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Dea Fitria; Christian Wiradendi Wolor; Marsofiyati Marsofiyati

Jurnal Insan Pendidikan dan Sosial Humaniora 2023 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

This research aims to determine the influence of learning independence, learning motivation and social support on the learning outcomes of Office Administration Education Students for the 2020/2021 Academic Year, Jakarta State University. The population in this study were Office Administration Education Students for the 2020/2021 Academic Year, Jakarta State University. The research sample was taken from 101 respondents. The research method used is quantitative. SmartPLS (Partial Least Squares) is used to calculate data analysis in this research. The Outer Model includes Convergent Reability, Discriminant Validity, Composite Reability, and Cronbach's Alpha calculations, while the Inner Model includes T-statistics, R-Squares, F-Squares, and VIF calculations. The findings of this research state that: 1) learning independence has a positive and significant influence on learning outcomes, 2) learning motivation has a positive and significant influence on learning outcomes, 3) social support has a positive and significant influence on learning outcomes, 4) learning independence , learning motivation and social support simultaneously influence the learning outcomes of students in the Office Administration Education Study Program for the 2020/2021 Academic Year, Jakarta State University.

Rivaldo Rius Siafu; Romadhon Romadhon; Didik Iswahyudi

GARUDA : Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dan Filsafat 2023 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

The implementation of pancasila education learning in the independent curriculum is very important for teachers and students, because it has pancasila values and must be instilled in teachers and students. The importance of this research is that there are important things that must be considered in this research, namely in order to achieve the expected educational goals, quality and effective learning is needed. So what must be pursued by educators is to use the curriculum which is a key in the implementation of education. The purpose of this study is to find out school policies related to the implementation of pancasila education learning in the independent curriculum at SMP Kertanegara Malang, find out how the implementation of pancasila education learning in SMP Kertanegara Malang.  and teachers in the implementation of pancasila education learning at SMP Kertanegara Malang. This research method uses qualitative, descriptive. With finished data What is used is observation, interviews and documentation, data analysis techniques use triangulation to obtain the validity of the data. Data analysis used in the study is Reduction, Display and Verification. Based on the results of this study, it shows that: (1) teachers in pancasila education subjects at SMP Kertanegara Malang have implemented an independent curriculum in the 2022/2023 school year. (2) Learning resources are not only limited to guidelines determined by the center, but learning resources can be obtained from anywhere, as long as their nature is positive and supports the cognitive realm of students. Based on the conclusion that the implementation of pancasila education learning in the independent curriculum at SMP Kertanegara Malang, is marked by the implementation of a learning process in which teachers become facilitators and mediators as well as motivators for students so that they are enthusiastic about learning in the independent curriculum.

Irfan Ridha; Enjelinda Amelia; Fadhli Maulana; Fenia Nur Aulia4; Herma Suryani Pratiwi +3 more

Deposisi: Jurnal Publikasi Ilmu Hukum 2023 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

In general, when someone applies for a loan to a financial institution such as a bank or company, they will usually make an agreement that has been approved by both parties. However, it often happens that agreements are only based on verbal agreements, without being written. The aim of this research is to analyze the validity of verbal credit agreements using a car as collateral, as well as to examine whether the principle of good faith is applied in the agreement. This research is empirical legal research that uses primary and secondary data obtained from field research, literature and statutory regulations related to the issues raised. Data collection techniques are carried out through recording and documentation. This data is then analyzed and presented qualitatively. The research results show that the credit agreement made verbally between Party 1 and Party 2 meets all the requirements necessary to be considered valid in accordance with Article 1320 of the Civil Code (KUHPerdata). There was an agreement to borrow money using a Toyota car as collateral. Party 1 has also carried out its obligations in good faith in accordance with the agreement made together with Party 2, without any violations. Party 1 repaid 30% of the total loan to Ketut within 5 months, with loan interest of 10% per month.    

Niazi, Hakam Ali; Retno Fuji Oktaviani

Jurnal Bintang Manajemen (JUBIMA) 2023 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

This study aims to determine: (1) the effect of ease of use on consumer attitudes in online shopping at online Lazada.com stores, (2) the effect of usability on consumer attitudes in online shopping at Lazada.com online stores, (3) the effect of risk perception on consumer attitudes in online shopping at online stores at Lazada.com, (4) the influence of convenience on consumer attitudes in online shopping at online Lazada.com stores, and (5) the influence of ease of use, usability, risk perception and convenience on consumer attitudes in online shopping at Lazada.com online store. The population in this study are internet users in Tangerang. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling with a sample size of 200 people. The data collection technique uses a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability. The analysis technique used is multiple regression. The results show that: (1) there is a positive effect of ease of use on consumer attitudes in online shopping, (2) there is a positive effect of usefulness on consumer attitudes in online shopping (3) there is a positive effect of risk perception on consumer attitudes in online shopping (4) there is a positive influence of convenience on consumer attitudes in online shopping.

Ryan Dynata; Gallis Nawang Ginusti

Ocean Engineering : Jurnal Ilmu Teknik dan Teknologi Maritim 2023 Fakultas Teknik Universitas Maritim AMNI Semarang

The service of an aircraft on the ground at the airport is handled by the Ground Handling unit. One of the ground handling companies at the airport International Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Palembang is PT Gapura Angkasa. PT Gapura Angkasa is engaged in providing Ground Handling services for airlines operating in Indonesia. One of the factors that support organizational culture is one of the factors that is strong and supports performance development is organizational culture Another factor that affects the performance of PT Gapura Angkasa employees is work discipline, because discipline is a form of training for the company. This study aims to determine how the influence of organizational culture and work discipline on the performance of PT Gapura Angkasa employees at Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airport Palembang. The method used in this study is quantitative method. A sample of 95 employees. The population in this study consisted of employees of PT. The gate at Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airport Palembang is as many as 95 population. The sampling technique used is the Nonprobability Sampling technique, which is a sampling technique that does not provide equal opportunities or opportunities for every element or member of the population to be sampled.The data collection technique was carried out by distributing questionnaires which were carried out in September 2023. Data analysis techniques used include validity tests, reliability tests, simple linear regression tests, determination coefficient tests, T tests, and F tests. The results showed that partially organizational culture and work discipline affect performance. The higher the organizational culture and work discipline, the higher the performance. Simultaneously, organizational culture and work discipline have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. This can be seen from the significant value of 0.000 less than 0.05 and the results of multiple linear tests show a constant value (a) marked negative, which is 3.356 meaning that if organizational culture, work discipline and performance are equal to zero (0) then employee performance decreases; From the results of coefficient determination, the R square number is 0.813 or 81.3%. This explains that the relationship between organizational culture variables and work discipline has a very strong correlation.

Nurhalimah Harahap; Era Mutiah; Risky Natama Lubis

This study aims to: (1) To determine the literacy of fifth grade students at MIN Sibuhuan. (2) To find out the reading interest of class V MIN Sibuhuan students. (3) To determine the effect of literacy and interest in reading on the learning achievement of class V MIN Sibuhuan students. The type of research used is quantitative research. Data collection techniques in this research were obtained through tests, observation and documentation. The data analysis techniques used are validity and reliability tests, normality and homogeneity tests and hypothesis testing. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that: (1) Literacy of class V students of Sibuhuan MIN has an average of 79.2, the highest score is 90 and the lowest score is 60. (2) The reading interest of class V students of Sibuhuan MIN has an average of 78, 8, the highest score is 90 and the lowest score is 60. (3) The effect of literacy and interest in reading on student achievement in class V MIN Sibuhuan. In the pretest the mean is 59.6, the highest score is 90 and the lowest score is 30. Meanwhile, student achievement in the posttest for the mean is 76.4, the highest score is 90 and the lowest score is 50. So the increase in learning achievement from the pretest is quite significant ie from 48% to 84%.    

Yulianto, Mochamad Rizal; Errinda Ayu Dwi Pramesti; Lilik Indayani; Alshaf Pebrianggara

Populer: Jurnal Penelitian Mahasiswa 2023 Universitas Maritim AMNI Semarang

This study aims to determine the effect of work motivation, work stres, and work environment on organizational citizenship behaviour at PT. Sari Murni Jaya.The population used is the production employees of PT. Sari Murni Jaya, amounting to 60 people, and in this study 60 people were sampled. The sampling technique used in this study was simple saturated sampling. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires. To test the hypothesis, multiple linear regression analysis tools are used, multiple correlation coefficient (R), multiple determination coefficient (R2), classical assumption test, F test and t test with the help of SPSS statistic 25.0, as well as validity and reliability tests. The results of the validity and reliability tests showed that all items of the questionnaire were declared valid and reliable because the rcount value was greater than the rtable value.The results of this study prove that work motivation influences organizational citizenship behavior (OCB),work stres also influences organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), work environment influences organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), In addition, work motivation, work stres and work environment simultaneously influence on  organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).

Ronni Juwandi; Listi Fitriani; Tamrohul Ikhsani; Muhammad Roji Firdaus; Enday Nurmahdiah

Inspirasi Dunia: Jurnal Riset Pendidikan dan Bahasa 2023 Universitas Maritim AMNI Semarang

This research aims to ensure accuracy, ease of use, and effectiveness in the learning module development process which aims to increase understanding of the content of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD 1945). In this research, research and development (R&D) methods are used using the ADDIE development model, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. In the research results, it is known that the results of expert validation of teaching materials obtained a score of 96% and validation of material experts obtained a score of 91%. In the practicality results obtained from the response questionnaire to teachers and students after using the teaching modules used, the practicality results for teachers were 94% and students were 98%. In the results of its effectiveness by giving evaluation questions to class X students, an average of 83.7 was obtained, while the KKM for class The results of this research show that the learning module that has been created meets the third evaluation standard, namely validity, ease of use, and effectiveness.

Reza Fahrepi; Karlina Karlina; Raudah Raudah

Journal of Educational Innovation and Public Health 2023 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The aim of this research is to determine the influence of discipline on employee performance at the UPTD Community Health Center, Muara Uya District, Tabalong Regency. The sample in this study were employees at the UPTD Community Health Center, Muara Uya District, Tabalong Regency using a saturated sampling technique, 69 employees as the sample in the study were given a questionnaire consisting of 15 statements. The responses to this questionnaire were tested for validity and reliability before carrying out multiple linear regression analysis using the SPPS application. The results of submitting the instrument, namely the questionnaire, show that the 15 statement items are valid because rcount > rtable (0.237). Apart from that, all statements are reliable because Cronbach's alpha (a) > 0.6 (0.970 > 0.6). The regression equation obtained is Y = 0.034 + 0.304 X1 + 0.321 X2 + 0.378 X3. The multiple correlation coefficient (R) value is 0.928, which means that the correlation is very strong between the variables Preventive Discipline (X1), Corrective Discipline (X2), and Progressive Discipline (X3) on Employee Performance (Y). The coefficient of determination (Adjusted R2) value of 0.858 or 85.8% shows the magnitude of the variables Preventive Discipline (X1), Corrective Discipline (X2), and Progressive Discipline (X3) on Employee Performance (Y) of 85.8% while the rest is explained by other variables not included in this study were (100-85.8) % = 14.2%. Simultaneous testing shows that fcount > ftable 130.664 > 2.75 or p-value (fcount) < α (0.000 < 0.05) H0 is rejected Ha is accepted so it can be concluded that there is a significant influence between the Discipline (X) variables which consist of Preventive Discipline (X1), Corrective Discipline (X2), Progressive Discipline (X3), simultaneously influence employee performance (Y) at the UPTD Pukesmas, Muara Uya District, Tabalong Regency. Next, a partial test was carried out which showed the value of tcount > ttable for the Preventive Discipline (X1) variable, namely 3.925 > 1.997, Corrective Discipline (X2) namely 3.020 > 1.997, and Progressive Discipline (X3) namely 3.132 > 1.997 which had a significant effect on Employee Performance (Y) . Thus it is proven or H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Based on the tcount value, the variable Preventive Discipline (X1) is the highest compared to Progressive Discipline (X3), and Corrective Discipline (X2) has a more dominant influence on Employee Performance (Y) at the UPTD Community Health Center in Muara Uya sub-district, Tabalong Regency

Aldrian Syafril Lubis; Christian Wiradendi Wolor; Marsofiyati Marsofiyati

Jurnal Riset dan Publikasi Ilmu Ekonomi 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This research aims to determine the influence of Income Expectations, Entrepreneurship Education, and Family Environment on students' Entrepreneurial Interests. The research method used is a quantitative approach. The research sample consisted of students from various universities taken randomly (Random Sampling). The maximum number of respondents obtained was 200 people. Data analysis was carried out using an outer model (Outer Model) which includes calculations of Convergent Reliability, Discriminant Validity, Composite Reliability, Cronbach's Alpha, as well as an inner model (Inner Model) which involves calculating T, R-Square and f-Square statistics. For data analysis, the SmartPLS (Partial Least Square) tool version 4.0.9.3 was used. The research results show that Income Expectations (X1) have a positive and significant influence on Entrepreneurial Interest (Y). Entrepreneurship Education (X2) also has a positive influence on Entrepreneurship Interest (Y), while Family Environment (X3) has a positive and significant influence on Entrepreneurship Interest (Y). Apart from that, together, Income Expectations, Entrepreneurship Education and Family Environment have a positive and significant effect on Students' Entrepreneurial Interest.    

Yorensina Anip Kalakmabin; Heri Isnaini

Jurnal Rumpun Ilmu Bahasa dan Pendidikan 2023 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

This research is a case study research. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. Data sources used are events, informants, and documents. Data collection techniques are carried out by direct observation, interviews, and documents. The test of data validity used is source triangulation and method triangulation. The data analysis technique used is flow model data analysis. The results of this study are descriptions of: (1) the characteristics of Papuan accent Indonesian are distinguished based on linguistic and nonlinguistic elements. Linguistic elements include; (a) phoneme replacement; (b) diphthong replacement; (c) phoneme completion; (d) the use of intonation. Nonlinguistic elements are speech events and paralinguistics; (2) factors that influence the emergence of Papuan characteristics Indonesian accents, namely; (a) administrative units; (b) a special sense of community identity; (c) reside in the same geographical area; (d) historical experience; (3) Indonesian Papuan accent has relevance as teaching material for sociolinguistic courses in the Indonesian Education Study Program.

Raisya Rasheka Ramadhanti; Youmil Abrian

Jurnal Manajemen Pariwisata dan Perhotelan 2023 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

This research is motivated by a phenomenon related to guest satisfaction stayed at Ocean Beach Hotel Padang, where the were several complaints regarding the physical evidence and quality of service. This research purpose to reveal the physical evidence and quality of service effect on the satisfaction from guest staying at Ocean Beach Hotel Padang. This research type is associative research using quantitative data. The method used in this research is a survey method by distributing questionnaires. The research population were guests who had stayed at least once with a sample of 240 respondents. The technique for sampling is non probability sampling through purposive sampling technique. Collecting data in this study using a questionnaire with five answer choices. This study was adapted from previous research and has been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis used linear regression analysis. The research results indicate that physical evidence (X1) effect om guest satisfaction (Y) and quality of service (X2) has an effect on satisfaction from guest (Y). This can be seen with a small sig value of 0.05.

Shahrul Wijayanto, Kukuh; Ibnu Fitroh Sukono Putra, Febrianur

Jurnal Manajemen Sosial Ekonomi 2023 LPPM Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi - Studi Ekonomi Modern

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if a correlation exists between e-trust, e-service quality, price, and web quality in relation to traveloka user e-satisfaction. The methodology employed was quantitative and involved collecting survey data from 100 users of the traveloka app and website. Statistical analysis was performed utilizing SPSS V.24 software. The research utilized various tests including validity, reliability, normality, heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity, T-test, F-test, and coefficient of determination. The results demonstrate that e-trust, e-service quality, price, and web quality positively and significantly impact e-satisfaction. Notably, e-trust has a partially but significantly positive impact on e-satisfaction. Additionally, the quality of e-service and price variables significantly positively affect e-satisfaction, as well as web quality,  which is another significant factor that positively influences e-satisfaction.

Alif Nurfitrah; Vivian Pushein Margaretha Amey; Roby Setiadi; Andi Yulianto; Nur Aisyah

Journal of Management and Social Sciences 2023 CV. Aksara Global Akademia

This study aims to analyze the effect of consumer satisfaction, service quality, celebrity endorsers, and brand trust on the interest in repurchasing Pepsodent toothpaste at Yogya Mall Brebes Regency. The population in this study was consumers of Pepsodent toothpaste in Yogya Mall. The number of samples used in this study was 136 respondents. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to Pepsodent toothpaste consumers at Yogya Mall. The analytical techniques used in this study are validity tests, reliability tests, classical assumption tests and multiple regression tests. The results showed that the variables of consumer satisfaction and service quality did not have a positive effect on repurchase interest, on the contrary, celebrity endorser variables and brand trust had a positive and significant effect on repurchase interest. Simultaneously, customer satisfaction, service quality, celebrity endorsers and brand trust affect the interest in repurchasing Pepsodent toothpaste at Yogya Mall Brebes Regency.

Ezra Ikhwandaru; Christian Wiradendi Wolor; Marsofiyati Marsofiyati

Jurnal Bintang Manajemen (JUBIMA) 2023 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the relationship between the variables of leadership style, compensation and job satisfaction on the performance of organizational members. This type of research is carried out using quantitative methods accompanied by descriptive analysis. The technique used in collecting data for this research was obtained online using a 1-5 Likert scale questionnaire to 100 respondents with criteria of >15 years and who had worked or participated in a team/organization/company. Data analysis was carried out using external measurement techniques, discriminant validity, reliability value measurement, Cronbach's Alpha and internal measurements by calculating the T test, coefficient of determination, f-square test, and VIF using the SmartPLS application. The purpose of this research is to prove the relationship between 1) leadership style has a positive influence on the performance of organizational members, 2) compensation has a positive influence on the performance of organizational members, 3) job satisfaction has a positive influence on the performance of organizational members.    

Audina Paramitha Azahra; Wasis Wasis

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam 2023 Pusat riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Students' understanding of physics concepts differs from one student to another. Based on the results of the five-tier conceptual diagnostic test, students' conceptions can be grouped based on several levels of conception. One of them is a misconception. This study aims to develop a five-tier format test instrument on Newton's Law material, test the validity and reliability of the test instrument, and use test instruments that have been developed to determine the level of conception of 20 students. The question instrument developed has been declared valid and reliable. The results of the final trial of 20 students showed that more than 50% of students experienced misconceptions. 

Nilam Sari Simarmata; Nurhasanah Siregar

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam 2023 Pusat riset dan Inovasi Nasional

This research aims to determine the validity, practicality, effectiveness and how the students' answers process in completing the conceptual understanding ability test of the developed Articulate Storyline. This type of research is ADDIE model development research. The subjects of this research were 15 students in class VIII-2. The research results showed that the validity of the media was 85% before revision and 98% after revision from material experts and 61.67% before revision and 98% after revision from media experts on very valid criteria. The practicality of the media has met practical criteria, based on teacher responses obtained at 100% and from student responses obtained at 92.36%. The effectiveness of the media has met the effective criteria in terms of classical student learning completeness reaching 86.67%, use of research time in accordance with the RPP, and student response of 91.67%. The N-Gain test result is 0.70 in the high category. For the student answer process on the ability test (pre-test) it was 38.89%, increasing to 46.67% on the final ability test (post-test). Increasing students' ability to understand mathematical concepts strengthens the development of Articulate Storyline mathematics learning media in the classroom learning process.

Nuriah Ningrum; Nanik Riananditasari

Ocean Engineering : Jurnal Ilmu Teknik dan Teknologi Maritim 2023 Fakultas Teknik Universitas Maritim AMNI Semarang

Tambolaka Airport is an airport located in Tambolaka City, Southwest Sumba which is a fairly crowded airport. To realize the role of better Tambolaka Airport services, it is necessary to implement the concept of intermodal transportation integration to facilitate accessibility and passenger movement. This study aims to determine  the provision of integration facilities to support intermodal needs at Tambolaka Airport  and Planning for the provision of intermodal integration facilities at Tambolaka Airport Primary and secondary data sources were used in the qualitative methodology of this study. Methods used to collect data include documentation, interviews, and observations. Technical and source triangulation are two methods used in data validity procedures. Data reduction, data visualization, and conclusion preparation are some of the data analysis approaches used. The results of this study show that Tambolaka Airport has intermodal transportation such as buses, pick ups, and travel. Tambolaka Airport intermodal integration facilities include airport lounges, pedestrian accessibility, parking lots, and drope zones and Integration development is carried out by developing facilities in the form of pedestrian accessibility and adding bus stops And will be expanded parking from 0.25 Ha to 0.41 Ha.

Sovarina Yasarifa Pohan; Prihatin Ningsih Sagala

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam 2023 Pusat riset dan Inovasi Nasional

This study aims to obtain a constructivism-based e-module that is valid, practical, and effective, so that it can assist students in understanding the material for a two-variable linear equation system. The research instruments used were lesson plans, material validation sheets and e-module media, learning outcomes tests, and student and teacher response questionnaire sheets. After all instruments, lesson plans, and e-modules were declared valid by the validator, then readability tests and field trials were carried out. The results showed that: (1) the developed E-Module had met the validity values, namely (3.37 and 3.25) with a very feasible category; (2) The developed E-Module has met the practical value (79.75% and 90.5%) with very practical category; (3) The developed E-Module meets the effective criteria with the completeness of student learning outcomes that meet the criteria, namely 85% of students have obtained a score of 75 and the achievement of each indicator/learning objective is more than 65% of the total students.

Robiatul Adawiyah Sir; Lina Mayasari Siregar; Rizki Hamdan

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra dan Budaya 2023 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

The problem in this research is that there are still students who still make mistakes in writing their thesis and also in using punctuation marks and the solution that the researcher provides is to upload the file to Google Drive and carry out analysis using Google Doc. The objectives of this research are (1) To find out language spelling errors in preparing thesis proposals for PGMI STAIBR Sibuhuan students. (2) To find out writing errors in STAIBR Sibuhuan student theses. (3) To describe spelling errors in using capital letters, errors in using italics, and errors in using bold letters in PGMI STAIBR Sibuhuan student theses. In this research the author used a type of field research, the design used was qualitative research, namely research that produces data in the form of written or spoken words from the people being observed. The researcher checked the validity of the data by means of source triangulation and technical triangulation. Source triangulation is triangulation carried out by interviewing various sources, such as the head of the library and lecturers, students from the class of 2017. However, the results obtained must remain the same. Meanwhile, technical triangulation is triangulation carried out by researchers by collecting different data from the same source. By using triangulation techniques in data collection, the data obtained will be better and more certain. Analysis of capital letter errors in writing and italics in students' theses at the Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Teacher Education Study Program (PGMI) Barumun Raya Islamic College (STAIBR) Sibuhuan. caused by errors in the use of capital letters as elements of the first letter of a word at the beginning of a sentence, the first letter of the name of a nation, ethnic group, and language. Analysis of errors in writing prepositions in, to and from students' theses at the Islamic High School Teacher Education Study Program (PGMI). Islam Barumun Raya (STAIBR) Sibuhuan is due to ignorance that the writing must be written separately from the words of its followers or a combination of words that are commonly considered as one word. Analysis of errors in the use of punctuation marks in students' theses at the Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Teacher Education Study Program (PGMI) Barumun Islamic College Raya (STAIBR) Sibuhuan errors which include errors in the use of the period punctuation mark (.), errors in the use of the comma punctuation mark (,), errors in the use of the colon (:), and errors in the use of the question mark (?) errors. Punctuation errors are caused by differences in perception in the use of punctuation marks in accordance with EYD guidelines.