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When making investment decisions, it is crucial for investors to consider various risks that may arise, both in the short and long term. One method to measure risk is through volatility. Volatility represents a statistical measurement of the degree of price variation over a specific period, expressed as volatility (σ) (Aklimawati & Wahyudi, 2013). This study aims to discuss the pricing of European option contracts using Conditional Monte Carlo simulation and the Black-Scholes method. The data used in this study is secondary data obtained from Yahoo Finance. The data consists of quantitative information, namely the monthly closing prices of Toyota Motor Corporation (TM) stock, spanning 5 years from July 1, 2019, to July 1, 2024, yielding 60 data points. In this research, the pricing of European call option contracts was calculated using Conditional Monte Carlo simulation and the Black-Scholes method. The study concludes that European option contract pricing can be determined using two methods: Conditional Monte Carlo simulation and the Black-Scholes method. Conditional Monte Carlo simulation can be employed to calculate European option prices in a structured manner, utilizing stochastic volatility estimated through the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. The two methods yield differing option prices; Conditional Monte Carlo simulation produces lower option price estimates with relatively lower error values compared to the Black-Scholes method at every strike price. The lower estimates from Conditional Monte Carlo simulation are due to its consideration of stochastic changes in volatility, whereas the Black-Scholes method results in higher prices due to its assumption of constant volatility. The comparison demonstrates that Conditional Monte Carlo simulation provides cheaper price estimates under market conditions with non-constant volatility, despite requiring higher computational time compared to the Black-Scholes method.   ,

Masita Wahyuni Asih 2024, The Effect of Non Performing Loan (NPL), Return on Asset (ROA), and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) on Price to book value (PBV) at BUMN Banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2018-2023 Period. Makassar STIM-LPI Management Science Study Program (supervised by Fausiah, S.E., M.Si. and Andi Herman Tellu, S.E., M.M.). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Non Performing Loan (NPL), Return on Asset (ROA), and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) on Price to Book Value (PBV) at BUMN banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange both partially and simultaneously. Price to Book Value (PBV) is the dependent variable (Y), and three independent variables (X) are used, namely Non Performing Loan (NPL), Return on Asset (ROA), and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR). Saturated sampling was used to obtain secondary data from a population of 4 banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Descriptive statistics and classical assumptions, such as multicollinearity assumption and heteroscedasticity assumption, have been tested in relation to the research findings. The data analysis approach uses panel data regression, hypothesis testing, and the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) test. The partially tested study results show that while non-performing loans (NPLs) do not affect price to book value (PBV) significantly, there are return on assets (ROA) and capital adequacy ratio (CAR) that do. The findings of this study also simultaneously show that PBV is significantly affected by NPL, ROA, and CAR.

Examining how tax avoidance, company size, and financial performance affect stock values is the aim of this study. A thorough analysis of the 2021-2023 financial statements of infrastructure companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) was conducted in order to support this study. Employing a purposive sampling methodology, the sample for this research comprised 22 infrastructure firms.Every selected entity that serves as a research sample provides the secondary data used in this study through its financial statement. To elucidate financial performance, this research utilized the following variables: Current Ratio (X1a), Debt-to-equity Ratio (X1b), Total Asset Turnover (X1c), Return on Equity (X1d), Price-earnings Ratio (X1e), and Company Size (X2) as the second independent variable, alongside Tax Avoidance (X3) as the third independent variable. The research methodology employed in this study was the panel data regression approach, utilizing the E-views 12 software to facilitate the analysis of the research outcomes. The result of the research suggest that the Random Effect Model (REM) constitutes the most efficacious analytical framework. Furthermore, the findings of the study reveal that, while the other variables did not exert an influence on stock price, both the Return-on-equity Ratio (X1d) and Company Size (X2) significantly impacted stock price.  

In the world of investment, there is a strong correlation between risk and return. An investor must be aware of the risks that arise and the expected rate of return. The rate represents the risk of betting on a particular stock; if the rate for the stock is marginal, it also represents the risk for the stock. The purpose of the reverse listing is to determine the effect of Stock Prices on Stock Returns. Reverse listing is a type of associative listing that uses a quantitative approach. The data used in the reverse listing is the latest stock price obtained from the official website of the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX). The population in the reverse listing is all companies listed on the LQ 45 Index from January 2022 to December 2022, totaling around 83 companies. The sample of the initial release is based on the criteria that have been set and used by approximately 10 companies. The initial release was carried out on all companies listed in the LQ 45 Index from January 2022 to December 2022, totaling approximately 83 companies. The initial release sample is based on the criteria that have been set and used by approximately 10 companies.

The chicken cartel in Indonesia that was exposed in 2016 has become a major issue affecting market structure and corporate competition. This strategy involves 12 large companies collaborating to control the availability and price of chicken by limiting chicken production (parent stock). Using a descriptive approach and normative legal research methods, this study examines how the cartel affects market structure, corporate competitiveness, and consumer welfare. This study reveals that the chicken cartel encourages oligopolistic conditions that are detrimental to small producers, consumers, and the economy as a whole. Large companies dominate the market, causing consumers to pay unfair prices, while small farmers lose their competitiveness.    

Investment is the activity of placing funds in one or several investment objects for a certain period of time to obtain future profits. The important role of investment in supporting economic growth can be seen from its ability to channel funds to sectors in need, thereby increasing productivity, creating jobs, and increasing income. Stock investment has become one of the most popular instruments because of its profit potential, both from dividends and rising stock prices, although it is accompanied by high risk. Technological developments and easy access to information have attracted more people to invest in stocks, especially through stock indices such as the BISNIS27 Index which reflects the performance of the best performing companies. The selection of this index is important as it reflects the overall market performance and provides a strong reference for investors. To analyze stock performance, fundamental and technical analysis approaches are used, which complement each other in providing a complete picture for investors. In addition, forecasting and ECM (Error Correction Model) methods are used to project future stock prices and analyze the long-term relationship between economic variables. The result of this study is that the best forecasting method of ICBP stock is single exponential smoothing with an alpa value (α = 0.7) because it has the lowest error rate and ICBP stock meets all assumptions of stationarity, cointegration, multicollinearity and IIDN.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the correlation between capital structure, profitability, and stock market value, proxied by the price-to-book ratio. The capital structure variable is measured using DER, while profitability is measured using the ROA. In this study, the data used comes from the financial statements of property and real estate companies listed on the IDX during the period of 2020 to 2023. This study applies multiple linear regression analysis with the help of SPSS to process data obtained from 22 purposively selected companies over four years. The research concludes that capital structure and profitability are crucial factors that can influence stock prices. These results indicate that companies need to focus on improving profitability and maintaining healthy debt management to enhance their value in the eyes of investors. Additionally, investors should not rely solely on the PBV when evaluating investment prospects.

Transfer pricing is a policy used when setting the transfer price of a transaction, whether it involves goods, services, intangible assets, or financial transactions, and is often practiced in the industrial world. The practice of transfer pricing can be reflected in aspects of tax planning, bonus mechanisms, the valuation of intangible assets, and tunneling incentives. This study aims to examine whether tax planning, bonus mechanisms, the determination of intangible asset values, and tunneling incentives are variables that influence transfer pricing practices. The population in this study consists of 136 industries, and 80 samples were obtained from manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period of 2018-2021. The sample selection was conducted using purposive sampling with the following criteria: 1) manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period of 2018-2021, 2) companies that did not incur losses during the observation years, 3) companies that have special relationships in the form of sales transactions with related parties, and 4) companies that record intangible assets. This research uses panel data analysis techniques with the assistance of EViews 9 tools. The research results indicate that tax planning, intangible assets, and tunneling incentives have a significant positive effect on transfer pricing. Meanwhile, the mechanism of bonuses has a negative but insignificant effect on transfer pricing

This study aims to determine and evaluate the Performance of the Food Crops Agriculture Service in the 2018-2023 Subsidized Fertilizer Distribution Program (Case Study of Rice Farmers, in Seso Village, Ngada Regency). Using a qualitative descriptive approach with Atik Septi Winarsih's theory and Robbins' theory which highlights Responsiveness, Responsibility, Accountability, Punctuality, Work Commitment. The study involved 12 Informants.The results showed that in the subsidized fertilizer distribution program, employees of the Food Crop Agriculture Office of Ngada Regency have not carried out their duties in accordance with the needs of farmers on agricultural land, this is due to communication deficiencies such as in terms of providing infrastructure, fertilizer stocks, and the problem of changing fertilizer price increases and in terms of special training in accessing the E-RDKK system. One of the factors that hinders access to this system is that farmers do not understand the use of the E-RDKK system through android phones and the lack of knowledge that farmers have. The Ngada Regency Food Crop Agriculture Office has also not provided sufficient facilities and infrastructure on farms because there are many delays in distribution that take more time than the specified time. Services at the Ngada Regency Food Crop Agriculture Office have not been in accordance with the implementation in the field so that farmers' needs have experienced delays in service. Another form of participation that supports the sustainability of the subsidized fertilizer distribution program is by conducting socialization activities. The form of participation that is carried out is contrary to community expectations where the completion time is delayed from the time that should be determined.

This study comprehensively investigates the empirical impact of capital structure, profitability, and asset growth on the value of companies in the retail sector on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the post-pandemic economic recovery phase (2021–2024). Adopting a quantitative methodology with purposive sampling of 12 entities (N=48), parameters were estimated using multiple linear regression after passing a rigorous classical assumption test including normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity. By proxiesizing the capital structure through Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), profitability through Return on Assets (ROA), and total asset growth to Price to Book Value (PBV), this study reveals the phenomenon of  market undervaluation with an average PBV of 0.17. The results of statistical tests confirm that these financial determinants partially and simultaneously have a significant influence on shaping the firm value. These findings provide a theoretical contribution regarding the relevance of funding policy and operational efficiency as crucial signals for investors in a volatile market landscape. The practical implications emphasize the importance of optimizing financial structure and operational performance to strengthen market confidence during the global economic transition period.

This study aims to examine the impact of NPM, ROI, and ROE on stock prices. The population of this research consists of infrastructure companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period of 2019-2022. This study uses secondary data obtained from the financial statements of infrastructure companies listed on the IDX between 2019 and 2022, which were accessed through the website www.idx.co.id.  The research population consists of 23 infrastructure companies listed on the IDX during the 2019-2022 period. Purposive sampling was used to select a sample of 81 observations, which were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results show that NPM has an effect on stock prices, while ROI and ROE do not have an impact on stock prices.

This research aims to analyze the best-selling products at Toko Hartati using the K-Means Clustering method. K-Means Clustering is an unsupervised learning algorithm that is effective in grouping data based on certain similar characteristics. In this context, the data used includes the number of sales, product prices, and product categories. Through this analysis, it is hoped that insight can be gained regarding products that have the best sales performance, as well as sales patterns that can be used as a reference in stock management and marketing strategies. The data used in this research includes sales transactions during a certain period, with the aim of identifying product clusters based on sales patterns. The analysis results show the existence of two main product groups, where the first cluster contains products with high sales numbers, which can be classified as best-selling products, while the second cluster includes products with lower sales. These findings provide valuable information for the management of Toko Hartati in determining more targeted marketing strategies and more efficient stock management. This research suggests using the K-Means Clustering method in data-based decision making to improve sales performance in retail stores.

This study aims to analyze the effect of Return on Equity (ROE) on stock prices with Price to Book Value (PBV) as an intervening variable in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). This study uses a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression methods. The sample consists of 64 company financial report data selected through purposive sampling technique. The results showed that ROE has no significant effect on stock prices, with a significance value of 0.511. In contrast, PBV has a positive and significant effect on stock prices, with a significance value of 0.002. Simultaneously, ROE and PBV have a significant effect on stock prices, as indicated by the significance value of the F test of 0.006. However, the R Square value of 0.155 indicates that this model is only able to explain 15.5% of the variation in stock prices, while the rest is influenced by other factors outside the model.  

This research aims to determine the influence of Fixed Asset Turnover, Current Ratio, and Debt to Equity Ratio on Price to Earnings Ratio at PT. Wijaya Karya Tbk. Period 2012-2023. PT. Wijaya Karya Tbk. Is a construction company listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI). This research recommends more efficient management of fixed assets and liquidity to improve company performance, the fixed asset turnover ratio reflects the efficiency of using fixed assets in a company to generate income, the current ratio represents the company's ability to meet short-term obligations, and the debt to equity ratio and shows the company's financial structure and influences the financial risks provided. This research method uses SPSS with the classic assumption test, t test and F test and from this research it results that Fixed Asser Turnover and Current Ratio have a strong influence on the Price to Earnings Ratio and Debt to Equity Ratio which have no influence on the Price to Earnings Ratio, and this research suggests further research by adding other variables to broaden the analysis.

The study aims to measure the information content of the accounting profits of banks listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange, as the sample included 10 banks for a period of 4 years (2016-2019). The study concluded that banks that have a high explanatory ability reflect greater stability in the stock price, which would reassure Investors and stakeholders, thus reducing dispersion and fluctuations in the stock price, while banks with weak explanatory power show higher volatility in the stock price, which indicates additional risks that increase the fluctuation in investor returns, and the influencing factors have a major role in enhancing or reducing the information content of profits. Which explains the discrepancy between banks, and the study recommended the need to enhance the quality of financial disclosure, especially banks with weak explanatory capacity, increase transparency, and work to enhance the informational content of profits, which in turn increases investors’ confidence in accounting information, as well as encouraging banks to strengthen their internal control systems, which helps in Reducing accounting errors and the accuracy of declared profits, thus stabilizing the share price. Strengthening the administrative capabilities of executive managers contributes significantly to enhancing the informational content of profits by allocating the company’s available resources efficiently and effectively.

This study aims to investigate the effects of the Current Ratio (CRA), Debt-to-Equity Ratio (DERA), and Return on Equity (ROEQ) on the stock prices (HS) of companies in the food and beverage sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period from 2017 to 2022. The analysis utilizes data sourced from the published annual financial statements of the relevant companies, employing a purposive sampling method to select 17 companies from the food and beverage subsector as the research sample. This research employs a quantitative descriptive approach and multiple linear regression analysis processed with Eviews Version 12. The findings indicate that CRA does not have a significant effect on stock prices when analyzed separately. Conversely, ROEQ has a positive and significant impact on stock prices, while DERA shows a significant negative effect. These findings affirm that the three variables, namely CRA, DERA, and ROEQ, contribute to stock price fluctuations both individually and collectively. Therefore, this research recommends that companies in the food and beverage sector enhance their financial performance, particularly through better debt management and increased profits, in order to strengthen the attractiveness of their stock prices in the market and attract greater interest from investors.

This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of the Fibonacci Retracement and Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) technical indicators in analyzing the movement of banking stock prices listed on the LQ45 index in the 2020 period. Based on data from PT Kustodian Sentral Efek Indonesia (KSEI) in 2023, there was a significant increase in the number of investors in the Indonesian stock market by 103.6 percent in 2020. This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach with a census method for sampling, which resulted in 5 banking companies as samples: BBCA, BBNI, BBRI, BBTN, and BMRI. Data analysis was carried out using the Fibonacci Retracement indicator to identify potential support and resistance levels, and the MACD indicator to evaluate the strength, direction, and momentum of stock price movements. The results showed that 11 of the 11 signals generated by the Fibonacci Retracement were proven to be accurate, while 43 of the 53 signals generated by the MACD were also proven to be accurate. In conclusion, the buy and sell signals generated by the Fibonacci Retracement and MACD indicators are reliable and effective for use in banking stock trading.

This research aims to determine, anaIyze and expIain the influence of the Investment 0pportunity Set, FinanciaI Performance, Asset Structure on company value, to optimize company value which can reflect the condition of a company through the company's share price. The sample in this research is 12 companies in hotel companies , resorts, cruise lines listed on the IDX 2018-2022. Data analysis in this research used purposive sampling. The method used is descriptive analysis with a quantitative approach and using descriptive methods with the help of SPSS version 24 to process it. Based on the research results, it can be seen that (1) Investment opportunity set has a positive and significant effect on company value as seen from the results of the t test research with sig 0, 00 ≤ 0.05 in hotel, resort, cruise line companies 2) financial performance does not have a positive effect on company value as seen from the results of the t test research with sig 0.510 ≥ 0.05 in hotel, resort, cruise line companies; (3) asset structure does not have a negative effect on company value as seen from the results of the t test research with sig 0.111 ≥ 0.05 in hotel, resort and cruise line companies; (4) Investment opportunity set, performance and asset structure on company value have a partial effect on company value in hotel, resort and cruise line companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2018-2022.

The purpose of the current research is to reveal the impact of credit derivatives by (purchased credit derivatives, the value of credit derivatives sold) in hedging the risk of non-payment at a sample of commercial banks in the Iraq Stock Exchange by (Middle East Bank, Gulf Commercial Bank, Trade Bank of Iraq, Bank of Baghdad, Credit Bank) for the financial period from (2016-2020), and for the purpose of analyzing the results, the Office package was adopted (Excel.V.2016) in order to extract the level of credit derivatives,  And the risks of non-payment at the commercial banks surveyed, has been using a set of statistical methods to determine these variables, represented in (credit derivatives, arithmetic mean, correlation coefficient, and regression coefficient), as a result, the research came out with a set of results, foremost of which was that there is an effect of credit derivatives in hedging the risks of non-payment, and this shows that credit derivatives contribute to improving the ability to hedge against non-payment risks, allowing investors to reduce financial risks. The focus of the surveyed commercial banks on the use of credit derivatives to protect investors from fluctuations in interest rates and currency rates, which works to reduce the impact of non-payment risks on their profits, which means that these contracts allow the determination of a future price for financial assets.

This study aims to determine and analyze stock prices by looking at the direct and indirect effects between inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, ROA and stock prices in Islamic Banks in Indonesia. This study uses panel data regression with variables of inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, ROA, and stock prices with data analysis using SPSS 22 software. The period of this study is 2020-2022. The results of this study indicate that inflation, interest rates, and exchange rates are significant to ROA. Inflation and ROA are directly significant to stock prices. Meanwhile, interest rates and exchange rates directly have no effect on stock prices. For the indirect relationship between inflation, interest rates, and exchange rates affect stock prices through ROA.