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The ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict has become one of the most complex issues in global geopolitics, with far-reaching impacts on world security, economy and stability. This research aims to analyze the root causes of conflict, resolution efforts that have been made, as well as the effectiveness of conflict management based on historical and academic approaches. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach to explore information from various credible sources. The research results show that this conflict was triggered by the long history of relations between the two countries, especially since the collapse of the Soviet Union, followed by the annexation of Crimea in 2014 and military invasion in 2022. Even though various diplomatic efforts and economic sanctions have been implemented, tensions still continue due to the incompatibility of geopolitical interests between Russia and Western countries. This study highlights the need for a multilateral approach based on international mediation to create sustainable peace. It is hoped that this article can contribute to academic understanding regarding international conflicts and strategies for resolving them.

Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) have the potential to generate new jobs, offer diverse economic services to society, and contribute to accelerating national growth and stability. Of course, MSMEs are a very important sector of the national economy that can affect the lives of people in general.One of the objectives of this research is to find solutions to the problems found in the business information system of Dim Sumeya MSMEs in Pangandaran. Furthermore, data collection techniques are applied through observation and interview stages. This study was carried out by applying descriptive qualitative techniques which include analysis, summary of phenomena, as well as direct depiction of phenomena from data obtained through observations and interviews. The study collected information through interviews with the owner of Dim Sumeya. The results indicated that Dim Sumeya has not maximised its digital financial transaction recording and still does it manually. As a result, the author recommends the use of the BukuWarung application. Through this application, Dim Sumeya can support their micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the management of the financial system, thus minimising the risks associated with using the application.

This study aims to optimize the architecture of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for rainfall prediction using meteorological data from Indonesia, which is known for its complex and highly variable climate patterns. Climatic variables such as temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind speed, and historical rainfall records serve as the main input features to evaluate the performance of various network configurations. Optimization is carried out by determining the appropriate number of neurons, hidden layers, activation functions, and training algorithms to enhance prediction accuracy. Model evaluation employs indicators such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) to ensure output stability. The findings indicate that a multilayer architecture combined with optimized parameters significantly improves the network’s ability to capture non-linear patterns in Indonesia’s tropical rainfall data. The optimized model produces more stable and accurate predictions compared to standard configurations. These results highlight the importance of ANN architecture optimization in supporting early warning systems, agricultural planning, water resource management, and hydrometeorological disaster mitigation across Indonesia.

The shipping industry faces challenges in reducing environmental impact and increasing operational efficiency. Among them are the expansion tanks on ship engines which play an important role in maintaining the pressure and water quality of the engine cooling system, which is still run manually on some ships. This can result in the risk of engine damage due to overheating or unstable pressure. Manual water filling that requires crew supervision can cause operational instability. This research designed a prototype of an automatic water filling system for expansion tanks, using microcontroller-based automation technology and an Internet of things system to make monitoring easier. This system aims to increase efficiency and reduce the risk of engine damage, thereby supporting the sustainability of ship operations in the future. In the trials that have been carried out, this tool is able to operate the expansion tank filling automatically and efficiently. The distance sensor used has high accuracy with a largest error of 1.6%, and an average error of 0.01%. Integration with the Internet of Things system can run well and reliably with 100% success and latency of 0.5 – 1 second. The system's overall success rate is 80%. So the system can be used in real working conditions

The aim of this research is to develop an effective strategy for family financial planning by utilizing secondary data obtained through literature studies. In today's consumer-driven society, managing finances wisely is essential to avoid impulsive spending and achieve long-term financial stability. The study identifies several key strategies that families can adopt to improve their financial behavior and planning. These include: (1) creating a budget and following it with discipline, (2) applying the “24-hour postpone” rule to avoid impulsive purchases, (3) reducing exposure to advertising, (4) focusing on long-term financial goals, (5) evaluating monthly shopping habits, (6) learning from personal desires instead of condemning them, and (7) reducing debt gradually. By implementing these strategies consistently, families can build better spending habits, avoid excessive consumer behavior, and work towards more sustainable financial well-being. These insights serve as a practical guideline for financial literacy and behavior modification in everyday family life.

This research aims to determine marketing strategies through SWOT analysis with a focus on segmentation, market position, targeting and marketing mix, which aims to increase consumer buying interest at Restaurant Garuda. The research results show that Restaurant Garuda implements various marketing mix strategies that influence the SWOT analysis, placing it in quadrant I (SO quadrant). This indicates a successful implementation of the odds and profits strategy, although with a slight difference of 2.4:2.95. Garuda Restaurant emphasizes the aspects of price, product, location and physical form of the building as the main factors that stimulate consumers' buying interest to try and remain loyal to their products. To maintain and increase consumer buying interest, it is recommended that Restaurant Garuda adopt product development strategies, improve brand image and maintain price stability. By implementing these strategies, it is hoped that Restaurant Garuda can maintain and increase their market share and customer satisfaction.

The Constitutional Court (MK) regarding the Election Law on the presidential and vice presidential nomination threshold. Since the presidential election was held directly, the issue of the threshold for nominating presidential and vice presidential candidates has always surfaced every time a presidential election is held. In 2004, for example, the presidential nomination threshold was 10 percent. This research is a juridical-normative research, namely a process to find legal rules, legal principles, and legal doctrines in order to answer the legal issues faced. The data was analyzed descriptively-qualitatively.The results of this study indicate that the Constitutional Court Decision Number 74/PUU-XVII/2020 concerning the presidential nomination threshold (Presidential Threshold) is one of the important decisions in the discourse of democracy in Indonesia. The following is an explanation of the Ratio Decidendi of the decision in relation to the concept of democracy: Constitutionality of the Presidential Threshold The Constitutional Court (MK) in its decision emphasized that the presidential threshold or presidential nomination threshold is constitutional. This means that the provisions regarding the threshold do not conflict with the 1945 Constitution. The Constitutional Court is of the opinion that the presidential threshold is an open legal policy (Open Legal Policy) which is the authority of the lawmakers, namely the House of Representatives (DPR) and the President. The purpose of the Presidential Threshold, the Constitutional Court explained that the purpose of the presidential threshold is to simplify the party system and the presidential system, as well as to create government stability. The Ratio Decidendi of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 74/Puu-XXII/2024, Number 87/Puu-XXII/2024, Number 129/Puu-XXI/2023, Number 131/Puu-XXI 2023 concerning the Presidential Nomination Threshold is the Presidential Threshold is constitutional and does not conflict with the principles of democracy.

This study analyzes the ambiguity regarding the obligation to mediate in resolving patent disputes according to the Patent Law, and its implications for the efficiency of the dispute resolution process. Although Article 153 and Article 154 of the Patent Law open up opportunities for dispute resolution through alternative mechanisms, the ambiguity regarding the obligation to mediate creates legal uncertainty that can hinder efficiency and increase dispute costs. Based on the Economic Analysis of Law approach, this study shows that the obligation to mediate can reduce social costs, accelerate the dispute resolution process, and increase overall economic efficiency. Mediation as an obligation can reduce the burden on the judicial system, minimize transaction costs, and create better legal and business stability. Therefore, this study encourages the implementation of the obligation to mediate in patent disputes to create a more efficient, fair, and profitable dispute resolution system for all parties involved.    

This study examines the impact of the 12% VAT increase on state revenue and societal welfare in Indonesia. The research aims to analyze how the policy affects economic indicators such as inflation, purchasing power, and fiscal stability. A qualitative method with a systematic literature review approach was employed, utilizing data from scholarly articles, online news, and related journals. Findings indicate that the VAT increase contributes to a 0.8–1% rise in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and significantly affects secondary and tertiary goods, while essential goods remain exempt. The policy is expected to enhance state revenue, enabling greater fiscal space for social and infrastructure programs. However, it also raises concerns about reduced purchasing power, particularly among low-income groups. The study suggests implementing compensatory mechanisms and targeted subsidies to mitigate adverse effects. This research underscores the importance of balancing fiscal goals with social equity.

Abstract. From the perspective of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), fluctuations in raw material prices are highly concerning as they can significantly impact business stability. While MSMEs may tolerate price fluctuations to some extent, from an industrial engineering perspective, such a passive approach contradicts the principles of continuous improvement. This study seeks to predict the price of large red chili peppers using five regression models implemented through Orange Data Mining: Linear Regression, Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree, k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), and Gradient Boosting. Due to the limited availability of daily data, particularly within a daily timeframe, the study utilized weekly data spanning three years. The results of the Test and Score evaluation shows Gradient Boosting as the best-performing model, achieving a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 0.7%. However, the MAPE for predictions in January 2025 increased to 15.8%. This error is expected to decrease as more weekly data becomes available to mitigate the inaccuracies inherent in this model. Keywords: prediction, red chilli, regression, supervised learning , orange data mining. Abstrak. Dalam perspektif UMKM, fluktuasi harga bahan baku adalah suatu hal yang paling ditakuti karena berakibat pada ketahanan usaha yang menjadi tidak menentu. Pada suatu kondisi, fluktuasi harga dapat diterima para UMKM, namun dalam perspektif teknik industri, sikap UMKM tersebut tidak sesuai prinsip continuous improvement. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk memprediksi harga cabai merah besar dengan menggunakan 5 model regresi dibantu Orange Data Mining. Yaitu Linear Regression, Support Vector Machine, Tree, kNN, Gradient Boosting. Data yang diperlukan sebagian besar tidak tersedia, khususnya dalam kerangka waktu harian sehingga penelitian ini menggunakan data mingguan selama 3 tahun. Hasil Test and Score menunjukkan model Gradient Boost terpilih menjadi model terbaik dengan tingkat MAPE 0.7% namun MAPE pada tahap Prediction di bulan Januari 2025 menjadi 15.8%. Error tersebut akan berkurang ketika data mingguan sudah cukup banyak untuk menambal kesalahan yang dihasilkan model ini Kata kunci: prediksi, cabai merah, regression, supervised learning , orange data mining.

This research describes the flexibility and simplicity of the Linux operating system architecture. These are the main factors behind its popularity in various technological applications. This study uses a literature approach to explore kernel modularity, extensive file system support, and kernel modularity in meeting the needs of users in various computing environments, ranging from the Internet of Things (IoT) to large-scale servers. Research shows that the modular structure of Linux makes it easy to customize the operating system without compromising stability. In addition, the open source nature of Linux supports learning and innovation among the global community. Despite the challenges of development complexity, the open source community remains committed to providing documentation and tools to support the user experience. With flexibility and simplicity at the core of its design, Linux continues to adapt to the rapid advancement of information technology.

Regional Head Elections (Pilkada) are a manifestation of people's sovereignty and the implementation of democracy in Indonesia, as stipulated in the 1945 Constitution. This study examines the role of the Constitutional Court (MK) in resolving disputes over regional election results. The method used is normative juridical legal research, analyzing relevant regulations and literature. The MK holds permanent authority to adjudicate Pilkada disputes, replacing the Supreme Court. The impact of MK's decisions includes the implementation of Re-voting (PSU), which strengthens the legitimacy of Pilkada results and influences local political stability. However, challenges such as the complexity of evidence and reliance on the MK highlight weaknesses in the oversight system.  

Social media has changed the way people communicate and share information, opening up great opportunities as well as challenges such as hoaxes and polarization. In Indonesia, these platforms have become important spaces for public discussion, especially in politics. Wise management is needed for social media to support transparency, accountability and democracy. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of social media in constitutional dispute resolution, identify challenges that arise, and provide recommendations for wise management so that social media can support transparency, accountability, and democratic principles. This research uses a normative method. Social media has a major role in constitutional disputes, both as a tool for information dissemination and a space for public discussion. On the one hand, social media helps transparency, participation, and community mobilization in constitutional issues. However, on the other hand, it also poses challenges such as disinformation, hoaxes, and political polarization that can escalate conflicts. Regulation and supervision are needed to address the misuse of social media without compromising freedom of expression. Digital literacy education is also important to encourage responsible use of social media, so that it can be a tool to support democracy and peaceful dispute resolution. Social media can worsen the political situation through hoaxes and hate speech. Therefore, clear regulations are needed to prevent abuse without reducing freedom of speech. Policy reforms that balance surveillance and freedom of expression are important, with collaboration between the government, platforms and communities to create a safe digital space. Digital literacy also needs to be improved so that people can sort out information and support political stability.

This paper presents an IoT-enabled dual-axis solar tracking system that integrates  a Kalman filter and a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller to enhance tracking accuracy, energy efficiency, and operational stability. Addressing the ongoing challenge of maxi- mizing photovoltaic (PV) panel output, the proposed system leverages an ESP32 microcontroller and the Blynk platform to provide real-time monitoring, remote parameter adjustments, and flexible connectivity. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensors measure sunlight intensity from multiple directions, while MG90S servo motors dynamically adjust the panel’s azimuth and elevation. The Kalman filter refines noisy sensor data to yield precise sun position estimates, enabling the PID controller to respond quickly and accurately to deviations in panel orientation. Through extensive testing conducted over several days, including both clear and partially cloudy conditions, the system achieved an average Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) as low as 1.2° under clear skies and maintained RMSE below 2.0° even under partial shading. Compared to a fixed-panel baseline, daily energy harvesting improved by approximately 43%. These results confirm that advanced estimation and control algorithms, when combined with IoT functionali- ties, significantly outperform simpler tracking methods and static installations. Furthermore, the low-cost, compact design and user-friendly interface facilitate practical deployment in a range of scenarios, including small-scale and off-grid installations. By ensuring continuous alignment of the PV panel with the sun, the system not only increases overall energy capture but also reduces maintenance requirements through remote oversight. This research thus offers a robust, scalable approach to improving solar energy utilization in diverse and evolving environmental conditions.

This study aims to analyze process management in the Linux operating system, focusing on how processes are managed from creation, scheduling, to termination. Linux utilizes various scheduling and memory management mechanisms to ensure system efficiency and stability. One of the schedulers used is the Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS), which provides a fair distribution of CPU time based on the priority and needs of the processes. This research also discusses the use of techniques such as paging for memory management and how Linux handles inter-process communication through pipes and shared memory. Experiments were conducted to measure CPU usage, memory consumption, and execution time by various processes with different priorities. The results show that Linux effectively manages resources, provides fair time-sharing, and maintains security by isolating the address space between the kernel and user-space. This study is expected to contribute to the further development of process management in Linux and provide insights for developers and system administrators to optimize operating system performance.

The fluctuation of fuel prices (BBM) significantly impacts the national economy and public purchasing power. This study examines the dynamic relationship between fuel price adjustments, economic growth, inflation, and the socioeconomic conditions of society. The findings reveal that an increase in fuel prices often triggers a domino effect, including rising transportation and production costs, ultimately affecting consumer prices and reducing purchasing power. Conversely, the decline in fuel prices provides a short-term boost to public spending but may challenge government revenue if fuel subsidies increase. Policy recommendations include balancing fuel price adjustments with measures to protect vulnerable groups and maintain economic stability.

The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of student autonomy and financial behavior on planning pocket money for students receiving the KIP-K scholarship for the Business Education undergraduate program at PGRI Wiranegara University. The research method used is a quantitative approach with a correlational design. Data was collected through questionnaires distributed to 55 people selected using purposive sampling techniques. The results of linear regression analysis show that student independence has a significant influence on pocket money planning and financial behavior. At the same time, these two variables also have a significant influence on students' pocket money plans. This study shows how important it is for students to use their pocket money wisely to support academic success and financial stability. These findings will make a major contribution to the development of financial management guidelines for students, especially KIP-K undergraduate students.