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The high rate of sexual violence has become a primary concern for the government. Victims of such violence do not distinguish between age or gender; children, both boys and girls, are often among the victims. Sexual education remains a taboo subject in society, as many consider it inappropriate to teach children and lack transparency on the matter. Parents are often reluctant and embarrassed to discuss sexual education with their children.Sex education is an effort to provide knowledge about the function of reproductive organs by instilling moranal, ethical, and religious commitments so that there is no “misuse” of these reproductive organs. Sex education aims to provide comprehensive knowledge and understanding of sexuality including, the function of reproductive organs, reproductive health, prevention of risky behavior, prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, prevention of sexual harassment, and increased understanding of gender identity and sexual orientation. The annual record of the National Commission on Violence Against Women in 2024 noted that sexual violence against women occupied the highest level with a percentage of 26.94%. The high level of sexual violence that occurs is a major concern of the government, victims of violence do not mark age and gender, children are also often victims of both boys and girls. This article uses qualitative methods and literature study methods.

This study explores the psychosocial determinants influencing postpartum contraception selection through a comprehensive approach. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 respondents in Bogor Regency, using purposive sampling via Google Forms. Research instruments included the Knowledge Questionnaire on Postpartum Contraception (KQPC) and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) to analyze factors influencing contraception decisions. Research findings demonstrate that knowledge levels, locus of control, economic status, and education significantly impact contraception method selection. Respondents with high knowledge were more likely to choose modern contraception methods (78.3%), while those with low knowledge preferred traditional methods (45.8%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that contraception knowledge contributed most significantly with an odds ratio of 2.512. The study emphasizes the need for personalized approaches in contraception counseling, considering biological, psychological, social, and economic factors. Key recommendations include developing comprehensive educational programs, professional health training, and designing reproductive health policies responsive to individual needs.  

Sex education in schools is an important aspect in supporting the growth and development and reproductive health of children and adolescents. However, in Indonesia, there is cultural resistance regarding the open discussion of sex education. Sex education in schools plays an important role in shaping the character and knowledge of adolescents regarding reproductive health, responsible sexual behavior, and prevention of various risks such as HIV/AIDS, premarital pregnancy, and sexually transmitted diseases. This article reviews the importance of sex education as an integral part of the school curriculum, with an approach to preventing deviant behavior and building a healthy and responsible young generation. It is hoped that through appropriate education, adolescents will be able to make wise and responsible decisions, and reduce the number of incidents that are detrimental to them. This discusses the urgency of implementing sex education in schools with a preventive approach, not just theoretical teaching. Preventive sex education aims to equip students with the knowledge, attitudes, and skills to maintain reproductive health, prevent unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual violence. The implementation of sex education that is appropriate to the cultural context and involves various stakeholders in schools is crucial in creating an inclusive and safe learning environment.

Sex education in schools is an important aspect in supporting the growth and development and reproductive health of children and adolescents. However, in Indonesia, there is cultural resistance regarding the open discussion of sex education. Sex education in schools plays an important role in shaping the character and knowledge of adolescents regarding reproductive health, responsible sexual behavior, and prevention of various risks such as HIV/AIDS, premarital pregnancy, and sexually transmitted diseases. This article reviews the importance of sex education as an integral part of the school curriculum, with an approach to preventing deviant behavior and building a healthy and responsible young generation. It is hoped that through appropriate education, adolescents will be able to make wise and responsible decisions, and reduce the number of incidents that are detrimental to them. This discusses the urgency of implementing sex education in schools with a preventive approach, not just theoretical teaching. Preventive sex education aims to equip students with the knowledge, attitudes, and skills to maintain reproductive health, prevent unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual violence. The implementation of sex education that is appropriate to the cultural context and involves various stakeholders in schools is crucial in creating an inclusive and safe learning environment.

Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common reproductive health problems experienced by adolescent girls, significantly affecting daily activities and academic performance. Non-pharmacological approaches such as abdominal stretching offer a safe, simple, and cost-effective alternative for reducing menstrual pain. This community service activity was conducted at SMPN 8 Lubuklinggau from April 11 to 17, 2022, aiming to enhance students’ knowledge and skills in managing dysmenorrhea through abdominal stretching exercises. The program included education, demonstration, independent practice, and pre- and post-test evaluations. The results showed that most participants experienced a reduction in menstrual pain intensity and improved understanding of dysmenorrhea management. The intervention proved to be effective and feasible to be integrated into regular school health programs. Additionally, the activity empowered adolescents to take a more active role in maintaining their reproductive health. Further research is recommended to evaluate the effectiveness of abdominal stretching on a broader scale.

Reproductive health in adolescents needs more attention. This is in line with the increasing problem of reproductive health. Education about reproductive health among adolescents in the form of counseling or socialization is an effort to increase the level of knowledge and awareness. This socialization aims to increase the knowledge and insight of the students of SMA Negeri 1 Seram Barat regarding the importance of reproductive health and personal hygiene. This activity was carried out using counseling and discussion methods using power point and leaflet media. The evaluation was carried out from  the pre-test and post-test questionnaires  that had been filled out by the students. The results showed that the level of reproductive health knowledge in adolescent boys and girls increased after the socialization of reproductive health and the sons after the socialization of personal hygiene. However, the level of personal hygiene knowledge in adolescent girls has not changed. The importance of the role of parents to educate children is needed as well as support from health workers in order to be able to carry out health promotion related to reproductive health and personal hygiene.

The prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in the Riau Islands is a concerning public health issue, with 18.7% of non-pregnant women reported to be affected. In Batam City specifically, 95 cases of undernutrition were recorded in 2024. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between food intake and the nutritional status of women of reproductive age experiencing CED. A descriptive correlational research design with a cross-sectional approach was employed. The study used total sampling, involving 31 women from the Batu Aji KUA in Batam. Data on food intake were collected and compared to recommended dietary standards. The findings indicated that a majority of women had food intake levels below the recommended daily allowance. Despite this, not all of the participants were found to be suffering from CED. Statistical analysis using the Chi-square test revealed a significant association between food intake and nutritional status (p = 0.025, where α = 0.05), suggesting that food intake plays an influential role in determining nutritional outcomes. Furthermore, women whose food intake was lower than the recommended levels were found to have a 0.611 times greater risk of experiencing chronic energy deficiency. These findings emphasize the crucial role of adequate energy and nutrient intake, especially among women of reproductive age, in preventing CED and improving overall health. Improving food consumption patterns in this demographic is essential not only for individual well-being but also as a preventive measure to reduce the risk of stunting in future generations. The study underscores the need for targeted educational interventions to increase awareness about proper nutrition and energy intake among women, particularly those in reproductive age, as a strategy to address undernutrition and its broader public health consequences.

Tetanus Toxoid (TT) immunization is a key preventive intervention to protect women of reproductive age and newborns from tetanus infection. Despite its importance, limited knowledge among prospective brides may reduce the effectiveness of TT immunization programs. This study aimed to analyze the effect of TT immunization counseling on the knowledge levels of prospective brides at Wayabula Public Health Center. A quantitative study using a quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was conducted involving 40 prospective brides selected through total sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire measuring respondents’ knowledge before and after counseling. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used to analyze differences in knowledge levels. The results showed a significant improvement in knowledge after counseling, with the majority of respondents demonstrating higher posttest scores compared to pretest scores and no respondents experiencing a decrease in knowledge. These findings indicate that counseling plays an important role in enhancing understanding of TT immunization, including its purpose, benefits, and preventive value. In conclusion, TT immunization counseling is effective in improving knowledge among prospective brides and should be integrated as a mandatory component of routine immunization services. Strengthening counseling activities is expected to support informed decision-making, promote positive health behavior, and contribute to the prevention of tetanus in mothers and newborns.

Background: Women's choice of long-term contraceptive methods (LTCM) is influenced by factors such as counseling, knowledge, and healthcare access. Midwife visits play a key role in providing information and guidance on family planning, including LTCMs like implants, IUDs, and sterilization. Previous studies have shown that healthcare provider interaction enhances awareness and decision-making regarding contraception. However, many women still face barriers, including misinformation, fear of side effects, and cultural beliefs. Understanding how midwife visits shape contraceptive choices is essential for improving maternal and child health outcomes, reducing unintended pregnancies, and supporting family planning programs. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the impact of midwife visits on women’s choice of LTCMs in the reproductive age group. Methods: A quantitative, observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted with 30 women who had received at least one midwife visit. Data were collected through structured interviews and family planning record reviews. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test examined the relationship between midwife visits and LTCM choices, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: All participants received midwife visits. 20 (90%) chose LTCMs, while 10 (10%) opted for short-term methods. Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between midwife visits and LTCM choice (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Midwife visits significantly influence women’s choice of LTCMs, improving knowledge and decision-making. Strengthening midwife outreach can increase LTCM uptake and enhance family planning strategies.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) during pregnancy are a significant public health concern because they can adversely affect maternal and fetal health. STIs such chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis can cause complications including preterm labor, intrauterine growth restriction, and increased risk of low birth weight (LBW) in newborns (Sari, 2020). LBW is defined a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams and is associated with higher infant morbidity and mortality (Nurhidayah, 2021). Despite public health efforts, STIs remain prevalent in reproductive-aged women, and their relationship with LBW requires further investigation in local healthcare settings. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women and the incidence low birth weight newborns. Methods: A quantitative, observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. Results: The results indicated a significant relationship between the presence of sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women and the occurrence of low birth weight in newborns. Among the 30 participants, mothers with STIs showed a higher incidence of LBW (p = 0.000), indicating statistically significant association. These findings suggest that STIs in pregnancy can adversely affect fetal growth and contribute to neonatal health risks. Conclusion: Sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women are significantly associated with the incidence of low birth weight in newborns. Screening, early detection, and appropriate management of STIs during pregnancy are crucial strategies reduce the risk of LBW and improve neonatal outcomes. Healthcare providers should integrate STI prevention and treatment programs into routine antenatal care to promote maternal and infant health.

Background: The first visit of pregnant women (K1) is a crucial step in ensuring the health of both the mother and the fetus during pregnancy. Objective: This study aims to explore the relationship between the level of knowledge of pregnant women and the status of the first visit (K1) in the working area of the Dawan II Public Health Center. Method: This study employs a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. The study population consists of pregnant women who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria in the working area of the Dawan II Public Health Center. A total of 22 respondents participated in this study. Data were collected through questionnaires and ANC register books, and then analyzed univariately and bivariately using the Chi-Square test, with a significance level of p<0.05. Result: Univariate results showed that all respondents were aged between 20-35 years (100%), the majority were housewives (45.5%), and had secondary education (59.1%). A good level of knowledge was recorded at 68.2%, yet 59.1% of respondents did not attend the K1 visit. Bivariate analysis indicated a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and the status of the first visit (p=0.01). Conclusion: This study indicates a positive relationship between the level of knowledge of pregnant women and the status of the first visit (K1) at the Dawan II Public Health Center. Therefore, it is important for health workers to implement the standard frequency of ANC visits and to enhance mothers' knowledge about the importance of the K1 visit through effective socialization to prospective brides and couples of reproductive age.

Personal hygiene during menstruation is very important to prevent reproductive health disorders. Low knowledge among adolescent girls regarding personal hygiene during menstruation can trigger various health problems. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge and personal hygiene behavior during menstruation among female students at SMK Negeri 1 Sirapit. This research used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. A sample of 80 female students was selected from a total population of 100 using Slovin's formula. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The results showed that the majority of respondents had low levels of knowledge (48.7%) and poor personal hygiene behavior (57.9%). The Chi-Square test indicated a significant relationship between knowledge and personal hygiene behavior during menstruation (p = 0.014). Good knowledge was associated with good personal hygiene behavior. It is recommended to enhance menstrual hygiene education among adolescent girls.

Background: One of the health problems that adolescents often face in today's era is premarital sexual behavior. The rise of premarital sexual behavior, unwanted pregnancies, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among adolescents is one example of the reality of adolescent behavior in the sexual field. Rural areas are likely to experience this, because of the limited knowledge of adolescents about reproductive health. Objective: To determine the relationship between religiosity and premarital sexual behavior in adolescents in rural areas. Method: The research design used was a quantitative correlation study with a cross-sectional approach. The research sample was all students in grades X-XII of MA Al Falah Jember, totaling 106 students, using the total sampling method. Instrument: This research instrument adopted a religiosity questionnaire from Lutfiah (2018) and premarital sexual behavior from Sarwono (2010). Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Results: Most of the respondents (76.4%) with high religiosity and most of the respondents (74.5%) with low premarital sexual behavior. From the Chi-Square analysis, it was obtained p = 0.000 (p <? 0.05) meaning that there is a significant relationship between religiosity and premarital sexual behavior, with a contingency coefficient value of 0.47 which means it has a moderate relationship. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between religiosity and premarital sexual behavior in adolescents in rural areas.

The postpartum period, which begins with the delivery of the placenta and ends when the reproductive organs return to their pre-pregnancy state, lasts approximately 6-8 weeks. During this period, many mothers face challenges related to breast milk production, resulting in insufficient or absent milk flow. This condition, if untreated, can hinder the breastfeeding process and affect both maternal and infant health. To address these challenges, several interventions such as warm compresses and oxytocin massage have been explored. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of these two methods in improving breast milk flow among postpartum mothers. A quasi-experimental design was employed, utilizing a non-equivalent control group with pre-test and post-test measurements. The study targeted postpartum mothers who were experiencing difficulties with breast milk production. Purposive sampling was applied to select participants who met the inclusion criteria. The results showed significant differences between the effects of warm compresses and oxytocin massage on postpartum breast milk flow, with a p-value of 0.002 (<0.05), indicating that both methods positively influenced milk production. However, it was found that oxytocin massage had a more pronounced effect on milk flow compared to warm compresses. These findings suggest that oxytocin massage may be a more effective intervention for enhancing breast milk production in postpartum mothers, thus providing valuable information for healthcare professionals aiming to support new mothers in the breastfeeding process. The study also highlighted the importance of personalized care based on individual needs. Further research is recommended to investigate the long-term impact of these interventions and their broader application in various postpartum care settings. Additionally, exploring other complementary approaches could offer a more comprehensive strategy for managing breastfeeding difficulties in the postpartum period.

Background: Tembuku Village has been recorded as having the highest number of non-contraceptive users in Bangli Regency, with a total of 815 individuals. Among them, 174 women (21.3%) are women of reproductive age (WRA) over 35 years old who do not use contraception. This age group falls under the “Four Too” category, which poses a high risk for maternal and infant mortality. Purpose: This study aims to describe the factors influencing the decision of WRA over 35 years old not to use contraception in the working area of Puskesmas Tembuku II. Method: A descriptive method was employed, with a population of 174 women. A total of 119 respondents were selected using stratified sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using univariate analysis. Result: The results showed that most respondents had a basic level of education, were multigravida, had household incomes below the regional minimum wage, and possessed moderate knowledge about family planning. However, more than half held unfavorable attitudes toward contraceptive use. The main factors influencing the decision not to use contraception were education level, parity, household income, and attitude. Conclusion: Unfavorable (negative) attitudes towards contraception are the main factor inhibiting the use of family planning,Therefore, health workers are expected to provide more communicative and easily understood education to increase awareness and participation in contraception use among women over 35 years old

Cervical cancer is a deadly disease and ranks as the fourth most common cancer among women, according to the World Health Organization. In Indonesia, it is the second most prevalent cancer affecting women. Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) is an early screening method to detect cervical cancer, yet its coverage remains low in several areas of East Java. This study aims to examine the relationship between knowledge and VIA screening behavior among women of reproductive age in the working area of Kowel Public Health Center. The study employed an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 70 respondents were selected using accidental sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires assessing both knowledge and VIA screening behavior. Data analysis was conducted using the chi-square test. The results showed that 38 respondents had good knowledge, while 32 had poor knowledge. The chi-square test yielded a p-value of 0.494 (p > 0.05) and a prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.684. These results indicate no significant relationship between knowledge and VIA screening behavior. However, respondents with good knowledge were 1.684 times more likely to undergo VIA screening than those with poor knowledge. It is recommended that the Kowel Health Center enhance its educational efforts through more engaging and creative counseling methods using media tools such as brochures, leaflets, posters, and animated videos, delivered both directly and via social media, to attract public interest.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a critical global health issue, with 88.4 million infections and 42.3 million AIDS-related deaths to date. In 2024 alone, 39.9 million individuals are living with HIV, 630,000 deaths occurred, and 1.3 million new infections were recorded. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Lamivudine/Dolutegravir (TLD) is a widely used antiretroviral therapy, but its reproductive and oxidative effects remain underexplored in female models, particularly in the South-South region of Nigeria.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the reproductive toxicity and oxidative stress effects of TLD on the ovaries and uterus of adult female Wistar rats.Methods: Ten adult female Wistar rats (156–187g) were divided into control and treatment groups (n=5). The control group received standard diet and distilled water, while the treated group received daily doses of TLD (Tenofovir 5 mg, Lamivudine 5 mg, and Dolutegravir 0.8 mg/kg body weight) for 90 days. At the end of the treatment, animals in estrus phase were sacrificed for biochemical, histological, and hormonal analysis.Results: The treated group showed a significant reduction in body weight but no significant changes in ovarian or uterine weight. Oxidative stress analysis revealed decreased MDA and increased SOD, GPx, and CAT in the uterus. Hormonal levels were not significantly different. Histologically, the treated group displayed impaired follicular development, atretic follicles, cysts, enlarged endometrial cavities, and thicker endometria.Conclusion: TLD administration induced notable reproductive alterations in female Wistar rats, highlighting potential implications for its use in women of reproductive age.

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the child marriage prevention policy in Malang District. The urgency of this research is that in recent years Malang District has been one of the districts in East Java Province with the highest number of child marriage cases. However, one of the interesting things is that there was a decrease in the number of cases from 2020 to 2024 even though it was not significant, this shows that there are good implications from the implementation of several policies and programs by the local government. The results showed that the Malang District government through DP3A has implemented several policies to overcome the problem of child marriage. Such as the policy of establishing a Village Child Protection Commission (KPAD), Simultaneous Movement Module Program, Socialization of Adolescent Reproductive Health Education for each junior / MTs and SMA / MA / SMK, and selection of peer counselors. Some of the programs that have been implemented have not been optimal, even so the program has had a positive impact on preventing child marriage in Malang District.

Background: Adequate knowledge about postpartum contraception is essential for postpartum women to prevent unintended pregnancies and maintain reproductive health. However, many postpartum women still have limited knowledge, which can lead to inappropriate contraceptive choices. Visual media is considered an effective educational tool because it can present complex information in a clear and engaging way. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of visual media on improving postpartum contraception knowledge among mothers at the Soasio Community Health Center. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test approach was used. The sample consisted of 30 postpartum mothers selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire on contraceptive knowledge. The intervention involved health education using visual media such as videos, posters, and infographics. Data analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test to assess differences before and after the intervention. Results: Before the intervention, most respondents had poor to moderate knowledge, with only a small proportion demonstrating good understanding. After receiving education through visual media, there was a clear improvement, with the majority of respondents achieving good knowledge levels. Statistical analysis showed a significant increase (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Visual media effectively improves postpartum contraception knowledge and can be applied in primary healthcare settings to enhance reproductive health literacy.

Ovarian cysts are a type of reproductive disease that often attacks women. Ovarian cysts are collections of fluid in the ovaries or fallopian tubes that accumulate and are surrounded by a membrane formed from the outer layer of the ovaries. Many people, especially women of childbearing age, do not know the factors that cause ovarian cysts themselves. Cyst Factor Analysis aims to increase public knowledge for early prevention. This research is a type of quantitative research using a cross sectional approach. The sample used was 109 respondents and anticipated drop out was 121 respondents in the work area of the Tlogosari Kulon Semarang Health Center. The sample was taken using a probability sampling technique with a simple random sampling type. The comparative test used was the Chi-Square test. The results of research using the Chi-Square test proved that the p value of the ovarian cyst factors was <0.05. This shows that there is a significant and strengthening relationship between age, menstrual cycle, genetic history, parity, economic status, history of previous cysts, menarche, hypothyroidism. There is a relationship between age, menstrual cycle, genetic history, parity, economic status, history of previous cysts, menarche, hypothyroidism on the incidence of ovarian cysts in women of childbearing age at the Tlogosari Kulon Semarang Community Health Center, and factors that have a significant influence are genetic history with a p-value <0.050.