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This study examines legal protection for child victims of sexual crimes from a criminal law perspective. Using a normative approach and literature review, this study aims to determine the legal protection for child victims of sexual violence, factors that influence the occurrence of sexual violence against children, and efforts to prevent sexual violence against children. The results of this study indicate that Indonesia has a responsibility to protect child victims of crime. Law Number 23 of 2002 in conjunction with Law Number 35 of 2024 in conjunction with Law Number 17 of 2016 concerning Child Protection provides a basis for protection that includes children's rights, protection from violent crimes and discrimination, and fulfillment of their dignity and honor. Special protection is given to child victims of sexual violence through rehabilitation, protection of victim identity, guarantee of safety for victim witnesses, and accessibility to case developments. Criminal sanctions for perpetrators of sexual violence against children are regulated in the Law and the Criminal Code. In handling cases of sexual violence, the role of forensic medicine is crucial in terms of collecting the necessary evidence. The principle of diversion is also applied in handling cases of sexual violence involving minors. Serious coordination between the police, prosecutors, and judges is needed to eradicate sexual violence against children. In closing, this study presents a general overview of legal protection for child victims of sexual crimes from a criminal law perspective. Efforts continue to be made to strengthen the protection and prevention of these crimes through coordination between institutions and effective law enforcement.

The study aims to analyze interpersonal communication in the film Photocopier, focusing on trauma, power relations, trust, and the process of truth revelation. The film reflects a social phenomenon of sexual violence and abuse of power in a university environment. And how the protagonist copes with conflict and social pressure through interpersonal communication. This research uses a qualitative phenomenological approach and content analysis. The findings show that interpersonal communication in the film potrays the individual struggle against power dynamics, the search of support, and the articulation of truth. This study is relevant as a reflection of communication dynamics within cultural and social insitituations. In addition, this study also reflects how a sense of safety, and trust are essential factors in the tourism industry, particualry in shaping the image of destinasions that are inclusive and welcoming to all individuals 

Crime is a social phenomenon that is always developing along with changes in society. This study aims to examine various forms of crime that develop in society and the factors that influence them. Through a qualitative approach with observation techniques, interviews, and documentation studies, this study reveals that crime is not only due to economic motives, but is also influenced by weak law enforcement, shifting social values, and lack of social supervision, types of crimes found include theft, drug abuse, domestic violence, and technology-based crimes, The results of this study are expected to contribute to efforts to prevent and overcome crime effectively in society

This paper explores how climate change has contributed to the armed conflict in Darfur, Sudan, by emphasizing the human security perspective. Prolonged drought, desertification, and resource scarcity have intensified tensions between farming and pastoralist communities. Using a case study method and the Human Security framework, this study finds that ecological stress acts as a threat multiplier in conflict-prone areas. Data from IPCC, SIPRI, and UNHCR reports highlight how environmental degradation worsens structural vulnerabilities and fuels horizontal violence. The analysis shows that climate change is not only an environmental issue but also a serious security concern in fragile states. The failure of state institutions to equitably manage natural resources exacerbates the crisis. Therefore, a long-term, multi-sectoral policy response is urgently needed. Integrating climate resilience into international security strategies is essential to protect basic human rights.

East Africa has great potential in the tourism sector, but is vulnerable to the threat of terrorism that can hinder economic growth and regional stability. This research aims to analyze the impact of terrorism on tourism development, especially in Kenya as a case study. The research uses a Library Research method with a descriptive qualitative approach based on narrative and contextual. The theory used is the tactical definition of terrorism by C.A.J Coady which emphasizes violence against civilians for political interests and Esmailzadeh's perspective which states the adaptive and global nature of terrorism. The results of the analysis show that terror attacks, such as those that occurred in several countries in the East African region, do not only cause physical casualties but also psychological and symbolic impacts in the form of declining tourist numbers, disruption of security perceptions and a negative image of the destination in the eyes of the international community. This study emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach: hard security, inclusive economic development, and soft power-based promotion. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of theoretical-philosophical approaches and empirical data to assess the linkages between security and tourism in conflict-prone areas, which have rarely been studied in depth in the East African context.

Domestic homicide cases, especially those resulting from Domestic Violence (DV), are a phenomenon that has a wide impact, both on the surrounding environment and on the fulfillment of victims' rights. This study aims to analyze how the community responds to domestic violence murder cases and to identify victims' rights that are not fulfilled based on applicable legal regulations. Using empirical legal research methods, this study collected data through interviews with the Head of RT Jokolukito and reviewed relevant regulations. The results of the study indicate that the surrounding environment tends to be less concerned about domestic violence cases until they reach a fatal stage, which can be explained through Strain Theory and Cycle of Violence. In addition, it was found that victims did not receive optimal legal protection before the incident, and their rights after the incident were not fulfilled in accordance with the Domestic Violence Law and the Witness and Victim Protection Law. Therefore, this study recommends increasing public awareness, facilitating access to legal assistance for victims, and implementing a more effective restitution mechanism to ensure justice for victims and their families.

Bullying is an act of physical or psychological violence that can have long-term effects on its victims. In the context of legal protection, Law No. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection serves as the legal foundation for protecting children from all forms of violence, including bullying. This legal protection includes both preventive and repressive measures against perpetrators, as well as the provision of facilities for the recovery of victims.Moreover, social factors such as cultural norms, family environment, and peer interactions often exacerbate the impact of bullying. Stigma and discrimination against victims, which frequently arise due to a lack of public awareness, can worsen their psychological condition and hinder the recovery process.This study aims to analyze the social and legal impacts of bullying on victims and highlight the importance of more effective legal protection in reducing the prevalence of bullying in society.

Supporter fanaticism is a social phenomenon commonly found in the world of sports and can have both positive and negative impacts. This study aims to examine the relationship between supporter fanaticism and aggressive behavior in the context of sports through a sociological approach. The method used is a literature review by analyzing relevant scientific articles, books, and research reports. The findings indicate that supporter fanaticism often stems from a strong collective identity, which under certain conditions can lead to aggressive behavior, both verbal and physical. Factors such as extreme group identification, inter-group provocation, and socio-cultural conditions contribute to the potential for aggression. This study provides implications for supporter management in sports, particularly in creating a safe and healthy match atmosphere. A sociological approach helps to understand supporter group dynamics more holistically and serves as a foundation for formulating preventive policies against violence in sports.

The Child Protection Law affirms that the state guarantees children's rights to “protection from violence” as stipulated in the 1945 Constitution. This paper examines child abuse within the framework of Indonesian positive law using a normative approach and legal philosophy (positivism). The focus of the analysis is to what extent legal norms (such as the Child Protection Law, the Criminal Code, the Domestic Violence Law, etc.) align with the values of justice and children's human rights. A normative approach is used to analyze the laws and legal literature, while the philosophical approach, particularly the positivist ideas of Hans Kelsen and H.L.A. Hart, is employed to understand the relationship between legal norms and the concept of justice. The analysis reveals that although child protection regulations exist, their implementation on the ground tends to be legalistic, often neglecting humanitarian and justice elements. This study emphasizes the need for alignment between legal norms and substantive justice and the protection of children's human rights. The implication of this research is the need for a legal policy that is more responsive to children's rights and justice.

The Kanjuruhan tragedy on October 1, 2022, marks one of the deadliest disasters in Indonesian sports history, resulting in the deaths of over a hundred spectators during a post-match riot. This study explores the tragedy through the lens of sports sociology by examining how crowd behavior, institutional failures, and the use of excessive force reflect deeper socio-political dynamics. Using a library research method, this paper analyzes academic literature, official reports, and sociological theories—particularly those of Gramsci, Bourdieu, and Foucault—to understand the normalization of violence, the exercise of hegemonic power through sport, and the systemic weaknesses in match organization. The study finds that the convergence of commercial interests, inadequate crowd management, and institutionalized violence created the conditions for this disaster. The findings call for structural reforms in sports governance and advocate for a sociologically informed approach to fan education, crowd control, and ethical media representation.

Children are a vulnerable group frequently subjected to sexual violence, whether in the form of physical abuse, psychological harm, or sexual exploitation such as pornography and prostitution. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal regulations in providing protection for children against sexual violence crimes. The research is motivated by the high rate of sexual violence against children in Indonesia and the suboptimal implementation of existing regulations in ensuring justice and safety for victims. The research method used is a normative juridical approach with descriptive-qualitative analysis through the study of national laws, international conventions, and relevant literature. The findings reveal that although Indonesia has enacted regulations such as Law Number 35 of 2014 and ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child, their implementation still faces challenges including social stigma, insufficient legal support for children, and bureaucratic delays. This study concludes that legal protection for child victims of sexual violence must be strengthened through regulatory reform, institutional capacity building, and synergy between the state, society, and local communities.

This study aims to analyze the psychological dynamics of the character Alie in the novel Rumah untuk Alie by Lenn Liu using Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic approach. The focus of the study lies in identifying and interpreting the personality structures of id, ego, and superego, as well as the ego defense mechanisms that emerge as responses to trauma and violence within the family environment. The research method employed is qualitative descriptive, utilizing content analysis techniques on the narrative, dialogue, and monologue of the main character. The results indicate that Alie’s id is manifested in a deep longing for love and protection, the ego functions in adapting and adjusting to the reality of a rejecting family, while the superego is reflected through feelings of guilt and a tendency to accept mistreatment as a form of self-punishment. These findings confirm that traumatic experiences and family pressures significantly influence the development of personality and mental health of the character. This study also highlights the relevance of literary psychology in revealing psychological issues faced by contemporary Indonesian society through literary works.

A discussion on Islamic morality and ethics is the purpose of this paper. We see many modern generations paying little attention to how to apply morality in their daily lives. Morals and ethics are human behaviours in daily life that have been instilled. Morals come from the Qur'an and the Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad and include what is good, bad, right, and wrong in one's actions. Meanwhile, ethics come from the culture and customs of the local community. In this paper, the author discusses the meaning of morals and ethics, human relationships with God, humans, and nature. Protest is a legitimate form of expression in a democratic society. In Islam, protest is also recognised as the right of everyone to voice injustice and bias. However, protests must also be carried out with ethics that are in accordance with Islamic teachings. The ethics of protest can be explained in the hadith, namely: Protests must be carried out peacefully and not violate the law. This is in accordance with the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad SAW, "Whoever sees an evil should change it with his hand. If he is unable, then with his tongue. If he is unable, then with his heart. And that is the weakest faith." (HR Muslim). In this Hadith, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) teaches that protests should be done in stages, starting with the lightest action, namely giving a direct response. If you are unable to do so, then you can protest verbally, for example by expressing your opinion or criticism through the media. If that is no longer possible, then protest can be done in the heart, i.e. still rejecting evil, but not taking actions that can lead to violence or riots. Protest must be based on truth and justice. This is in accordance with the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad (saw), "Indeed, Allah is true and loves truth." (Narrated by Bukhari) In this hadith, the Prophet Muhammad (saw) affirms that protest must be based on truth and justice. This means that protest must be done because of real injustice, not because of personal or group interests.

Bolehkah Sekali Saja Kumenangis is an emotional drama that will air starting October 17, 2024. Directed by Reka Wijaya Kusuma. The film "Bolehkah Sekali Saja Kumenangis" is a drama that tells the life of a woman named Tari, played by Prilly Latuconsina, who has trauma from her father who often commits domestic violence. This study aims to describe the impact of domestic violence on the mental development of a child in the film Bolehkah Sekali Saja Kumenangis. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data source for this study is the film Bolehkah Sekali Saja Kumenangis. The data in this study are words and sentences related to domestic violence and mental health contained in the film Bolehkah Sekali Saja Kumenangis. Data collection was carried out by listening to and recording words/sentences related to domestic violence and mental health in the film Bolehkah Sekali Saja Kumenangis. Based on the results of the data analysis, the conclusion is that a child who has experienced domestic violence will experience several impacts such as physical injury, trauma, and impaired mental health.  

Assertive is a form of learning that forms the identity of an individual. Assertive ability can also bring up communication skills that can assist individuals in carrying out their social demands. Assertive behavior is important for children to have to prevent sexual violence, bullying and communication difficulties in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of pop up books in increasing assertiveness in children. The method used in this study is an experimental research method which uses a pre-test post-test control group design. Data collection was carried out through observation with the checklist recording technique. Data analysis used is descriptive analysis. The subjects in this study were class II children of SD Negeri Padang Lua for the 2022/2023 academic year, aged 8-9 years. Based on the results of the pre-post test analysis, there was a significant difference in the form of an increase in assertive behavior in the experimental group. This proves that the use of pop up books is effective in increasing assertiveness in children. It is hoped that future researchers will implement this research in a more conducive environment and with a longer intervention time.

The study aims to analyze interpersonal communication in the film Photocopier, focusing on trauma, power relations, trust, and the process of truth revelation. The film reflects a social phenomenon of sexual violence and abuse of power in a university environment. And how the protagonist copes with conflict and social pressure through interpersonal communication. This research uses a qualitative phenomenological approach and content analysis. The findings show that interpersonal communication in the film potrays the individual struggle against power dynamics, the search of support, and the articulation of truth. This study is relevant as a reflection of communication dynamics within cultural and social insitituations. In addition, this study also reflects how a sense of safety, and trust are essential factors in the tourism industry, particualry in shaping the image of destinasions that are inclusive and welcoming to all individuals.

The purpose of this study is to describe the short story Anjing Kampus by Lia Laeli Munaroh as seen through the perspective of feminism. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The object of this research is the short story Anjing Kampus by Lia Laeli Muniroh published in Ruang Sastra in 2023, with data sources in the form of quotations and in the form of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs that show aspects of radical feminism in the short story Anjing Kampus by Lia Laeli Muniroh. The results of the research analysis can be seen in terms of radical feminism, the role of the main character "I" and her lover named Aryo in the short story Anjing Kampus with a cultural radical feminism approach, namely, depicted through the main character, namely the character "I" who experienced oppression in the form of physical violence and sexual exploitation, and the main character who was only used by her own body by her lover, Aryo. So that the character "I" makes an effort to resist the control of the body carried out by her lover.

Online loan-based financing services are increasingly attracting public interest because of the simplicity and rapidity of the procedure. However, in practice there are often violations of consumer rights, especially in the collection process by debt collectors who use violence and misuse personal information. This research seeks to assess the legal safeguards provided to consumers who use the Rupiah Plus application against such practices. By using a juridical-normative approach by examining applicable laws, regulations, and relevant case studies, this research reveals that although legal protection exists in a normative sense, its enforcement remains inadequate. Protective measures may be taken both preventively and repressively, while conflict resolution can be approached through judicial proceedings or alternative non-litigation methods.

This research explores the phenomenon of carok as a form of traditional violence that persists in Madurese society, particularly in Sampang Regency. Carok refers to a duel involving sharp weapons, usually carried out by men to defend their honor and dignity, which they believe has been tarnished. This study aims to identify the factors that cause carok from a criminological perspective and to analyze the efforts that have been made to address and prevent such incidents. The research employs an empirical legal method with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews with local police officers, sub-district officials, village heads, and traditional leaders in Sampang District, as well as through documentation and field observations. The findings reveal that the primary causes of carok include issues related to personal honor—especially concerning a man’s wife—personal disputes, revenge, and social environments that legitimize violence as a way of resolving conflict. From a criminological standpoint, carok can be explained through social conflict theory and the concept of crime of passion. Efforts to prevent carok have included both preventive measures, such as legal education, and repressive actions by law enforcement authorities. However, these efforts have proven to be only partially effective due to the deeply rooted cultural values that continue to support carok as a traditional form of justice. Therefore, a more intensive cultural approach involving community leaders is necessary to promote peaceful conflict resolution and reduce the incidence of violence.

This research discusses the limited scope and mechanism of protection provided by the Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK) for rape victims in Indonesia. The background of this research arises from the high rate of sexual violence and inequality in the provision of legal protection for victims, especially in the context of rape. The purpose of this research is to analyze the normative and practical obstacles faced by LPSK in providing effective protection, as well as evaluating whether the existing mechanisms have been responsive to the needs of victims. This research uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and case study approach. The research findings show that LPSK has limitations in authority, limited resources, and challenges in coordination between law enforcement agencies. In addition, the absence of a comprehensive legal definition of sexual violence worsens victims' access to protection. The implications of this research emphasize the need for legal policy reform and strengthening the capacity of LPSK to be able to carry out its protection mandate more inclusively and effectively.