in children accompanied by limited ability to fulfill independence. Support and acceptance from each family member will provide energy and confidence in mentally retarded children to make more efforts to improve every ability they have. Based on data obtained from the Social Service of West Sumatra Province (2020) there were 10,390 people with mental retardation. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors related to the independence of mentally retarded children at SLBN 1 Padang in 2024. The type of research is descriptive analytical with a cross sectional study design carried out at SLBN 1 Padang from Januari to April 2024. The population in this study were parents who cared for mentally retarded children at SLB N 1 Padang totaling 70 parents. The data is processed by editing, entry, coding and cleaning steps. Univariate analysis with frequency distribution and bivariate analysis with Chi Square statistical test with 95% confidence level. The results showed that 52.5% of children with mental retardation with less independence, 37.5% with poor knowledge, 56.3% with poor attitudes, 55.0% with poor family support. There is a significant relationship between attitude and children's independence (p-value = 0.000), between family support and children's independence (p-value = 0.048), and there is no relationship between parental knowledge and children's independence. (p-value = 0.083 ). Someone with a high attitude, knowledge, and family support will be more successful in dealing with and overcoming the problem compared to someone who receives a low attitude, knowledge, and family support. It is hoped that teachers and families will be able to provide examples of independent behavior that can be applied by students, both at home and at school.

This study investigates how rapid urbanization affects social cohesion in growing cities, with a focus on the dynamics of community building, social integration, and inequality. Through case studies of megacities, the research examines challenges such as housing shortages, resource distribution, and community displacement. Findings suggest that while urbanization offers economic opportunities, it requires effective policies to maintain social bonds and prevent fragmentation.

This study aims to evaluate the distribution of funds for corporate social responsibility (CSR). Through rigorous analysis, data on CSR spending from various companies is collected and evaluated. The aim is to understand the extent to which funds are allocated effectively to achieve CSR objectives, as well as to identify areas where improvements can be made. It is hoped that the findings of this study will provide valuable insights for companies in designing more effective and impactful CSR strategies.

Padelegan village is a village that has a variety of processed seafood. Padelegan village has several MSMEs managed by the des aitu community itself. MSME products produced are in the form of processed marine products. Such as anchovy krispi, crab crackers, rengginang lorjuk, and others. The problem experienced by MSMEs in Padelegan Village is that they do not have a PIRT permit which has an impact on product distribution. The solution to this problem is the existence of Pirt permits which will have an impact on product distribution because consumer confidence increases. Community service activities through the Independent Community Service grant program aim to assist MSME actors in applying for Pirt permits. The method of community service consists of several stages, namely preparation, discussion, implementation and assistance, monitoring and evaluation. The method used in this service is to provide assistance in the management of household industrial production certificate (PIRT). The results of this service activity are in the form of Pirt permits owned by partners

Architecture using tree topology has become a popular approach in managing computer networks. Tree topology combines elements of star and bus topologies, resulting in an efficient and scalable network for a variety of purposes. This paper discusses the basic concepts of architecture using tree topology, including hierarchical structures and design advantages. First, the tree topology consists of a parent node (root node) which leads to a number of branch nodes (branch nodes). Each branch node can then connect to other nodes, forming a multilevel hierarchy. In computer networks, this topology is often used to connect a number of LANs (Local Area Networks) into a larger network. The main advantages of tree topology are scalability and management efficiency. The network can be expanded by adding new branch nodes without affecting the rest of the network. Additionally, network monitoring and maintenance becomes more organized due to a clear hierarchical structure. However, tree topology also has disadvantages. If the parent node fails, then all parts of the network connected to that node can be affected. Additionally, complex implementations may require more sophisticated hardware and software. In the modern computing era, tree topologies are used in a variety of contexts, ranging from corporate network infrastructure to online content distribution. Its ability to provide an organized and extensible structure makes it an attractive choice in designing efficient and reliable network architectures.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between village expenditure and village income in various sectors such as village governance, village development, community development, and disaster management in Kotabari Village, Serdang Pedagai Regency, over the period of 2015-2022. The findings indicate that while village expenditure in the village government sector plays a role in influencing village income, expenditure in the areas of village development, community development, and disaster management does not have a significant impact on village income in Kotabari Village. To address this, the village government of Kotabari City aims to balance the distribution of village income by allocating no more than 40% of village expenditure to each sector. The government also plans to allocate funds towards community-focused activities, such as village-wide festivals, which aim to promote local small and medium-sized enterprises and introduce their products to a broader market, both within Indonesia and internationally. Furthermore, it is crucial for the Kotabari Village Government to be more strategic and productive in its budgeted expenditure allocation, as this can stimulate an increase in village income, particularly in terms of village-owned revenue, and move the village towards greater independence and financial sustainability.